Imbali iwayini: imvelaphi ethululwayo yamandulo

Mhlawumbi akukho zesiselo kwimbali yoluntu akazange abangele impikiswano kangaka. iindawo ezininzi nabantu kwaye nangoku uyawalwela ubuntshatsheli kwaye babanga ukuba basungula ukusetyenziswa inegwele incindi yomdiliya, kwaye abo bathi isihloko, zibuze: 'kuphela, umzekelo, inokuvelisa liluselo, inyaniso yonke imithetho! Imbali iwayini ngaphezu kwiwaka elinye. Izazinzulu, abembi kunye abarhwebi (abaphandi befunda iwayini), ngasendleleni, kodwa akanako ukunika impendulo ecacileyo kumbuzo zemveli: "? Ngubani na, phi, nini" Kodwa, ngokutsho data yakutshanje, iminyaka eli-10 000 eyadlulayo abantu sele uyazi into iidiliya yenkcubeko (okanye Vitis vinifera). Ke kaloku ngaloo mihla ngenkoliseko ukutya ezazityiwa, ukusela incindi ivela kuyo. Ngexesha kwimingxuma, izazinzulu ziye atsalwa yohambo of zitsha ngodongwe cishe kunye iintsalela iwayini, kwaye obubhaliweyo imbali yokuqala yiwayini - imizobo kunye neetekisi, ubungqina othululwayo - lisukela emva nkulungwane BC-4.

Kakade ke, kunzima kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo, xa abantu baqala kakhulu kudla ukudla incindi. Lithetha ukuthini igama elithi "newayini"? Le - ukusela phantsi / ipesenti avareji utywala owenza Ukubila ezinxilisayo zeediliya (kufuneka, juice), okanye emthini. Ngokweerekhodi owayephila zembali, iViticulture kunye distilleries ebezigatywa nkqu maxesha amandulo, ekuqaleni abantu. Umzekelo, eSiriya eCaucasus, eMesopotamiya kunye umYiputa ubukumkani umdiliya wabonakala kwiminyaka 7000 eyadlulayo. Kwazeka oko sele ngoko ukuhluza kunye ukupheka iindlela ezahlukeneyo. A isiqinisekiso inyaniso ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala: yamandulo Egyptian BAS-imikrolo, izicatshulwa ngoonobumba, eMesopotamiya imikrolo, kwakunye nezinye iindawo. Nakuba ke abantu babesazi ukuba ukupheka uze usele iwayini ngayo.

prehistory Egyptian

Egypt waba ngomnye lamazwe zokuqala iMeditera, apho abantu baqala ukuhlakulela iidiliya. Apha iwayini ziveliswe ngobuninzi ezincinane kusetyenziswa isiselo kaThixo ikakhulu iinjongo zonqulo, ngokuba imibhiyozo kunye nemibhiyozo. Qaphela ukuba iwayini uye wavunyelwa kuphela inani eliqingqiweyo iingangamsha kunye nababingeleli.

amaGrike amandulo

Malunga neminyaka 3000 eyadlulayo eGrisi, iwayini babengene sele lusekiwe. History of Wine yaqala apha eKrete naseSipro, sagaleleka eSamo, saseLesbos - Sela ezi ndawo yaba yeyona zexabiso. Greece waba kweemeko ezivumayo nezincomekayo kwemozulu, kwaye ngenxa yoko nemidiliya isiGrike definition libe nokuthathelwa ingqalelo phakathi engcono yokwenza iwayini. Imbali sele ngexesha ekhankanywe kwi ezingaphezu kwe-100 iintlobo simswelise iintlobo 150 zomdiliya.

Iimpawu ze ke yemveliso

Ngenjongo yokubola iwayini (entsha) siwa phantsi izikhongozeli iwayini banzi ngokufanelekileyo, ethe-zinambuzane sulphur (inkqubo yathatha iinyanga ezintandathu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu). iiwayini sweet wafumana kwezithandani yokubola, yokugcina kamva kule ngqele. Iwayini idla baphikelela zeerasintyisi. Ezi iziselo Baphamzela ngokucothayo kakhulu, kwiminyaka emihlanu kuphela kamva, umdlalo yewayini echithwa amphora, babonelelwa neelebhile: Ithi indawo yemveliso, ngexesha lokuvuna, ubukho ongeziweyo, umbala. Uninzi ndilangazelela ngayo ekhula iintlobo yiwayini. Cellar ngenxa yokubola nazo izixhobo ngokufanelekileyo.

