Imyuziyam yasePrado eMadrid. Prado (iMyuziyam), eSpain. Museo del Prado eMadrid - ifoto

Kukho indawo kwibalazwe yehlabathi apho ukugxininiswa kwemisebenzi yobugcisa kwiyunithi yendawo iyaphikisana ngokuthe ngqo kumyinge. Ezi ziquka uLouvre waseParis, iSt. Petersburg Hermitage. Kukho imyuziyam ezimbalwa kwihlabathi elifaniswa nabo. Kodwa zikhona.

Prado - imali yaseSpain

EMadrid, kwakhona, kukho igalari apho, ngokokuqokelela kwemisebenzi yaseYurophu, kunye nabachwetheli abakhulu baseSpanish , akukho mqoqo onokuqhathanisa, kungabikho mzi. Imyuziyam yasePrado ayiyazi ukuba ilingana nobutyebi bayo imisebenzi yaseVelazquez, Goya, Bosch kunye namanye amacwecwe. Inokuthi ikhuseleke ngokugqithiseleyo kwinqununu yaseSpeyin, kwaye kungabikho ukutyelela apha kuthetha ukungazi leli lizwe kwaye ungayiqondi umphefumlo walo.

Imyuziyam yasePrado (iMadrid, iSpain) yincopho "yexantathu yegolide"

Ubuncwane bepeyinti bujoliswe kwiPyrenees kwiivenkile ezintathu eziphambili. Iimyuziyam zobugcisa ezidumileyo eSpeyin (uMnu Queen Sofia, Thyssen Bornemisse kunye noPrado) zenza uhlobo "lwexantathu legolide", olukhanga abathandi bezobugcisa behlabathi lonke. Nabo bakhenkethi abangenalo umdla okhethekileyo wokupenda kunye nokwaziswa ukutyelela ezi ndawo zenzalo, kwaye oko bakubonayo kuvelisa ummandla onamandla oguqula umbono wabo wobugcisa kunye nehlabathi elijikelezayo. Kwaye akukho nto imangalisayo kule nto. Uninzi lweemifanekiso eziqokelelwa apha ziyaziwayo emhlabeni wonke kwaye zinomlingo othile. Izifundo zabo zithathwa, i-future author of theirs are tragic and mysterious, njengamabali ale mi sebenzi, eneempawu ezinamandla ezingabonakaliyo. I-Connoisseurs nayo ifuna ukubona ngamehlo abo imidwebo abayayazi malunga nokuzaliswa kwaye bayakuzonwabisa nokufumana oku. Emva kwakho konke, akukho polygraphy, nokuba umgangatho ophezulu, awunikeli ingcamango epheleleyo yobungcali bomculi.

Isiseko sokuqokelela umzobo

Ukuqokelelwa kookumkani kuye kwaqokelela iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Iingubo zabaculi baseSpain nabangaphandle bathengwa kwiinkedorrals kunye neecawa, iingqungquthela zabo zazininzi zonqulo, kodwa ukwandiswa kwezibophelelo zenkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho zaseSpain zanikele inxaxheba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. UTiti wayengumdwebi oyintandokazi kaCharles, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezinto zakhe zokusasaza isiseko sesiboniso sesimanje siqala. Ngomhla we-1548, umculi wathola umyalelo "welizwe" ukubonisa umfanekiso wenkosi ngokunyaniseka kwintlanzi ye-Battle of Mühlberg. Ngelo xesha, imizobo yabadwebi abadumileyo baseYurophu bafumana.

Kuze kube yile nkulungwane ye-17, ukubonakala kwimizobo kwakufikeleleke kuphela kubaphathi. Ubugcisa becatshangelwa njengeqela elitsha, kwakungabikho iimyuziyam okanye iifriji zaseSpeyin, kwaye umboniso wokuqala wobukhosi wayewufumana ulwalathiso lwezesayensi. Ngokuba indawo yakhe ekhethiweyo kakade - iProdo Park eMadrid. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1785, kodwa akuzange kugqitywe ngokukhawuleza. UCharles III wafa, kunye nomlandeli wakhe, uKing Charles IV, abazange bajonge i-museum njengento ebalulekileyo ukuze bahlawule ngemali. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX, iNapoleon yahlaselwa nguBonaparte, kwaye yayingekho kuyo yonke inkcubeko. Isakhiwo sonakaliswe ukuhlasela, kwaye kwenziwe isigqibo malunga nokuqeshwa kwayo entsha. Ukusuka kwiigodlo zaseMadrid naseAranjuez, ubuncwane bobutyebi bobukhosi beza kuziswa apha.

Ukuzalwa kwegalari

Iimpi ze-Napoleonic zaphela, kwaye emva kweminyaka emine, ngo-1819, i-Prado Museum eMadrid yavulwa. UFilipu II, ngokungafani noCharles V, wayehlala eSpeyin, waza wathintela iqoqo likayise ukusuka eBrussels ukuya kwikomkhulu. Emva koko imidwebo yayingaphantsi, ibe ngaphaya kwamakhulu amathathu, kodwa yayisiseko segalari.

