Malaria - a ... imalariya zithwala. Iimpawu, isifo, unyango kunye nothintelo seengcongconi

I-Malaria yisifo esibalulekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha sibulala. Abantu abanokusuleleka yiyo bafumana iimpawu ezinzima, kubandakanywa izibonda, imfiva, iimeko ezifana nezifo. Isifo se-Malaria sinokuphakama okuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, unyango oluchanekileyo nolungileyo lunokuthintela oku. I-agent causative ye-malaria yiplasmodium, ehlala emzimbeni woluhlobo oluthile lwemiyane, olondla igazi lomntu. Ngaphantsi kwalo mbuzo kuya kuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi. Ulwazi malunga nenkango kunye nokukhuselwa kwesi sifo lunokufumaneka kule ncwadi.

Imbali

Iimpawu ze-malariya ziye zachazwa kwiincwadi zonyango zaseTshayina zakudala. Iziganeko ezininzi zesifo, esibizwa ngokuba yi-malaria, zifumaneka kumsebenzi wogqirha wasebukhosini, u-Ney Jing, "Iinqwelo zonyango." Esi sifo saziwa ngokubanzi eGrisi kakade kwi-4th century BC, ngeli xesha kwabangelwa inani eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu. Iimpawu eziphambili zaphawulwa nguHippocrates kunye nezinye izazi-mafilosofi kunye noogqirha bexesha elidlulileyo. Udokotela waseHindu u-Susruta, umcingeli kunye nomlandeli wase-Ayurveda, naye wachaza iimpawu ze-malariya kwindlela yakhe yokuziphatha waza wachaza ngokubonakala kwazo emva kokubetha kwezinambuzane ezithile. Abanye ababhali baseRoma baxhatshaza i-malaria kwiindawo zokuhlambela.

Iingqondo ezifuna ukucinga zabantu zisoloko zifuna iindlela zokuphilisa zonke iintlobo zezifo. Ziziphi iindlela ezazingasetyenziselwa unyango lwe-malariya kwixesha la mandulo: ukuchitha igazi, ukuchithwa kwesilungu esilumkileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-opium ... Kwaye nabalingisi beenkwenkwezi badibanisa ukuphindaphindiweyo kweentsholongwane ze-malarial ngeenkwenkwezi zeenkwenkwezi kunye nesimo seenkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni satsalwa. Abaninzi baphendukela kobugqwirha. Inzululwazi uAlbert Magnus, waseDominican, wanikela ukuphatha i-malaria ngokutya ukutya okuncinci okulungiselelwe kumgubo kunye nomchamo womntu ogulayo, kwaye uphinde uphuze isiselo esiquka i-cognac, igazi le-HIV kunye ne-pepper.

Ugqirha wamandulo waseGrike uGalen, owayesebenza eRoma, wachaza ukuba ukuhlanza okwenzeka nge-malariya kukuzama ukuba umzimba ukhuphe iibhokhwe ngaphandle, kwaye ukuphuma kwegazi kukukhawuleza ukunyanga. Le migaqo iphumelele kwiyeza iminyaka eyi-15. Izigulane ezininzi ze-malaria zaxhaswa ngegazi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwesisu kunye namathumbu nge-enema nokuhlanza. Oku kwaholela kwiziphumo ezimbi: abantu bafa ngenxa yokuphelelwa yintsholongwane kunye nokuphelelwa umdaka, kunye nakwiimpawu ezibhubisayo ze-malariya kwixesha elifutshane.

NgaseChina kwiphondo lesi-2 BC. Kwimisebenzi yamagqirha, i-artemisia yezityalo, okanye umhlonyane omnandi, ichazwe, eyasetyenziswa njengendlela yokulungisa i-malaria. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngowe-1971, izazinzulu zaseTshayina zazingekho kwi-ingredient esebenzayo-artemisin. Ngebudeni bemfazwe yaseVietnam, umsebenzi osebenzayo wenziwa ukufundisisa iimpawu ze-malaria zomhlonyane omnandi. Izicatshulwa zezityalo zondliwa kwiipilisi zelabhoratri kunye neenkizi ezine-malaria. I-Artemisinin yabonakala isebenza kakuhle, njenge quinine kunye ne-chloroquine. Iziphumo ezi zinto zikhoyo zibandakanya ukwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa ezinamandla nezisebenzayo.

