Imithombo ye-IPP: iintlobo kunye neempawu

Umthetho wamazwe angasese (IPP) yinkqubo ebumbeneyo, iziqulatho zezimilo zomthetho wasekhaya wombuso, izivumelwano kunye namasiko okubaluleka kwamanye amazwe aklanyelwe ukulawula ubudlelwane baseburhulumenteni, abomthetho, abasebenzi kunye nolunye uphuhliso lwangasese apho kwenzeka khona into yangaphandle. Ngelo xesha, zombini imibutho yomthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye bangaba maqela kwiintsebenziswano zomthetho zangasese. Yisiphi isiseko, kwaye ulwalamano lulawulwa njani?

Imithombo ye-IPP: imbono kunye neendidi

Kwizenzululwazi zomthetho Imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwi okubonakalisa nokuhlanganiswa kwemimiselo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ekhethekileyo kwiinkcukacha ezithile. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izikhombisi zesimo esithile salo okanye umthombo we-PPP kumazwe ahlukeneyo azifani.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimeko efanayo, imimiselo ethathwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ingasetyenziswa. Nantsi yonke into incike kuhlobo lolwalamano olusemthethweni.

Ukwahlulelwa kwemithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe

Ngokuxhomekeke kwixabiso elihlekileyo:

• Imithombo yemithombo ye-IPP yinkalo ebomini yoluntu, ebonakalayo ngophawu lwempahla. Le yinjongo yemfuno yokuphuhliswa koluntu, imiqathango yobomi bemihla ngemihla, icandelo lezoqoqosho kunye njalo.
• Imithombo eqhelekileyo ibonisa ukubonakaliswa ngokubanzi kwemithetho yomthetho.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicatshulwa sokubambisana esiphikisanayo, iintlobo zemithombo yePPP zihlulwe ngo:

• Siseko. Ezi ziquka izivumelwano zokubaluleka kwamanye amazwe, amasiko obume bomhlaba jikelele.
• Oncedisayo. Faka iinkcukacha zendalo eyahlukileyo (izibhengezo, izitatimende, izigqibo, izibhengezo kunye nabanye) ezisayinwe ngamalungu emibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, izigqibo zeejaji, iingxelo zengcali ze-premium kwiinkalo zobudlelwane bomthetho jikelele. Ezi zilandelayo zibhekiswa njengeemfundiso.

Imigaqo jikelele kunye nemimiselo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe

Ukuqulunqwa kwemigaqo "jikelele" kubonakaliswa ngumntu ongenakwenzeka. Abanye oososayensi abaziwayo baqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-jikelele iquka izikhundla zokuqhelaniswa nomthetho woluhlobo lwendabuko, olwaziwa ngumthetho waseRoma. Umzekelo ocacileyo yinkcazo malunga nokuba umthetho awunalo amandla okubuyisela, umthetho othile unenzuzo ngaphezu komthetho jikelele, izivumelwano mazibe ziphunyezwe njalo njalo. Ezinye izazinzulu zichaza iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ngemigaqo-siseko yePhalamende.

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe

Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sivumelwano semibini emibini okanye ngaphezulu, siphethwe ngokubhaliweyo kwaye kuxhomekeke kummiselo ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Umnqophiso wobuzwe bomhlaba wonke ngumthetho woluhlobo olukhethekileyo, apho amalungelo, iimfuno kunye nemisebenzi yezifundo eziphambili zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe zichanekile ngokumalunga nomnye. Injongo yesivumelwano esinjalo ukulawula ubudlelwane obuvela phakathi kwezifundo ze-IPP, kunye nokuqinisekisa (kokubili kokuzithandela kunye nokunyanzeliswa xa kwenzeka ukungabikho ukuzaliseka kwezinto ezithile).

Umnqophiso wamazwe ngamazwe ngowona mthombo omkhulu we-IPP. Isivumelwano singabizwa ngokukhawuleza, ukususela kwi-"yesivumelwano" yesiqhelo, "isivumelwano" kunye nokuphela "kwintlanganiso", "phatha", njl njlnjani uhlobo lwegama elifanelekileyo kwisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, uzimisele ngamacala ayo, ugxininise kuphela kwizinto ozikhethayo.

