Letshati: Iinkqubo, izinto, amacandelo, ukwakhiwa

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje yobuchwepheshe lwedijithali sisiseko senkqubo ye ezahlukeneyo iikhompyutha, izixhobo kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Kwaye ukukwazi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ukudala itshati flow lisebenza isiseko, sisiseko nenzululwazi. Esi sikimu ingumzekelo lomzobo senkqubo ekufuneka ilandelwe zokusebenza. It iqulathe iiyunithi ezisebenzayo umntu ukuba enze njongo ezahlukeneyo (ukuqala / isiphelo igalelo / imveliso, umnxeba umsebenzi, njalo njalo. D.).

Algorithm kunye algorithmization

Enyanisweni, lo algorithm umyalelo eqhelekileyo ngolandelelwano apho kufuneka enze amanyathelo athile ukusebenza kwedatha ekrwada umphumo oyifunayo. Ukongeza, lo gama idla kusetyenziswa ingqikelelo algorithmic. Yenye bendiqonda iseti iindlela nobuchule zisenza ngokulandelelana imisebenzi ethile.

Ngokufuthi, le algorithm ukuba isetyenziswe njengesikhokelo computer, kwakunye icebo ukwenza naliphi na inyathelo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuqaphela ukufaneleka nokusebenza kwenkqubo le izisombululo, ukulungisa naziphi na iimpazamo, nokuba kukuyithelekisa nendlela nezinye izisombululo ezifanayo phambi kokuba kuqaliswe i-computer. Ukongeza, i-algorithm sisiseko noqulunqo lwenkqubo ofuna ukuba abhale ulwimi lokuprograma, ukuze kuphunyezwe ngakumbi inkqubo yokujongwa ulwazi kwi-PC. Namhlanje weza yavelela iindlela ezimbini ezisebenzayo wokwakha ulandelelwano ezinjalo. Okokuqala Inkcazelo kwandiswe ngomlomo, kwaye eyesibini - ingxaki iflowutshathi. Eyokuqala kubo kakhulu ngaphantsi eqhelekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokungabikho kwengcaciso kunye ombaxa. Indlela yesibini, ngomhla koko, yindlela elula kakhulu ezilandelanayo yomfanekiso. Yaziwa ngokubanzi isasazwe kokubini uqeqesho kwi ezincwadini zesayensi.

Elements nokusebenza

A block Umzobo yenkqubo algorithm ukulandelelana nabalinganiswa graphic emisela ukwenza imisebenzi ethile, kwakunye unxulumano phakathi kwabo. Ngaphakathi kule imifanekiso iqulathe ulwazi malunga umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe. Ubukhulu kunye uqwalaselo lomlinganiswa graphic, kwaye umyalelo ulandelelwano zobhaliso kulawulwa GOST 19003-80 kunye GOST 19002-80.

Cinga izinto ezisisiseko flowu tshathi i (kwifoto selinike imizekelo mark).

1. Inkqubo - computing inyathelo okanye ulandelelwano izenzo.

2. Solution - Khangela iimeko ezichaziweyo.

3. Uguqulelo kancinane - umjikelo header.

4. Le nkqubo ezichazwe - abanaluncedo kwi inkqubo.

5. Uxwebhu - ukushicilela output data.

6. amakhadi punch - ngokungenisa ulwazi.

7. I / O - igalelo / isiphumo.

8. Connector - msantsa nangawe imigca.

9. Qala / Stop - qala, isiphelo, yima, qala, igalelo kunye neziphumo ziyasetyenziswa ubuchule abancedisayo.

10. Comment - isetyenziswa zokubeka bebephethe.

11. nokuphuma nkqo nethe tyaba - ulwalathiso ngokulandelelana, unxulumano phakathi iibhloko.

12. nokuvela - nokuphuma ezimbaxa.

13. Embi isinxibelelanisi - uphawu amele lenguqu ukuya kwenye sheet.

imithetho Umbhalo

Ulwakhiwo yetshathi flow le ikhutshwa phandle phezu iimfuno ezithile abhalwe GOST. Ngokomzekelo, kuphela iilayini ezithe tye okanye nkqo asetyenziswa kubanjiswene iisimboli graphic. Intsalela ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, azisoloko ziphawulwe yi iintolo. Ezinye imigca mayingamakishwa. Umgama phakathi imilambo parallel kufuneka kungabikho ngaphantsi kwe eemilimitha ezintathu, phakathi kwezinye izinto - hayi milimitha ngaphantsi kwesihlanu. Ubungakanani Befayile kufuneka liphindaphindwe ezintlanu. Umlinganiselo tyaba uphawu nkqo graphic 1.5. Ngamanye amaxesha kusenokuba okulinganayo ezimbini. Kuba lula le nkcazelo, iigrafiki kufuneka ayinakubalwa. Bubunjani amakhonkco ukwahlukanisa iindlela iflowutshathi yomgama, elibujikele kunye nesakhiwo eyayizalwa.