Iintlobo ze-plasmodium, ezibangelwa yi-malaria, zafunyanwa kuqala ngugqirha waseFransi kunye nososayensi uLaverana ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Abaphandi baseRussia baye bathatha inxaxheba enkulu ekufundweni kwesi sifo kunye nophuhliso lweendlela zokupheliswa kwayo. Phakathi kwezi zenzululwazi kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele. Martsinovsky, V.A. UDanilevsky, S.P. IBotkin. Kwixesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi lokuqala neyesiBili, ukugqithwa kweziganeko ze-malariya kwaqatshelwa.

Kwiintlobo ezingamakhulu amabini ezikhoyo zeprotozoa ye-parasitic ye- genus Plasmodium, i-malaria ibangelwa ubuncinane ubuncinane. Phakathi kwabo uP. ovalecurtisi, uP. wallikeri, uP. vivax, P. malariae, P. knowlesi. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye iyingozi ngokwempawu zokufa, i-malaria ibangelwa yizilwanyana ezincinci uP. knowlesi kunye neP. falciparumand. Usulelo, olukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sifo, ludluliselwa kuphela yizinyoyi ze-Anopheles. Ukusuleleka kwe-malaria kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ngexesha lokuhamba ngokujikelezayo emhlabeni wonke, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikude zomhlaba, kunye nokusebenzisana kwabantu nezilwanyana zasendle.

Amaqiniso

I-Malaria yisifo esibangelwa i-protozoan plasmodia ye-parasitic, echaphazela abantu abayizigidi ezingama-200 ngonyaka kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukho ama-500,000 ukufa. I-agent causative ye-malaria ingena emzimbeni ngokulunywa ngamangqungqungquthela e-malaria. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? I-parasite ye-malaria ifumana umjikelezo wobomi obunzima kwi-body of the mosquito, kwaye ke emzimbeni womntu osulelekileyo. Umjikelo uphinda xa umlingo uluma umntu osulelekileyo kwaye unesiphelo kwigazi lakhe esibangela ukuba le "malaria" isifo. Ifoto ye-pathogen ichazwe ngezantsi.

Imimandla ephezulu yokufa kwesi sifo i-Afrika, i-Asiya, iPhakathi kunye neMzantsi Melika. I-Malaria yisifo esichaphazela inani elikhulu labantu abavelele kule mimandla. Kwi-Afrika engaphantsi kwe-Sahara, uninzi lwamatyala (86%) ngabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5. Phantse i-40% yabemi behlabathi basengozini yokusuleleka. Ixesha lokuxubusha livela kwinye ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu. Abanye abantu bangaba ngabathwali bezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zilahla. Kule meko, ukusetyenziswa kwentsholongwane inokuvela kwiinyanga eziliqela okanye kwiminyaka emva kokuba i-palmomodium malaria ingene emzimbeni.

Iimpawu

I-Malaria yisifo esibonakaliswa yimpawu, ukukhulelwa komkhuhlane, iintloko kunye neentlungu zomzimba. Ezinye izigulane zifumana isicupunu, ukuhlanza, ukukhwehlela, kunye nesifo sohudo. Imeko yomkhuhlane iphindaphindiwe nganye, iintsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu - oku kubonakaliswa kakhulu kwe-malariya. Ukugubha kunye nesifo sokubanda kuthatyathwa yinto ebizwa ngokuba yindawo eshushu, eyaziwa ngumkhuhlane ophezulu, ukuxinwa, iintloko kunye nokuhlanza.