Ukuzikhethela kwesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe

Iimpawu ezizodwa zemithombo ye-IPP yohlobo olubhekiselele kulo mbuzo zibandakanya umsebenzi wabo wezomthetho, ongaphumeleli amandla ayo, nokuba nayiphi na isivumelwano sokubakho abathathi-nxaxheba abakhethileyo kwaye, kungenjalo, akayibizi igama. Ukupheliswa kokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yesivumelwano kubandakanya uxanduva olufanelekileyo.

Iifom yesivumelwano

Ziziphi iifom eziyimithombo yePPP? Ingqiqo kunye neendidi zixutyushwa ngezantsi. Ngoko ke, izivumelwano phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwiintsebenziswano zangaphakathi zingaqukunjelwa kwiifom ezibhaliweyo nezomlomo. Le ndlela yokugqibela isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu, kwaye kwintsimi yeRashiya Federation, kunokuthiwa, ayenziwanga nhlobo. Iikontraka zomlomo nazo zibizwa ngokuba yi-gentlemen. Azizona izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphezu koko, azithethi izinto ezisemthethweni, kuba zimelela izibophelelo zokuziphatha.

Eburhulumenteni baseRussia, ukuqulunqwa kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kwenziwa kuphela ngokubhaliweyo.

Ukwahlula

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zineempawu ezihlukeneyo.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwisifundo semimiselo, imithombo ye-MPP ihlukaniswe ngo:

• Qoqosho;
• Yezopolitiko;
• SeMpi;
• Abanye.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwinani lamacandelo, imithombo ye-IPP yile:

• I-Bilateral;
• Ezininzi.

Ngokuxhomekeka kwixesha elifanelekileyo:

• Ngokukhawuleza (ubhalisele ixesha elithile lexesha);
• Ixesha.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuzibandakanya njengothathi-nxaxheba, imithombo ye-PPP ihlukaniswe ngo:

• Vula (izivumelwano, apho urhulumente wesithathu unethuba lokuba yiqela);
• Kuvaliwe (izivumelwano zazo amalungu kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno nemigangatho echaziweyo).

Kwinqulatho kunye nokulungiswa:

• Uhlobo lwamaClassi (oluqulunqwe ngqangi, isigxina kunye nendawo yokugqibela).
• Elula (izivumelwano ezigqitywa ngokutshintshiselwa kwamanqaku kunye nezinye iintlobo zezivumelwano ezichanekileyo kwizenzo ezifanelekileyo).

Imithombo yasekhaya ye-IPP: isakhelo somthetho

Umthetho ungaphezu kwakho konke! Kwimihlaba amaninzi, umthetho wesizwe waseRussia ubhekisela kwimimiselo yomthetho wabucala wangaphandle. Njengomthombo we-IPP kubandakanya izenzo ezisemthethweni zomthetho ezisebenza njengesisombululo ekujonganeni nemiba efuna ukulungiswa komthetho.

Imiba enxulumene nomgaqo wezomthetho ekuthethwa ngawo ayinjalo. Xa usayina umthetho othile kummandla wobucala, uququzelelwe. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoxwebhu olusakhulayo zibonisa ukuba indlela yokwenza ikhowudi ibonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kwintsimi yaseRashiya, akukho ndlela ifanayo yokuqulunqa imigangatho ye-MPP yesizwe. Imithombo kaZwelonke ye-IPP eRussian Federation iqulethe imibandela yomthetho wangasese kwiinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, zecandelo, ezizodwa zolawulo kunye nezomthetho ezinokuthintana nawaphi na amanqanaba kwaye zivela phi na. Indima ehamba phambili yowomGaqo-siseko weRussia Federation, ukusebenza ukususela ngo-1993. Kucacisa ngokucacileyo ukulungiswa kwecandelo "umyalelo karhulumente welizwe". Ukongeza, uMgaqo-siseko uyisisithi esibalulekileyo ekumiseni imida epheleleyo yokusebenza kwemimiselo yomthetho wangaphandle kunye nemithetho kamasipala kwintsimi yaseRashiya.

Umthetho wesizwe waseRashiya, njengomthombo we-IPP, uqulethe amaphepha amaninzi amiselweyo anikezela imimiselo ye-conflict MPP. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo yiNkqubo yoLuntu yaseRussian Federation. Ukwamkelwa kwamalungu ayo ahlukeneyo kuhlawulela ngo-1994, 1996 kunye no-2001 ngokulandelana.