UFilipu II wenza okuninzi ukwenza iMyuziyamu yeMaddo eMadrid enye yeyona ndlela iqokelelweyo yaseYurophu yemisebenzi yobugcisa. NjengoCharles V, wayengumfundi wesikolo saseItaliyane, kwiminyaka yokulawula kwakhe iqoqo lazaliswa yimisebenzi nguTintoretto, Bassano, Veronese kunye nabanye abatyeli bezinye. UFilipu wahlawula umvuzo kuHeronymus Bosch, ukufumana iimpahla zakhe, ezibandakanya ezona zilungileyo, iJardin of Delights. Ngexesha elifanayo, iindonga zemyuziyam zazihlotshiswe ngobugcisa be-Albrecht Durer kunye ne-Montaigny.

Idiplomate yaseDutch uRubens ngokuphumelelayo idibene nenkonzo karhulumente ngokudalwa kwezinto ezingenakufa. Ukufika eSpain ngowe-1628, wathengisa ukudweba kuKumkani, ebhalwe apha, kunye nezinye iimidwebo ezihlobisa iMyuziyam Museum eMadrid kamva, emva kokufa komculi.

Ukwandisa ukuboniswa

Njengoko ixesha lidlula, isimo sendibano yasebukhosini saba nzima kwiPrado. Ukuboniswa kwandiswe, kwinqanaba lesibini leXIX ye-XIX, kwacetyiswa ngeemifanekiso ezivela kwii-Escorial kunye nezinye iindibano ze-monastic. Ukususela ngo-1868, i-Prado iyimyuziyam yaseSpeyin, engekho kwindlu yobukhosi, kodwa kwilizwe lonke, ngezinga likazwelonke.

Okubalulekileyo kwakukho isiganeko esenzeka ngowe-1927. AmaMecenas kunye nomnye wabaqokeleli abakhulu, uDon Cabanes wenza isipho esivulekile. Umgca "uYohane umVangeli", obonisa umfundi othandekayo kaKristu, wahlaziywa yintlangano ecebileyo yezemizobo ezinikezelwe kwiimfundiso zeTestamente eNtsha, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Prado Museum eMadrid. Imifanekiso yalo mdwebi uhlobisa iholo egcinelwe yona kunye nemisebenzi yabanye abaphathi baseSpeyin. Ukuqokelela ngokubanzi kwabalobi baseDutch.

Isisombululo esitsha sokwakha kunye nexesha lokudala

Ngokumalunga nokuzaliswa rhoqo kunye nokwandiswa kwenkcazo ekuhambeni kwexesha elidlulileyo kunye nele minyaka, umbuzo wokunyusa ummandla waba ngongoma. Iprojekthi kaRafael Monet yayinomdla wokwenza isicwangciso sokuvuselela, kwaye ngenxa yendlela yokuphunyezwa kwayo ngo-2007 izakhiwo ezintsha zavela ukuba zidibanise zonke iimfuno zanamhlanje, kwaye zixhomekeke kwixesha elidala. Imyuziyam yase Prado eMadrid namhlanje yinto enye yokwakha, kuquka i-monastery yaseSan Jeronimo, eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-18, izakhiwo zanamhlanje kunye neegalari eziphambili. Lo msebenzi wawungezantsi, uqikelelo lwabo lwaluyi-euro engama-i-euro yezigidi, kodwa umphumo ufanelekile imali.

Udibaniso lwezakhiwo zakudala zaseSpain kunye neempumelelo zanamhlanje zakhiwo zenza umonakalo ovuyoleyo, okubonisa ukuqhutyelwa kweepochs kunye nobuphakade obubugcisa obukhulu.

Ukungena kumyuziyam kunye nesicwangciso sayo

Akukho khenketho o tyelela iMadrid, ayidlulanga inxalenye yecala apho ummandla weMusic Museum ukhona khona. Isifundo soBomi singasebenza njengeSibeles Square, esitokisini saseAtocha, kukho igadi enhle kakhulu yezityalo.

Ukulungelelanisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemviwo zovavanyo, ulawulo luphuhlise indlela. Abaveleli bangena kumasango ePuerta los Gheronimos, ngoko landela iholo eliphambili lemyuziyam. Kumgangatho wezantsi kukho ukuqokelela kweeFleji kunye neSpain. Bahlala kwisiteji sokuqala kunye kunye nokuqokelela imisebenzi eyenziwa ngabaculi baseNtaliyane nabaseFrentshi bekhulu le- 16 le-17 efumaneka kumaphiko asempumalanga. Faka iminyuziyamu kwaye unako ngamanye amasango, obizwa ngokuba ngu-Pajilo kunye neGoya.