Iingxaki zisoloko zibonakalisa uhlobo lwesifo, njenge-malaria eshushu. Ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ezibomvu zeeseli kunye neeseli zesibindi, i-jaundice yesikhumba kunye neepilisi zeziliso, kunye ne-diarrhea kunye nokukhwehlela, kuya kugcinwa. Kwiimeko ezininzi ezinqabileyo, ukugqithisa kubonakala emzimbeni ngesimo samathambo, amaphepha amaphepha obomvu. I-Malaria inqunywe ziimpawu. Ifoto yesicatshulwa sesi sifo ichazwe ngasentla.

Iifom ezinzima, umzekelo, ukuba i-agent causative ye-malaria yi-Plasmodium falciparum, ihamba kunye neengxaki ezifana nale:

• Ukuhlamba;
• Ukungaqiniseki kwe-Hepatic kunye ne-renal;
• Ukutshitshiswa kunye ne-coma;
• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo ye-nervous central.

Ngaphandle kokonyango olufike ngexesha, le nto impawu zikhokelela ekufeni.

Kutyathwa njani?

Ngoko, makhe sijonge ngakumbi indlela i-agent ye-malaria engena ngayo umzimba kwaye iqhube kuyo. Umjikelezo wobomi we-malaria i-Plasmodium iyinkimbinkimbi, i-microorganism inemikhosi emibini-inomntu kunye nomlingo we- malaria. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, lesi sifo sisasazwa ngokuluma kwezinambuzane, apho i-parasite ingena ngqo kwigazi.

I-Sporozoites (iplasmodia engumntwana) ihamba ngegazi lomntu kwaye ifake isibindi. Apho bavuthwa kwaye bachaphazela iiseli ezibomvu zegazi - amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, ngaphakathi apho kuqhutyelwa khona isigulane siphinde sitshintshe i-vector ye-malaria - umlingo. Ukungena emzimbeni wenambuzane, i-plasmodia ingene kwiingqungquthela zayo, kwaye ngokuluma okulandelayo ngendlela ye-sporozoites iphinda iqale umjikelezo wobomi kwigazi lomntu.

Iinkqubo zophuhliso lweentlobo ezinjengeP. ovale kunye neP. vivax zinokuba nzima nakakhulu kwaye zibandakanya ukwakheka kweefomu ezingasebenzi - i-hypnosis, ehlala isasebenza kangangeeyonto okanye iminyaka. Emzimbeni wentsholongwane ye-malarial ye-plasmodia idlulisa ixesha lokulala ngokwesondo, kwaye emzimbeni womntu i-pathogen isigaba sesistim, esabizwa ngokuba yi-schizogony. Ngako oko, umjikelezo weplasmodium uphuhliso kwieseli ezibomvu zegazi kuthiwa yi-erythrocytic schizogony.

Usuleleke njani intsholongwane? Imithombo yayo yinkwenkwe yamangqungquthela e-malarial nomntu osulelekileyo (zombini isigulane kunye nomphathi). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-malaria yisifo esingaxhunywanga phakathi kwabantu okanye ngamaconsi asekhaya. Usulelo luya kwenzeka kuphela xa igazi lomguli lingena kumzimba womntu onempilo.

Iziganeko zokuxilonga

Ukuba iimpawu ezingentla zingenzeka, ngokukodwa emva kokuhamba, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhlole i-plasmadium ye-malaria. Ukubonakaliswa kwezifo ezininzi kunokufana neempawu ze-malariya. Ezi, umzekelo, i- yellow fever, i- typhoid fever, i-influenza, i-k'holera, isisu kunye nesifo sofuba. Ngako oko, ugqirha kufuneka awazi imbali yokuhamba komntu ogulayo ukwenzela ukuba amisele ukuhlalutya okuyimfuneko.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-malariya kubandakanya ukuqhuba uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo nolusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo-isifundo se-smear yegazi kwi-slide, esisebenzisa isibonakaliso sombala esibonisa ubukho be-parasites ngaphakathi kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi. Nangona ukuba le mvavanyo ithathwa njengento elula, ukuchaneka kweziphumo kuncike kakhulu kwizakhono zobugcisa bomncedisi webhoratri, olungiselela kunye nokuphatha iimveliso zegazi phantsi kwe-microscope.

