Kutheni kufuneka wazi ezi abacinga Chinese?

Ilizwe kunezizwana kwihlabathi kunye ulelinye lamazwe anoqoqosho ezikhokelela likhaya a izithethe umdla kakhulu bulumko, leyo, ngelishwa, kancinane eyaziwa kwisithethe saseNtshona. Bafumana, ngenxa yokuba kwezi zikolo yengcinga akunakufane ziyaphikisana yaye bahamba isandla ngesandla nge kwimbali elide eqhubekayo yenkcubeko ehlabathini.

isikolo entsha ingcamango ngasinye ezisekelwe kwiimbono yangaphambili namhlanje yenza-bulumko Chinese kwekhonkco rhoqo kwezimvo bulumko. Ezi iingcamango yaba isiseko indlela ngokumangalisayo esebenzayo ebomini, uphuhliso lwentlalo, ukukhula ngokomoya, kwakunye imiphambili elilungileyo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.

Nalu uluhlu lwe yawona omkhulu nempembelelo ezilishumi kwimbali Chinese. Abanye beva konke oko, yaye ezinye azivumelani ngendlela ethandwa kakhulu kwinkcubeko Koloni, kodwa ke bonke Loxwebhu, ukuba nje ukuqonda ukuba zazivelela yenkcubeko yoluntu Chinese.

Lao Tzu (VI-V BC ngenkulungwane)

Oku zobulumko edume kunye iinkcuba ka umgangatho ayibe. Lao Tzu Waba ngunozala zobuTao. Nangona kukuba ukususela kwindawo yezembali lwembono, khona sibuzwa, intanda iqwalasela kuye umseki sesinye sezikolo anempembelelo kwindlela yokucinga Mpuma.

ZobuTao ubiza sishiye lomzabalazo izichasi, ubiza yokubuyisana yabo. Lao Tzu wakhuthaza isisombululo non-impixano kunye nokunyenyiswa kwemiqathango, Noko ke, leyo, akukho uphawu lobuthathaka, kodwa umnqweno kakuhle imeko ngaphandle meko balufunda kuwe. Enye uphindo abadumileyo Lao uthi: "Ukuze siphile abakhutheleyo, musa kufuneka wazi apho nivela khona kwaye ulindelwe emva kokufa."

UConfucius (551-479 gg. BC)

Akwenzeki ukuba ukuqalisa incoko ngefilosofi yaseTshayina ndingasathethi Confucius. Umsunguli ubuConfucius, wafika iimfundiso zakhe zaba imfundiso karhulumente kwaye alaqhenqetha ngokubanzi kangangoko obuBhuda India. imithetho yakhe yokuziphatha ngenxa nabalawuli, nabanumzana, amagosa, amajoni, abalimi kunye kwakukho isiseko ekusebenzeni kakuhle kuluntu Chinese kangangeenkulungwane.

UbuConfucius isekelwe phezu kwale mithetho-siseko yokuziphatha, nobuntu, zokuziphatha kunye nokuthozama. ibinzana yakhe edumileyo "Musa ukuyenza kwabanye izinto ubuya ongafuni ngokwakho" sele kudala kudlule ebuncwaneni yehlabathi yokulumka.

Mo Tzu (468-391 gg. BC)

Umqambi moizma - imfundiso uthando jikelele, kukulahlwa kwawo matutu kuloyiso obutofotofo, wadala nemfundiso ukuba ixesha ubandezele ende ubuConfucius isihloko karhulumente.

Mo Tzu kuqala babhengeza ingqiqo consequentialism, ezizezi ukubaluleka kweziphumo. Ukuba isenzo okanye ukushiywa kuzisa iziphumo ezihle, ke ichanekile. Kamva, abaninzi izimvo zakhe ziboniswe kamva ubuConfucius kunye ngemvume.

Ukushumayela uthando tshembeka kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaluphi uhlanga kunye nobume, Mo Tzu wathi: "Ukuba kukho phakathi kwabantu uthando, ngoko waphuma ndawo kukho ngokuqinisekileyo ndiwuthiyile."

Shang Yang (390-338 gg. BC)

laseburhulumenteni Chinese, enye ingcali zezopolitiko umsunguli yesikolo wenkqubo yokuphila ngokomthetho, Shang Yang wakhuthaza ulawulo karhulumente ngokusekelwe umdla zangoku yaye uya kumela yinye nozinzo.