Izinto, constants kunye memory iiseli

Kuba ukuqonda ngcono umgaqo neyokusebenza algorithm nga kuthathelwa ingqalelo umatshini elula. Le nto ndiyibhalayo inkumbulo, equka iiseli; ukurekhoda / ukufunda intloko; iprosesa. Yintoni na umgaqo ukusebenza kule divaysi? Intloko, ebamkele umyalelo evela iprosesa, abhale iinkcukacha ukuya iseli okanye afunde constants. Kwimeko kwecacileyo, oku kuya kuba inani arithmetic. Ngaphezu koko, le constants inokuba isakhiwo data ye Umtya womsebnzi kunye nabanye. Phantsi wayeyiqonda iseli memory eziguquguqukayo apho ulwazi egcinwe. Ngexesha ukuqaliswa algorithm data ezahlukeneyo kubhalwa kwisisele enjalo. On mgaqo, iikhompyutha kunye nezinye ngombane. I algorithm ukuba enze nawuphi na umsebenzi yiseti imiyalelo ze data ukufunda okanye ukubhala esiseleni memory.

ma

Azinazo na olunye uhlobo variables indexwa. Enyanisweni, nengqokelela iiseli ezabelana ndlela leyo eqhelekileyo. Ma umahluko emibini,-ntathu, njalo njalo. D. elula kwezi inani leseli ezilandelelanayo. Loo uluhlu igama layo. element nganye inombolo yaso - index. Constant, igcinwe iseli elibizwa ngokuba elementi uluhlu.

Uhlobo ntathu-emibini sezulu kwindawo embhoxo matrix. Iiseli uluhlu olunjalo luphawulwa indices ezimbini (kufana ibhodi chess kunye iiseli babalwayo). Umgaqo ofanayo iyaphunyezwa kwaye ngaphezulu isakhiwo-ntathu.

ubuchule linear

Olu hlobo ngokulandelelana nokusebenza (imizekelo zinikwe kweli nqaku) luphawulwa ngokwenza ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni ezantsi. Kulo mzekelo, umatshini wenza emiselweyo operation inyathelo emva kwelinye. Wonke isenzo iphathwa iprosesa. Ngaphandle ikhompyutha, uyala / intloko funda bhala, apho kwaye ukuba bakhumbuze nendlela ukuqwalasela, xa kukho imfuneko. Isiphumo sokugqibela kubhaliwe kwizisele inkumbulo, nganye eneyazo index yayo kwaye igcina rhoqo yayo.

eyayizalwa algorithm

Ukuziqhelisa, uhlobo yomgama inqabile kakhulu. Kuyimfuneko amalungiselelo ukulandelelana ngalo, kuxhomekeke banikwa ingeniso iimeko ngokungqinelana isebe elithile. Letshati iquka uhlobo branched element "isisombululo", ekuthe imeko ethile lukhangelwe, kwaye ngakumbi ezo emasebeni ngaphezulu ngokulandelelana.

Nokusebenza: Imizekelo

Cinga indlela algorithm esebenza branched. Ngokomzekelo, uthabathe umsebenzi: Z = y / x. Oku kubonakala imeko ukuba equation na umda omnye - abangenakwahlulelana ngu zero. Ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba kupheliswe isigqibo lazise umsebenzisi malunga impazamo. Okokuqala azotywe iflowutshathi. Iza kuba neebhloko ezisixhenxe. Uphawu lokuqala graphic - "ekuqaleni", okwesibini - "Faka" apha kufuneka ukucwangcisa amaxabiso ka-X kunye uY Oku kulandelwa block "isisombululo", kuliwa ekungqinweni imeko X = 0. Kulo mzekelo, umatshini uphumeza kuluxolelaniso kunye iseli rhoqo ukuba ixabiso igalelo uza kuba ngaxeshanye kunye nayo, ngoko ke algorithm uya kwisebe isigqibo "Ewe". Kulo mzekelo, ulawulo ikhutshelwa kwicandelo yesine umatshini ovelisa i "impazamo", umsebenzi uphela "Kuphela" uphawu wesixhenxe. Ukuba isiphumo lelikhabayo, ngoko ke wesihlanu inkqubo hlula uphawu graphic luyenziwa kunye nexabiso Z. egqitywe yesithandathu block imveliso japan kwikhusi.

yokuhluzana

Ngokufuthi, ekucombululeni iingxaki kuyimfuneko uphindwe ukwenziwa kwawo nawuphi na umsebenzi kwi ukuxhomekeka efanayo amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo yezahlukileyo nokuvelisa sicatshulwa multiple on abangakwaziyo enye inkqubo. iindawo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuba imijikelo kunye algorithm - nokungazinzi koqoqosho. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela kunciphisa kakhulu ngokulandelelana ngokwayo. ubuchule Zijika lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe iintlobo ezimbini: a engaziwayo engaphambili, isixa ezaziwayo kusengaphambili idlula.