Ezinye iimvavanyo ezinganceda ekufumaneni isigulo:

• Ukuhlaziywa kwe-immunological;
• I-Polymerase chain reaction.

Unyango

Iimpawu zonyango zixhomekeka kwizinto eziliqela:

• Iintlobo ze-plasmodium esangene emzimbeni;
• Isimo seklinikhi yesigulane, umzekelo, unyango luyahlukahluka kumntu omdala, umntwana kunye nowesifazane okhulelweyo, ngenxa yesimo esibi nesinyameko;
• Ulwaphulo lweziyobisi lwe-pathogen.

Inqaku lokugqibela lixhomekeke kwingingqi yendawo apho isifo sifumaneke khona. Inyaniso kukuba imimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-plasma ye-malaria, engaxhatshaliyo kwiziyobisi ezithile. Iimpawu ezivela kwi-malaria zinokukhethwa ngokuchanekileyo ngugqirha oqhelene nolwazi oluvela kwiinkqubo zonyango lwe-malaria kumazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathini. Abantu abanentsholongwane yezilwanyana zeP. falciparum bangafa ngaphandle kwexesha elifanelekileyo, ngoko ke amanyathelo okunyanga kufuneka athathwe ngokukhawuleza.

Iifomu ezintle ze-malariya ziphathwa ngamachiza omlomo. Izimpawu ezinzima ezifana ne-anemicia, ukungazi kakuhle, i-coma, i-edema ye-pulmia, ukungaphumeleli kwintliziyo, isifo se-respiratory syndrome, ukusabalalisa i-coagulation ye-intravascular, ukuphuma kwegazi, i-acidosis, ubukho be-hemoglobin emcinini, i-jaundice kunye nokuxhalabisa ngokubanzi.

Indlela yokukrazula i-malaria ngoncedo lwamachiza? Unyango lwempilo kunye namayeza ayisoloko iphumelele. "I-Aralen" isebenza ngokubhekiselele kuyo yonke iplasmodidium, ngaphandle kweengxaki ze-parasite ezichasene nempahla yayo esebenzayo, umzekelo, iPlasmodium ovale. Ukulwa neentlobo ze-chloroquine ezixhatshazwayo ze-malaria, ezi zikhetho ezilandelayo zonyango lweziyobisi zingasetyenziswa:

• I-quinine sulfate kunye ne-antibiotics "Doxycycline" okanye "iTetracycline".
• Ukulungiselela "uClindamycin" okanye "uMaralon".

Ukwelashwa kwe-malariya kwiimeko ezininzi kuncike kwizicwangciso zeethempythi ezithathwe kwindawo ethile. Ngokomzekelo, iP. falciparum, efunyenwe eMbindi-mpuma, iyakwazi ukuthintela kwi-chloroquine, kodwa ukuba intsholongwane yohlobo olufanayo lwe-malaria lwenzeka e-Afrika, ngoko le nto ingeke ivelise iziphumo ezintle kunyango.

Izazinzulu zanamhlanje ziye zaqulunqa izicwangciso zonyango ngokusetyenziselwa izidakamizwa kunye neziphumo ezivela kwi-acterium acillus - i-artemisin. Imizekelo yamayeza adibeneyo:

• "Artesunate-Amodiachin".
• Artesunat-Meflokhin.
• "Dihydroartemizin-Piperakhin".

Uphuhliso lwezonyango olutsha lwe-malaria luqhubekayo, oludibaniswa nokunyuka kwenani leengxaki ezinqandekanga zeplasmodium. Enye yeemveliso ezithembisayo ekuphuhlisweni kweziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo kwi-malaria yi-spiroindolone, eyaphumelela ngokubhekiselele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-P. falciparum ezinokuzihlola.