Umgangatho wesibini uzinikele ngokupheleleyo kuRumbrandt noRubens. Ukusuka apho, isitepsi saphinda sihla, umboniso wobugcisa be "Golden Age", oboniswe nguVelazquez, Murillo no-El Greco, uqala. Imifanekiso yeGoya enkulu ijikelezi zombini, ngowesibini kukho "umzobo wakhe omnyama". Eyona nxalenye ephambili yemyuziyam onke amaxesha obugcisa baseYurophu ahanjiswa, ukuya kwii-masterpieces ze-XIX leminyaka.

Ukutyelela iProdo uze ubone "Iintsika ezintathu"

Kukunzima ukujonga yonke imisebenzi kaPrado ngetyelelo elinye, abanye babo bayeka, bakhangele ingqalelo ixesha elide. Abathandwayo bokwenene bezobhenca abaza apha "abapaki", phinda ukutyelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukhetha ukuchitha lonke ixesha lokukhulula kwigalari. Njengokuba kwezinye iindawo eziphathekayo zenkcubeko yehlabathi, kukho imisebenzi eye yaba yinto "yokutyelela ikhadi", ngokubhekiselele kulowo oya kuthiwa uya kuphawulwa nguMyuziyam eMadrid. Iifoto kunye nokuzaliswa kwe "Garden of Distressed Land" nguBosch, "Uthando lokufa" nguBrüchel, "UDavid noGoliyati" ngoCaravaggio baba ziimpawu zeli galari. Kukho ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo, jonga okuza kubakho abalandeli bobugcisa obuphezulu behlabathi lonke. "Ukususwa emnqamlezweni," ebhaliwe nguVander Weiden, iRubens 'Graces Three, kwaye ke, iGoya "Imibala Emnyama" ayikwazi ukushiya nabani na ongenamdla.

Kuya kuba kubi kangakanani ukutyelela iProdo

Namhlanje, ukhenketho lwamazwe ngamazwe luye lwafikelela kwiingxowa zemali kuphela, kodwa nakwabantu abaphumelelayo. Ngokungafani nabantu abazizityebi, kufuneka bacinge ngokusindisa ngexesha lohambo, kodwa, njengokuba uyazi, uthando lobugcisa aluhlali lilingana ngokuthe ngqo kumyinge wenzuzo. Kwimboleko yobunkokeli beMyuziyam yasePrado, umntu makaqwalasele uhlobo lwentando yesininzi yeendleko zokungena kwamatiti kule dilesi yezobugcisa. Unokuyivakashela i-euro eyi-14, eyona xabisa kakhulu (i-23 euro), olu lonwabo luya kubabiza abo bafuna ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zesikhokelo, kodwa kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuthenjwa zokunciphisa iindleko zokunxibelelana neentle. Iiyure ezimbini zokugqibela ngeCawe umnyango ukhululekile. Abemi abakhulileyo kunye nabafundi abasuka eYurophu abamanyeneyo, ootitshala kunye neengxelo zendaba baphinda baphume ngokukhululekile. Abafundi abavela kwamanye amazwe bahlawula inani elingu-euro, elingaphantsi kweendleko zekhofi eMadrid. Ukongezelela, kukho ezinye izenzo, onokuzifumana kwiiofisi zetikiti zemyuziyam. Abasebenzi banobungane kwaye baya kuhlala bencedisa ukukhetha ixesha elonaqoqosho lokuvakashela iPrado. Inomdla ngakumbi kukuba abantwana bayamkelwa apha mahhala, kwaye abo bangaphantsi kweminyaka elilishumi elinesibhozo babonwa ngabantu abanjalo.

Izibonelelo zePrado

Ukongeza kwiiholo zokubonisa, kukho zonke izibonelelo eziyimfuneko. Abahlaziyi bamanje banethuba lokubonisa umsebenzi wabo kwigalari, eyenzelwe imiboniso yonyaka. Enye yeearnshops zokubuyisela ezilungileyo kakhulu eYurophu zenziwe, apho kukho izimo zokubuyiselwa ngokukodwa ngokuzibonakalisa kunye nokunikezela uncedo kwezinye iimali zembali zembali.

Musa ukulibala kunye neendwendwe. Ukuqwalasela ukuba olunye usuku alukwazi ukwanelela ukutyelela i-Prado uze uqhelane nobutyebi balo, kwaye iindwendwe zichitha iiyure ezininzi apho ngezinye iixesha iintsuku eziliqela ngokulandelana, zinikezelwa ngeemeko zokuphumla. Ungadla kwindawo yokutyela kunye ne cafe. Kukho iivenkile apho abakhenkethi bathengela imemori yokukhumbula. Ipaki edibeneyo nembonakaliso yinkcazo isebenza njengendawo yokuphumla iindwendwe, idiniwe, kodwa iyonwabile.