Ingcamango komthetho yolwaphulo: chavelela ngexesha

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isiqwenga esinye kunye nomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho okwangoku akubufumana zaveliswa. Kwaye kukho izizathu ezibini elungileyo. Okokuqala, umthetho lolwaphulo - ukuba icandelo elizimeleyo kunye kwisigaba zabucala solwazi lwenzululwazi ingqeqesho kwezomthetho academic kwegama elifanayo, ukuze bafunde iingcali elizayo. Okwesibini, khangela ingqiqo kunye neenjongo zomthetho-mthetho kweli lizwe lethu itshintshile izihlandlo eziliqela ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Igama "wolwaPhulo" kwanawezayo kuthi, evela eRashiya yamandulo. Oobawo ebizwa ukuze inxalenye umthetho (uthetha amashishini ngaloo mihla akwenzi ngqiqo), emisela isohlwayo izinto anti zentlalo-ezoyikekayo - mthetho. Kuba ulwaphulo necala bekuya kuba yintloko uxanduva, oko kukuthi umphefumlo wakhe. Isigwebo sentambo yaba isohlwayo ixhaphakileyo. umthetho isaphuli iyandoyikisa impembelelo abantu. Injongo yalo mthetho mthetho yayiza ukunqanda ungquzulwano eluntwini. KumaXesha Aphakathi inkqubo iye yasekwa kuphela yonyango kwixhoba. Kakade ke, ngoko ke ingqiqo komthetho mthetho, efanelekileyo kwixesha langoku, yokuzithenga kuyilwa.

Emva koko, kunye ekomelezeni karhulumente aqalise ukwenza amalungu athile kunye nezakhiwo inxaxheba kuphando kunye isiqalekiso-mthetho. Onesethi yokuqala yamaxwebhu imimiselo kuphela yolwaphulo zomthetho ekhutshwe phantsi uPetros Omkhulu waza wabizwa ngokuba kukhunjulwe emkhosini. Kamva, xa uCatherine iKomishini iye walungisa Charter le deanery, leyo wagxininisa indima ekhethekileyo uRhulumente kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente umthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokwendalo, ngeli xesha ingcamango komthetho mthetho zatshintsha kakhulu. Eyona njongo ephambili yale isohlwayo kuye kwaqatshelwa kwimfundo yomntu ungummi ezifanelekileyo. Xa ixesha wemfundo wenkonzo karhulumente LITHILE umsebenzi lendalo lomntu wonke ummi amanene, kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho kwathathwa luluntu njengoko anti-karhulumente kunye nokuziphatha kakubi.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, kukho imisebenzi zenzululwazi eyayinikelwe nemiba yomthetho kunye yezentlalo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesohlwayo. Umbhali incwadi yokuqala ingqeqesho waba Osip Goregliad. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zenzululwazi intlalo kunye nophuhliso yoluntu zasekhaya ukungena zithandwa kwi ngasentshonalanga iingcinga positivism. Ke kaloku, xa imiba yokuphucula inkqubo enetyala umbhali sisondela nje kuphela iingcinga zabo kunye nokucingela, kodwa amava, experiment, ngokuqaphela kugwetywa.

Kumaxesha Soviet, kwakhona, jonga entsha kwi ingqiqo kunye umbandela komthetho mthetho. e Iingxoxo umthetho yawona pre-revolution zibonwa ngokwesiseko engalunganga, kukho ukwaliwa komthetho komlawuli kunye nokwamkelwa imithetho emitsha. Apho umthetho lolwaphulo ngokuyintloko urhulumente, hayi uluntu. Ukuvunyelwa ukuba usebenzise isivumelwano zomthetho kunye namalungelo, yaye kwinkqubo nganye "izinto" iqela namandla ngamnye i "lutshaba zabantu" lingakhetha zibe inqaku. Code uqala icandelo mthetho elichasene nombuso. Lomntu okungakhuselelwanga kakuhle, ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe kumntu zichazwe kuphela phakathi komthetho mthetho. Kungokwemvelo ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo kwexesha, phantsi kwempembelelo yeenkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kweli lizwe, isigama komthetho yolwaphulomthetho ophambene.

Russia Post-Soviet singene kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso lomthetho. Namhlanje ingqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuchasene naloo mntu, kwaye bonke nemixube bohlulwa kwezo nto sichulumancile yi kwimeko kutshutshiso loluntu, abo apho ukuqalisa inkqubo kufuneka ibe ingxelo nexhoba, kwaye utshutshiso labucala. Kunokwenzeka ukuba kwixa elizayo kufuphi emthethweni zasekhaya ziya kuba ingqiqo zomthetho imithetho ephathelene nobugebenga.