Isilwanyana "iPramachin" singasetyenziselwa ukuphatha iifom ze-malaria, ii-agent ezikhuselekileyo ezazingasebenzi ixesha elide esibindi. Oku kunokuthintela ukubola kwakhona kwesi sifo. Abafazi abakhulelweyo akufanele bathathe iPramax. Ukungqinelana nale nkunkuma kunye nabantu abangenalo i-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-remedy ayikwabiwe ukuba uvavanyo lovavanyo lokuhlola luyikuphelisa ingxaki. Kwamanye amazwe, ukongeza kwiifom zomlomo kunye nejoyikiyo, i-suppositories isetyenziswa kwakhona.

Izifo ngexesha lokuxhatshazwa

I-Malaria yingozi enkulu kumfazi okhulelwe kunye nomntwana. Usulelo lukhuphula kakhulu umngcipheko wokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba kwi-Afrika engaphantsi kwe-Sahara, ukuya kuma-30% wabantwana bafa nge-malaria minyaka yonke. Ngoko ke, bonke abafazi abakhulelweyo abahlala kwiindawo eziyingozi okanye baceba uhambo kufuneka badibane nogqirha baze bathathe izidakamizwa ezimiselweyo, umzekelo, "Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine". Oku kuyimfuneko yokukhusela i-malaria, ukuvumela ukuphepha ukhuseleko.

Ukunyangwa kwesi sifo kubafazi abasalindele umntwana kubanjwe ngokwezicwangciso eziqhelekileyo ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, loo mveliso njenge-Primachin, iTetracycline, i-Doxycycline kunye neHalofantrine ayilunconywanga ngenxa yengozi ebomfayo.

Izifo kubantwana

Ukuthintela i-Malaria kuyinyanzeliso kubo bonke abantwana, kuquka neentsana ezihlala okanye ezihlala kwiindawo zokusasazeka kwesifo ixesha elithile. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo ziyakwenza njengamanyathelo okukhusela: "Khlorokhin" kunye ne "Meflohin".

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo ochanekileyo kumntwana, oxhomekeke kubudala bakhe nobunzima bakhe. Bonke abazali ngaphambi kokuhamba nomntwana kumazwe angengozini kufuneka badibene neengcali kwizifo ezithathelwanayo ukuze unyango kunye nokukhuselwa kwesi sifo. Ekubeni ukugqithisa kweziyobisi zesifo se-malaria kungafa, onke amayeza kufuneka agcinwe kwindawo engafinyeleleki kubantwana, umzekelo, kwiibhotile ezivalwe ngokuqinile.

Ukuthintela isifo

Ukuba umntu uzimisele ukuya kwiindawo apho i-malaria iqhelekileyo, okokuqala kufuneka ifune ukuba yeyiphi indlela kunye nawaphi amayeza okumelwe athathwe ukukhusela intsholongwane. Kunconywa ukuba uqale ukuthabatha ezi zonyango iiveki ezimbini phambi kohambo olucetywayo, ngexesha lokuhlala kwakho kweli lizwe kunye nenyanga emva kokubuya ekuhambeni kwakho. Okwangoku, isitofu sokukhusela i-malaria ayilungiswanga, kodwa uphando olunzulu luqhubekayo, isigonyi siphantsi kophuhliso.

Ukuba kunokwenzeka, thintela amazwe atyelele ngepesenti ephezulu yabantu abanesifo, mhlawumbi ukukhusela i-malariya kuyimfuneko - inokugcina impilo yakho kwaye igcine ubomi. Ukuba ungumhambi, zama ukuhlala uqaphela apho kuvela khona ukuqhuma. Umphathiswa we-malariya unokuhlawulela eluswini lomntu nanini na emini, kodwa ezininzi izibetha zenzeka ebusuku. Izinambuzane zisebenza kakhulu ekunteni kokusa nakusasa. Gwema ukuhlala ngaphandle ngeli thuba. Ukuthintela ukusuleleka kubaluleka kubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba isitofu sokukhusela i-malaria ayilwanga.

