Inkqubo yonyulo - lwesininzi inkqubo

Inkqubo yonyulo - a iindlela ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni ukuba amele imidla yabantu karhulumente kunye basekuhlaleni nabasemagunyeni. iindlela ezifana akhiwa kwimithombo ezintathu eziphambili: ukusuka imigaqo kazwelonke siseko kunye namava zembali wonyulo esidlangalaleni iinkokeli nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe (umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe), kwakunye izithethe yoluvo ezopolitiko ezikhoyo kwindawo ethile. Kunye, la macandelo bathathu benza isiphumo ukumelana inkqubo yezopolitiko, ethi ixhaswe ezisasazwa esisigxina kwaye utshintshe womelo lweqela elite embindini phezu komhlaba kunye.

Ingcamango inkqubo yonyulo

Kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, yaye nenzululwazi kumi iingcaciso ezimbini inkqubo yonyulo. Eyokuqala ibandakanya intshayelelo kunye nokulondolozwa ezisemthethweni ezisemgangathweni ukonyulwa kwabameli yabantu, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla. Le nkcazelo yesibini ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yonyulo - umkhwa sokusebenza kokuba ukubalwa kweevoti kunyulo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Luphawulwa iinkalo ezimbini kule ndlela. Okokuqala, nayiphi na inkqubo lonyulo lakufumana zincwadi idlule. Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba inkqubo yonyulo, yaye ngakumbi seevoti count, akuxhomekekanga kwintando inkokheli zopolitiko, okanye isigqibo iqela lubalaseleyo. Okwesibini, zigcinwe yaye ulawulo "izikhewu 'lolawulo phakathi sama lwangaphakathi kwaye iqela lokuqala wezopolitiko abadlali. Kuluntu yentando kukho imeko apho inkokheli zoluntu ongena ungquzulwano abagxothwa kunye nabameli bemibutho yasekuhlaleni okanye neenjongo yabucala umlungiseleli sinamafu amasebe zobulungiseleli ngenxa yokuba ukuba imisebenzi amagosa ngokubanzi akuxhomekekanga nkqubo ngumlungiseleli intando.

iinkqubo zonyulo ngeyantlukwano yabo

Izithethe ukubunjwa iinkqubo zonyulo babuyele kungekuphela nje zembali, kodwa ukuba amava onqulo. Umzekelo classic kule nkalo - eNgilani, apho inkqubo party-ezimbini enemvelaphi yayo imfazwe yamakhaya, ochazwa inkcaso amaqela ngoko eqhelekileyo ngokuba "ISixeko" yaye "Lancaster". Ngokumalunga longquzulwano yonqulo yokusebenza, kule nkalo, i Umzekelo wendlela eJamani - amaKatolika ukukhetha zobunene CDU-CSU namaProtestanti babevumelana washiya Democrats Social. Ngenxa ekhethekileyo (non-ekunene kwaye ekhohlo) zezona indlela "green", nto leyo esele ukumela: "iposi-nkulu" umvoti entsha.

Enoba kwakunjalo, ngalo mzuzu kukho iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko iinkqubo zonyulo: majoritarian, umlinganiselo kunye exutyiweyo.

inkqubo Majoritarian yonyulo - kodwa ngokonyulo omnye nosekela kwi wabavoti lalikuluhlu olwangeniswa yi amaqela kunye ebizwa njalo-self-kukhuthazwa. Ophumelele unyulo lo mvotelwa ufumana uninzi isizalwane okanye ngokupheleleyo iivoti. Kwezinye iimeko ekuthini ekuthiwa uninzi abaqeqeshiweyo njengoko yonyuliwe umvotelwa ofumana ngaphezu 2/3 lweevoti.

inkqubo ngokwenani leevoti yonyulo - kodwa unyulo zamasekela ngokwesiseko kuluhlu iqembu. Kulo mzekelo, i ivoti endaweni mhlawumbi kuphela iqela ( "ivaliwe" izintlu eyenziwe ngumviwa and non-lwasesidlangalaleni ngabavoti), okanye omabini ukuba amaqela kunye nezintlu ngexesha elifanayo ( "vula"). Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho uwe iqela, ukufumana ipesenti ethile iivoti kunyulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo 3-5%, kwaSirayeli,-1%, kwamanye amazwe, 7%, kwaye uninzi. Isakhiwo Personal of yamaSekela luqokelelane ngokusekelwe yokuvota ngokukhetha kuluhlu. Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba inkqubo yonyulo - ngeendlela sokujika ye ama ezopolitiko, angavumeli ukuba ulawula amandla okanye ezinye amagunya ayo.

Inkqubo elingumxube kubandakanya indibanisela kwizikim umlinganiselo kunye uninzi lokuvota. Umzekelo, i-50% ezihlalo anyuliweyo ngokungqinelana izintlu zamaqela kunye nesinye isiqingatha - in luninzi. Kodwa ke, enyanisweni, yaye kwelinye icala, ephambili inikwa abatyunjwa party. Kukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yonyulo - na ukumelwa zezopolitiko. Kwaye ingaba kuphela abaviwa ngamaqela ezopolitiko okanye imibutho yoluntu.

inkqubo Russian yonyulo ithatha ukhetho lwepalamente qho umlinganiselo. I Duma State ufake imibutho yezopolitiko, nto leyo wazuza ngaphezu kwe-7% evoti. uluhlu Party zivaliwe. Kuthathwa ukuba kumjikelo yonyulo olulandelayo, owe-2016, zisembundwini lonyulo liya kuthi xhaxhe kwi-5%. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba eli xesha kuya kubakho ezinye nenguqulo iinkqubo lokuvota.