YayinguDionysus kunye nendima yakhe

Ngokutsho kwiintsomi zamaGrike, ubugcisa data ilifa yayinguDionysus, uthixo, leyo ke ngokuba inkosi yeshishini iwayini. Xa neentsomi lalowo yamandulo kwegama likaThixo yaba Bacchus (kwi kwinguqulelo Latin - Bacchus), yaye nguye kunye nesimo sengqondo kakhulu. ERoma yamandulo, kwakuza kufuneka ukulawula ukusela incindi inegwele. Bacchus (Bacchus) mome abazinikeleyo (kwimibhiyozo ezizodwa). A umsebenzi kaThixo emhlabeni wadlala toastmaster kunye ubungumngcamli.

ilejendi Greek

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo yoluntu ngokunzulu benza kwiviticulture. Ngokutsho kwenye legend yamaGrike, umdiliya wafumana umalusi Estafilos. Kuthiwa wamisa waphuma ukufumana imvu elahlekile. Kamva, wakwazi ukubona ukuba utye amagqabi kweediliya. Estafilos wagqiba babutha ezazinewaka lemidiliya elimelwe embalwa ongaziwayo ngexesha iziqhamo, ukuba oinos namaqunube, inkosi yakhe. Oinos oluphumayo isiselo evela yeediliya. Kwaye qaphela ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, isiselo yaba esiqholiweyo ngakumbi: ukuba ucime iwayini. Imbali mveliso ngokubanzi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba zahlukahlukene kakhulu.

izithako ezongezelelweyo

Ngokutsho netheknoloji yamaGrike amandulo wongeza kuso: ityuwa nothuthu, gypsum, udongwe emhlophe, yomnquma oyile kunye nompleyini zepistasi, neeamangile ndaliqoba fennel imbewu, zetyeleba ayo, nesinamon nobusi. Izithako ezazisetyenziswa kwinguqulelo yamandulo yamaGrike, ngoku uvavanyo ixesha: namhlanje uyaqhubeka esebenzisa ukuba ukuvelisa iwayini. Umgangatho ngamanye amaxesha bakhe baxhomekeke kubo ngqo.

Wine e Greece yamandulo, ngokutsho izifundo, kukho umxholo ophezulu alkoholi, isiqulatho iswekile, isiqulatho luthathe. Umzekelo, i-tywala eziveliswa yeediliya, kodwa juice ongeziweyo ebilisiweyo imidiliya okanye ubusi wafumana obukhulu kakhulu. Yaye iwayini kunye practice lokuvelisa ngamanzi kuvela nje kuphela umnqweno ukunciphisa imiphumela yayo esinxilisayo, kodwa ngenxa ukuzikisa ingqondo kakhulu othululwayo njengoko iwayini, ogama imbali ubuyela kudala.

Skorusa besusa amasiko

Ezi izisele abadumileyo kumaxesha amandulo. Apha, linemali ngaphezu kwe-300 lamawaka zitsha, leyo waziwa ngoko wines umlinganiselo wokuhlala, yaye kwakukho iintlobo malunga 200. AmaGrike amandulo, efana amaRoma, bebesoloko wakhetha iwayini emnyama ebomvu. Ngababini ngokuqhelekileyo kabini ngosuku (ubuncinane) sangokuhlwa kunye isidlo sakusasa. Iziselo zisele kunye amasiko. Ekuqaleni, bonke basela iwayini ngaphandle ngokuxuba kubo, wokuwonga elaa uthixo yayinguDionysus, yaye emva ngokuchitha amathontsi ezimbalwa phezu komhlaba, njengophawu yokumisela basele sithixo zintanda. Ke wondla imigodi - isitya ayikho inkulu kakhulu, ukuba izibambo ezimbini. Le zentengiso iwayini exutywe amanzi abandayo osuka emthonjeni (kusenziwa ngokwemilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo). Ukusela sakhatshwa incoko, yaye iindwendwe baphulaphula umculo kunye nemibongo, anandiphe ukusebenza nabadanisi. Ngokutsho imithetho ekhoyo ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba usele impilo bonke abakhoyo, Bulelani oothixo (ngaphandle yayinguDionysus), ukuba ukukhumbula ufakele emthendelekweni. Ngamanye amaxesha amalungiselelo kunye nokhuphiswano: ngubani na iziselo ngaphezulu. Siye basela iziselo ezimbalwa engamanzi ebomvu abameli eziphambili oyindoda womelele. Yaye amabhinqa ngokubanzi kunqabile wamkelwa etafileni.