Imilinganiselo emangalisayo yemigqalano yenkqubela ibandakanya iNkqubo yeeNtsapho yaseRashiya, eyaqala ukusebenza ukususela ngo-1995. Imithombo yezomthetho yomhlaba jikelele ye-IPP ibandakanya lo mbhalo.

Umthetho wamazwe angasese eRashiya uphinde ulawulwe yimithetho kunye nemithetho-mthetho eyenza imigaqo yenkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho nakwamanye amazwe apho kubandakanyeka ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo iimithombo ezicatshangelwayo ze-IPP zibonakalisa ubunzima, kwaye kumxholo wazo zichazwe imimiselo yokuziphatha ekhoyo kule nto okanye loo majelo aseburhulumenteni - ezolawulo, ezemali, amasiko, abasebenzi, i-civil and so on.

Nantsi kubalulekile ukuphawula loo mithetho:

• "Kwimali YezoTyalomali Ezangaphandle", eyamkelwa ngoJulayi 9, 1999.
• "Ngomsebenzi wotyalo-mali kwiRussia Federation, eyenziwa ngohlobo lwemali-mali," usebenza ukususela ngoFebruwari 25, 1999.
• "Ngokuphathelele amashishini oshishino aseRussia" ukusuka ngo-1993.
• "Kwimimiselo yolawulo lwemisebenzi yelizwe langaphandle" ukususela ngo-1995.
• "Kwinkqubo yokuqeshisa" ukususela ngo-1998.
• "Kwiimilinganiselo ezijolise ekukhuseleni ukuphunyezwa kwempahla yangaphandle yokuthengisa" ukususela ngo-1998.
• "Kwi-Export Control" ka-1999.

Imithombo iP MPP, ifakwe uluhlu lwezenzo ezisisiseko zoluhlobo oluphantsi kule ndawo, ziqulethe iinqununu zikaMongameli weRussia Federation:

• "Ekukhululweni komsebenzi wezoqoqosho wangaphandle kwimida ye-RSFSR" ukususela ngo-1991.
• "Ngomhla wokwenziwa komsebenzi kunye nokuqhutyelwa kwetyala lokungenisa imali" ukususela ngo-1993.
• "KwimiSebenzi yeeBhanki zamaZiko angaphandle kunye neeBhanki ezihlangene kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiNgxowa-mali ye-Non-Resident Fund kwi-Territory of Russian Federation" ka-1993.
• "Ekutsaleni nasekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi basekuhlaleni" ukususela ngo-1993.
• "Ekusekeleni amanyathelo okutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwizinto eziphathekayo" ukususela ngo-1995.
• "KwiMigaqo-siseko yokuPhunyezwa kweeRhwebo zaseRashiya ngaphandle kwe-1995".
• "Ngomgaqo wolawulo lwangaphandle lwentengiso kwi-state" ka-1996.

Isiko samazwe ngamazwe

Iintlobo zemithombo ye IPP ziqulethe amasiko ngamazwe. Ukuze umgaqo othile uwamkeleke ngamazwe, kufuneka udibane nemibandela emininzi:

• Ubude bexesha lokuphindaphinda;
• Ukusebenza kwimeko efanayo;
• Ubungqina bokuvunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwizifundo ze-IPP.

Isiko siqhelekileyo esiye saqulunqwa ngokukhawuleza esidlulileyo, isicelo esichazwe ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayilungelekanga naphi na. Lo ngumphambili omkhulu phakathi kwesiko kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Isici

Iimveli zamazwe ngamazwe zifana nezithethe eziqhelekileyo. Uhlobo oluphambili kukuba ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwamandla omthetho.

Amalungiselelo amiselweyo kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye namasiko ereyithi kazwelonke kuya kuba yimfuneko kuphela kwezo zifundo zoMphathiswa weeMeko ezixakekileyo kwiimeko zabo ziyabonwa.

I-IPP yaseRashiya eRashiya isemthethweni jikelele kunye nezoshishino. Ezi zilandelayo zifumene isicelo esisebenzayo kumazwe apho kuthengiswa khona i-interartate, ngokukodwa, ukuhamba.

