Ingaba kube lula ukuphendula umbuzo: yintoni na Fascism?

Emva kokuba World Second iye yafa phantsi, igama njenge "Fascism" uye waba engenaxabiso ngokucacileyo, kwaye ngoku eli gama omninzi gadalala, ngoko ubiza abachasi bakhe kwezopolitiko ilenga kwiileyibhile zabo. Kwelinye icala, kukho inkcazelo engacacanga hlobo le nto yoyikekayo ngokuqinisekileyo ivumela ukuvuselelwa amaqela ekunene-iphiko, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, ngoko musa ukubiza ngokwabo, nangona imfundiso yabo kufutshane kakhulu Fascism okanye kuba ezinye iinxenye zale ideology. Ke kulula ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni na Fascism, uze uphawule imida gama?

Fascism Classic, oko kukuthi, kwindawo exineneyo ingqiqo yembali ilizwi, ngo-1922, sazaliseka eItali emva "imatshi iRoma" odumileyo Blackshirts Benito uMussolini. Igama "Fascism" liye iingcambu Italian, livela elithi "Fascio» (fascio), okt, iinkampani, imibutho. A olukhulu wezopolitiko umbutho okhokelwa uMussolini, wabizwa ngokuba yiUnion of Umzabalazo (Fascio di combattimento). Fascio, ke, edibene fascis Latin (qela, isipha) - babizwa ngokuba lictors isixhobo yekhethelo, abalindi waseRoma Republic. Ngendlela, ukuba ifascia isekhona olube yimpumelelo amagunya karhulumente kwamanye amazwe (umzekelo, kwi ngumfuziselo Russian Federal igosa lezomthetho Service). Kodwa neesimboli - uphawu, kwaye ngoku ukuba abe uphawu ukuhanjiswa swastika German lwamaNazi. Kodwa yintoni na ideology yobuFasi, yaye yintoni na ezi mpawu ziphambili yile ngcinga?

intshukumo Blackshirts ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuthiwa balawula ngegqudu, ubuzwe, nokusebenzisa ubundlobongela kakhulu njengendlela eqhelekileyo wezepolitiki. Kodwa ke, umzekelo, nokonyanywa kwamaJuda kunye nobuhlanga Fascism Italian abazange ukuma phambi indlela yabo, njengokuba kwakunjalo kunye amaNazi waseJamani. Noko ke, ekubeni fascists Italian yaba ulwalathiso olucacileyo ultra-ekunene, amaqela ekhohlo bakugqala kuyimfuneko ukuba alahle lo ideology kwezopolitiko, maxa wambi kusabela kwaye ucele njengoko abachasi bakhe, nkqu okhuphisana ukusuka kwinkampu ngasekhohlo, umzekelo, amanye amaKomanisi ngokuba Democrats zentlalo "fascists ekuhlaleni." Classical "left" inkcazo yintoni na Fascism, phezu VII Congress of the Comintern wanika Georgi dimitrov: '... ngeqhudu abagrogrisi lamaziko yokuchasa ulawulo eyinkunzi zezimali ... In nkqubo angaphandle, Fascism - oko efak ngendlela ukrwada ukuba ambathe intiyo zesibeleko nezinye iintlanga ".

Noko ke, le nkcazo zizakubalulwa ngokucacileyo kutyekelo ngcinga mbutho, nto leyo ethintela kusenza zikhona ngokucacileyo into Fascism. isayensi Modern izamile ukuzalisa umsantsa waza wenza uluhlu lweempawu, ubukho apho kule program okanye ngcinga iqela ikuvumela bayibiza zwilakhe. Oku abangenangqondo anti-ubukomanisi, ubuzwe ezinkulu kunye ebaxiweyo, ubumfazwe, traditionalism, leaderism, statism, lo nokuphakanyiswa le "uhlanga titular" nocalulo evulekileyo ezinabantu abambalwa yobuhlanga, amasuntswana ukulwelwa yaye evakalisa nokukhuselwa noluntu ngokubanzi (nangona kunjalo, esi sono amaqela amaninzi). Kodwa ke inkalo ephambili athe weza lowo lwamaNazi ngamandla sele totalitarianism leyo ulawulo iyonke karhulumente, ingena kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu.

Noko ke, le nkcazelo yobuFasi kwenza kube lula ukubiza amagama afana amaqela wesizwe ezininzi neenkqubo (umzekelo, i-Taliban uncuma Afghanistan) kwaye ibonisa kwibala gama ezifana Fascism yamaYuda, isicelo ukuba umgaqo ngokuphandle zocalucalulo karhulumente kaSirayeli.

Kwabafundi, bayakuqonda (chaza) yintoni Fascism na, inceda ukufunda ezinjalo ezinxulumene nengxabano malunga efanayo kunye nohlobo Italian wezinto intshukumo ngayo Mussilini yasebenzisana okanye ubeke Blackshirts intshukumo ngomzekelo womzabalazo abakuthandayo. E eJamani, yaba kwiSocialism kaZwelonke (nobuNazi), Spain - falangizm kunye Francoism, Portugal - Urhulumente omtsha Hungary - "Arrow Cross", e Romania - i "Iron Guard" e-Brazil - integralism (nakuba nemibono yayo kwakungekho ubuhlanga), Bulgarian, Austria, Belgian kunye nenguqulelo Japanese yobuFasi.