Emva zokwamkelwa imfundiso kunye nohlaziyo yayo ngokungqinelana neemfuno wenkqubo yokuphila ngokomthetho Shang Yang wafumana iwonga kunye namandla eliphezulu, kodwa utshintsho etroneni kukhokelele ekwenziweni njengomntwana onengqondo, leyo, Noko ke, abazange kuchaphazela ukuthandwa yeemfundiso zakhe. Yena kukuzibophelela meritocracy, imithetho engqongqo kunye irhafu. Shang Yang wathi "urhulumente karhulumente kunye ngoncedo isohlwayo olungqongqo kukhokelela kukuba abantu bayoyika kwaye musa benze izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho." Shang Yang eso umdali imodeli yokuqala karhulumente yileyo.

Mencius (372-289 gg. BC)

Eyona idumileyo emva Confucius yena njengomntwana onengqondo kunye nommeli ubuConfucius. Yena yasekelwa iingcamango ezazingazange zilungiswe ngokupheleleyo ubuConfucius, ezifana kwimfezeko ubume boluntu kunye nobulumko yokuziphatha yokuziphatha. Mencius waba isipho ngokukhethekileyo ukweyisela, ngoko ke wasebenza kunye namagosa karhulumente, ekukhuthazeni ubuConfucius. Wakwazi ukuchonga ukushwankathela nemfundiso nemigangatho yokuziphatha esisiseko: ubulumko, ubuntu, ubulungisa kunye nezithethe wokuhlonipha.

Hen Chzhan (iminyaka 78-139. BC)

Le sisazinzulu eyayifunde brilliant kananjalo lalicinga nzulu ethandwayo. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-55, waba ngomnye amagosa amathandathu eliphezulu China kunye bokuqala ukusebenzisa engunxantathu nokulungelelanisa inkqubo phezu amakhadi, ngokunjalo uchazwa kakuhle unobangela kwenyanga kukhanya. Wadala lo yokuqala kwimodeli China ngayo indalo, i odometer kunye seismograph, yaye inembe ngexesha ukubaluleka "upi". Ngelishwa, inkolelo kunye awayecinga liyalondolozwa kuphela amaqhekeza aseleyo, kodwa Chzhan Hen ehlawulwa ingqalelo kakhulu kwimfundo kunye nolwazi.

Hui Neng (638-713 gg. BC)

Lesithandathu Ubhishophu wokugqibela Zen ubuBhuda, Hui Neng waba yimbangi le sutra Chinese kuphela ubuBhuda, nangona ukuba uMphathi ngokwakhe engazange wafumana imfundo esesikweni kwaye ingqalelo abangafundanga.

abafundi bakhe baqhubeka ukusebenza ekudalweni kwizikolo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo obuBhuda, ezizezi Chan ne Zen. Hui Neng yaba kunyango lwe "ukukhanya yequbuliso 'waza wathi:". A flash ngesiquphe ubulumko unako ukutshabalalisa iminyaka neshumi lamawaka ngokungazi "

Chzhu Si (1130-1200 biennium).

Enye wabaseki kunye ideologists ka Neo-ubuConfucius, edityaniswe yakudala zikaConfucius kunye dha kunye neempembelelo Taoist. Wayirhola ingqalelo ngaphantsi kwiingcamango Confucius, isekela umkhwa yayo entsha yabhalwa Confucius kunye nabafundi bakhe iincwadi ezine. Ngenxa umsebenzi Chzhu Si Neo-ubuConfucius iye yazuza ubume kwiimbono karhulumente ephambili China, Korea ne-Japan. Wathi, "ukwazi, kodwa yokungenzi kulingana ngokungazi."

Mao Tszedun (1893-1976 biennium).

INkokeli Communist Party of China kunye nosihlalo we-Chinese Abantu Republic, Mao Tszedun waba yimbangi le ncwadi ipapashwa kakhulu kwimbali iikowuteshini. intanda yakhe eyaziwa ngokuba Maoism, zidibene iingcamango Marxism-noLenin, kwiStalinism, zobuTao ubuConfucius, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba isicelo yile ngcinga kwi semi-ezibuswa, semi-lobukoloniyali ekulimeni nasekufuyeni eTshayina. Namhlanje, Maoism yenye yeentsika ezintathu imfundiso Chinese Communist Party.

Den Syaopin (1904-1997 biennium).

Ekuziseni Mao baqulunqe "Dena Syaopina Theory" iya kuzisa ndawonye iingcinga socialism kunye rhwebo. Le miba iphambili igalelo Xiaoping ukuba uphuhliso owayephila China ezopolitiko ziquka ingcamango 'Socialism ezineempawu Chinese "," utshintsho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo yokuvula phezulu, "yaye" ilizwe enye iinkqubo ezimbini ". iinguqu kunye nezenzo zakhe badla udumo yemfaneleko ukukhula koqoqosho zezilwanyana onokucinga China.