Iimpawu

Isiko sinokumiselwa ziimpawu ezilandelayo:

• Ukuqaphela jikelele;
• Monotony kwisicelo;
• Ukwamkelwa njengombandela onyanzelekileyo ukusuka kumbono wezomthetho.

Isiko kunye nokuSebenza

Ezi ngcamango ziyafana kwaye ziyahlukana. Isiko ngumgangatho wokuziphatha onyanzelekileyo, ngelixa umkhwa awusebenzi. Ukungahambisani naso akusongeli umxholo wePPP kunye noxanduva lomthetho jikelele. Kodwa iimeko eziqhelekileyo nezingenakuqhelaniswa zikwazi ukujika zibe yimithombo yomhlaba jikelele we-IPP (amasiko), ukuba lo mgaqo uyabonwa njengesiqhelo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuchaza ngokucacileyo xa umkhwa uba ngumkhuba, akunakwenzeka.

Isithethe samazwe ngamazwe kunye nomhlaba wamazwe ngamazwe

Ukuqhagamshelana phakathi kwezi mithombo ezimbini ze-IPP ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Kwiimeko ezininzi, isiko samazwe ngamazwe sichazwe kwisivumelwano, oko kukuthi, siqinisekisile kwisivumelwaniso sokuba izigqibo ziphelile.
• Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sinokuba ngumkhuba wamazwe ngamazwe.
• Isiko singenza njengesongezelelo kwisivumelwano esithile kunye nokwenza utshintsho olulungileyo kunye nezilungiso kuyo ekusebenziseni amalungiselelo athile.

Iziganeko zomthetho

Umthombo olandelayo we-IPP ngowona mthetho.

Umthetho wenkqubo yinkqubo ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo evezwe kwizigwebo zeejaji. Namhlanje, eli shishini lomthetho liye lafumana ukuthandwa kakhulu kulawo mabandla awayehlala aseBritish Empire. Phakathi kwazo yiCanada, i-United States yaseMelika, i-Great Britain, i-Australia, iNew Zealand.

Kwimbali yembali, umthetho wecala kukuhlanganiswa komthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nomthetho, owenziwe eNgilani malunga neminyaka eyi-650 edlulileyo. Amagqeba enkundla ayenziwa ngokulungelelanisa kunye nolwazi olunezakhono ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iimeko zokugcinwa kwerekhodi eqinisweni. Inkundla eqhelekileyo yomthetho ibonakaliswe yindlela ekhuselekileyo kunye nemveli kwinkqubo yokulungisa iingxabano kunye nokukhupha izigqibo. Yiyo yokugqibela eyenza isiseko somthetho wamatyala namhlanje.

"Ukubandakanyeka" kwaye uqale ukuqonda intsingiselo yomthetho wezithethe ezilandelelweyo, kubalulekile ukucacisa umxholo weentlobo ezintathu ezichongiweyo kwi-Anglo-Saxon kwinkqubo ngesigama sesilwimi saseLatini kwaye ibonise imvelaphi yemithombo ye-IPP: ukujonga i-decisis, i-decimal decidenti kunye ne-dictum.

• Stare decisis. Kwiinguqulelo zithetha "ukunamathela kwisisombululo." Lo ngumgaqo, ugxininisa ukubaluleka kwesigqibo esinikezwe igunya lokugweba, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwayo. Ngelo xesha, isigqibo esifanayo sakhishwa kwizigqibo ezilandelayo zamehlo afanayo.
• I-decimal decidenti. Amabhunga asebenza ngokuhambelana nomthetho wecala athatha ingqalelo kwisigqibo senkundla engagqibekanga, kodwa kuphela. Kwaye ukuba ibe yinto ecacileyo, yiyona nto inxalenye apho iinqununu ezisemthethweni zichazwe, ngokusekelwe kumxholo apho isigwebo esithile sichazwa khona.
• Dictum. Zizitatimenti ezingabalulekanga, amanqaku, izimvo, iingxelo ezithintele isigqibo esingekho ngqo, kuba azizange zenze isiseko sayo somthetho.

Kunzima ukuzimisela ngokuzimeleyo ukuba zeziphi iziqendu ezingentla ziqulethwe kwisigqibo esithile senkundla.