Nxiba iimpahla ezifanelekileyo - banxibe iibhulukhwe, izikipa enemikhono emide, phezulu izihlangu closed endaweni neembadada ezivulekileyo kunye neminqwazi. Kangcono iingubo bhulukhwe. Sebenzisa Izigxothi insecticidal, umzekelo, siya ukuncoma njengendlela "Permethrin 'ukuba ephatha kukuwohloka nezixhobo. Khumbula ukuba amagosa ezilungileyo anokuqulatha ukuya kwi amahlanu ekhulwini diethyl toluamide. iminatha ingcongconi kuyadingeka ikakhulu xa igumbi lo umoya, umzekelo, akukho moya moya. Kubaphatha Izigxothi zetoti. Kucetyiswa ukuba basebenzise jiko iingcongconi.

lokugonya

Okwangoku, akukho zokugonya ezikhoyo nxamnye seengcongconi. Noko ke, kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, abaphandi ziye zafumana iziphumo oluhle zokugonya zovavanyo. izilingo zakutsha enkulu lwezonyango ebandakanya abantwana abavela kumazwe ezisibhozo Afrika, exhaswa yi-Gates Foundation, lubonise ukuba amayeza sifundo ngempumelelo phakathi kwezi meko. namanye amalinge abaninzi baye babe nempumelelo kwaye ukuqikelela ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nesifo njengoko kuchaziwe kwixa elizayo. Iingcali zithi ukuba lugonyo seengcongconi iya kuba iminyaka 3-10. isenzo okulindelwe isekelwe phezu kokuphazamiseka umjikelo wobomi ezimfimfitha ngayo ngokusebenzisa kulungiselelwa protein leyo ukhupha izilwa nxamnye nayo.

iintlobo zezifo

Ngaphezu kokuba igama iintlobo eziphambili kwamagciwane sifo. Zisenokwahluka kwaye esi sifo. Zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili lwemalariya:

• emvula;
• A mini-ezintathu;
• ngosuku-ezine;
• seengcongconi-ovale.

Usuku-ezine seengcongconi ukuhlaselwa umkhuhlane-ishumi ezintandathu elide, nto leyo luqala kusasa okanye emva kwemini. neziphumo ezimandundu zinqabile, le okuthatha kunokuba ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-5. isifo seengcongconi Tropical uxatyiswa buzinze egazini, wavakalisa ngumkhuhlane nalezo, ngokufuthi iimpawu langoku ezifana norhudo, ukugabha, izilonda luvo central, ukusilela kwezintso. Kudla iingxaki ukuphuhlisa. Vivax ubonisa fever ngokukhawuleza eziquka Ukugodola, ebila kunye nobushushu suka, kodwa nokuxuba ungapheleli nexesha kuxolelwa.

amayeza abantu

Amayeza - sisiseko ukuba unyango seengcongconi. Kodwa imithombo amaninzi lubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezithile zendalo ukunyanga izifo ezibangelwa Plasmodium. Apha shicilela kuphela abanye babo, ngoxa nayiphi na imeko kwezi iiresiphi izindululo asikwazi kuthathwe njengendlela yokuqala yonyango.

Ikalika yeelamuni ziluncedo umkhuhlane iintsuku ezine. Malunga grams ezintathu ngetshokhwe iqhawulwa 60 ml yamanzi kunye nancindi lemon omnye okanye ikalika. Le ukwakheka kuyimfuneko ukuba ukusela phambi kokuqala fever.

Alamu kwakhona ingqalelo njenge inkxaso unyango seengcongconi. Bona amafutha kwi ipani ngembiza eshushu kunye nomhlaba ukuba ngumgubo. Ngaphakathi uthabathe itispuni kuthetha iiyure ezine phambi umkhuhlane kunye nesiqingatha itispuni iiyure ezimbini emva koko.