Umzekelo izisombululo eyayizalwa algorithm

Xiya xikombiso lexi enikwe apho iflowutshathi kwangaphambili inani elingaziwayo wale mpumelelo. Ukuze benze oku, ukusombulula ingxaki - ucacise ubuncinane benani lamalungu thotho zamanani zendalo, imali leyo likhulu kune nani K. Lo mzobo block iqulathe abalinganiswa ezisibhozo. Ekuqaleni, ngenisa ixabiso K (№2). Emva koko, ngo block 3 Womendo R imiselwe ku "omnye", oko kuthetha ukuba uza kuqalisa ukubala amanani zendalo. A isixa ezongezelelekileyo C ekuqaleni isetelwe "zero". Okulandelayo, ulawulo ikhutshelwa kwiibloko yesihlanu, apho ukwenziwa umyalelo lwenzeka: C = C + P. Oko kukuthi, summation silixabisile iiseli C no P, yaye isiphumo eli nikoweyo kwi C. Emva kokuba kongezwe kwekota yokuqala ngokulandelelana lukhangelwe №6 iimeko unit - ukuba udibaniso idlula awabe K? Ukuba imeko ayanelisekanga, koko ulawulo sidlule ukuba ibhloko yesine, apho n elitshintshayo linyuke mnye, kunye nokusebenza usaqhubeka kwakhona ukuvimba №5. Le nkqubo iya kuqhubeka gama nje ezi meko zilandelayo kwaneliswa: C> K, oko kukuthi, imali efunde idlula ixabiso kwangaphambili. I n variable i umjikelo counter. Okulandelayo ukuqhubeka ukuvala №7, kuyo sihleli iziphumo.

Ubuchule eziqulathe isakhiwo loop ekwiseli

Amaxesha amaninzi imfuneko ukwenza ndzhendzheleko kunye nesisombululo algorithmic le ngxaki, nto leyo eye emzimbeni wayo ngomjikelo eyahlukileyo. Kucingwa eqhelekileyo. izinto ezo zibizwa ngokuba izakhiwo loop ekwiseli. ukuze yabo ibe nkulu kakhulu. Ixhomekeka indlela apho ifumana isicombululo ofunekayo le ngxaki. Umzekelo, ekusetyenzweni uluhlu-liyajikeleza, njengokuba umthetho, wakha imijikelo iflowutshathi ngaphandle iziqhoboshelo. Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, ekucombululeni iingxaki ezinjalo kuyimfuneko ukukhetha uguqulelo nje ngesigqibo esinjalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke kwemigaqo ekwiseli, kuquka lokuqala (elingaphandle) kufuneka iqulathe zokubala kunye namagama ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kokuba ingasetyenziswa njengoko variables eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle kumjikelo.

ubuchule abangabancedani

Olu hlobo ulandelelwano yi-analogue ye yesiqhelo zolwimi. I algorithm oluncediswayo unalo igama kunye parameter ebizwa ngokusesikweni. Igama kunikwa ukwahlula phakathi kwabanye, kwaye Ipharamitha indima output nee-input kwemisebenzi zezibalo. Bona onyuliweyo ngendlela yase isethi epheleleyo omyinge ezifunekayo. Ngamaxesha amaninzi enye i parameter efanayo sikweni zombini igalelo nemveliso. Ngokomzekelo, xa onjalo algorithm linokusetyenziswa uluhlu igalelo ukuze iqwalaselwe. Kwinxalenye isiphumo, oko kwenziwa ngohlobo elungisiweyo njengoko imveliso ye parameter. Phakathi kwiindidi ubuchule abancedisayo bahlule phakathi kwemisebenzi kunye neenkqubo.

siqala algorithm

Oku kuchazwa njengoko ukwanda scheme jikelele algorithm kwi kwinkxaso (imisebenzi kunye neenkqubo) kunye nentloko. Le ndlela ilula kakhulu, xa algorithm unikwa umzobo block - kuqala ayivalele iinxalenye zayo, banoxanduva uninzi lo msebenzi. Izigaba kakhulu enzima zenziwe njengomsebenzi ze-kwinqanaba eliphezulu iinkqubo. Ngaphezu koko, yahlulelwe kwii ariya eziziziqalelo kwinqanaba elisezantsi. Isebenzisa umgaqo 'ukusuka ku- osisiyatha. " Kukholelwa gama nje algorithm abayi zezikhali ibe sezulu elula. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukulandelelana isigqibo yokubola iqulathe izigaba ezithathu eziphambili: entry data, ukuhlela i uluhlu, imveliso ye uluhlu ehleliweyo. Izigaba ezokuqala nezokugqibela, ngenxa nje zabo musa mfuneko ukwanda, ngoko liyenze algorithm engundoqo. Kodwa okwesibini a zibalwa ngendlela entsonkothileyo kakhulu self-ngqangi, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo uboniswa kwibloko eyahlukileyo. ukuhlela izigaba, nto, yahlulwe kabini: imfuno inkqubo yokusekwa (N-1) -fold yokwaluka le uluhlu kwangaphambili kwaye ekufumaneni isiqalelo incinane uluhlu Isiqwenga, kulandele ngokutsha kwinxalenye yokuqala isiqalelo yayo. Ekubeni inyathelo lokugqibela iphindwe izihlandlo ezininzi, ukuba ibhaliswe njengoko inkqubo eyahlukileyo.