imbali roman

Ibali impumelelo iwayini baqhubeka eRoma yamandulo. Le ubuchule imveliso nokulima yomdiliya ezingundoqo ukusela ngamaRoma, kakade, abolekwe ngamaGrike. Ngaloo mihla bade wanda ngobuninzi, kwaye ixesha komlawuli sele kuwo onke amaphondo ubukhosi iwayini ngokubanzi. Ngeli xesha, iwayini kakhulu gqitha Chios (kwisiqithi Chios kuLwandle lweAegean) kunye Falernian evela eItali (Falerno).

iingcibi yamaRoma kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu distilleries zokuhamba, oomatshini ane / ibile iwayini kwi kwelanga sele iphuhlisiwe, ngaphezu kade iimveliso shutter amphora embizeni. Ngokomzekelo, xa kwimibhalo Horace apho nkqu akuthethwa isiselo oneminyaka engama-60 ubudala, kwi UPliny Omdala wathetha iwayini iinkulungwane 2 sesichengeni. Easy ukukholwa, ngokuba zombini iiwayini yangoku eyomeleleyo (Sherry, Sauternes) xa baboniswa kwiminyaka 100 unako ukuphucula kuphela. Abemi baseRoma basela eliphekwe iwayini wasebenzisa kubo ukupheka.

Ancient ezithunyelwa iwayini

Urwebo namaRoma isiselo esinxilisayo yaba ilungelo Italy. Akubanga de logama nje isampuli akavumi ukuba umntu unikezelo engenasiphelo iwayini kunye nokulima yomdiliya. Italian angaphandle singene zonke iimbombo ihlabathi, lwathi ewe, umzekelo, India, eScandinavia, zindawo Slavic. Celtic, ngasendleleni, wayengase azithengise njengekhoboka kwelinye amphora zewayini komgangatho ngaloo minyaka. Ngaphezu ezavavanywa khoboka-balimi abakwaziyo ukuvelisa sinxilisayo, yaye wacaphula abakhonzi ngcono kakhulu zezinye imisebenzi.

Iwayini (nokwenza iwayini, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, afika ngexesha siswele ezibalulekileyo) siyaphela ngelo xesha kakhulu isixa esikhulu ngomfundi ngamnye. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho data zembali, ikhoboka ngamnye wafumana mihla ubuncinane 600 mililitha isiselo cheap kwaye kulula (ezenziwa bagasse). Ukusela eNkosini ephelekwa izithethe ezithile, nto leyo zazifana Greek yamandulo. Kodwa iwayini ukusela eRoma wavumela abantu kuphela abaye wayeneminyaka engama-30 ubudala.

KaLayishe waseGalim kunye nezinye

izidiliya Okokuqala ngaphandle kwe Italy waqalisa ukuba ziyaphuma eGaul (6-7 BC ngenkulungwane), kodwa, ngokutsho abaphandi, imidiliya kuqala watyala apho kuphela ukutya. Kodwa kungekudala, e eGaul (ngenkulungwane 1) nothululwayo yande kakhulu ethandwa ngokubanzi: baqale uvelise izixa ezikhulu. iwayini ngophuhliso hayi kuphela Gauls. Kunye ntlobo yayithengwe eRoma, imimandla emininzi yaseYurophu ufune kunye iidiliya zasendle. Umzekelo, ezihlanjeni weDanube kunye iRhine, i Rhone, nakwezinye iindawo. Kwinkulungwane 5th ubuqili imveliso, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, ndafunda kwiindawo ezininzi eseMazantsi kunye Central Europe.

Lwaba ethetha, indawo umda imveliso yewayini iwayini kunye - iqondo 49th of line ekwizibanzi ngasentla, ngokuqhelekileyo lwenziwe ukususela emlonyeni Loire (France) yaseNorth Caucasus kunye yemihlaba eCrimea mihla. Yonke imimandla zewayini-ekhula abaninzi kakhulu, usebenziso, okanye emntla, ezidityaniswe kule nzame ndawo eminyaka ubudala yomsebenzi onzima kwi ukhetho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba usingasiqithi iCrimea kusekho bezithanga Antica ukusuka Greece kulinywa emdiliyeni, kodwa kamva inkcubeko yayo zatshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo Muslims.

imbali Persian

NamaPersi kananjalo legend yayo ngemvelaphi iwayini. Ngenye imini ukumkani Jamshid, wahlala phantsi emthunzini wentente, ebukele uqeqesho abatoli zabo, abatoli, baphazanyiswa meko ezenzeka mgama. Bird enkulu kangangoko nengenzulu ukubetha emlonyeni inyoka leyo. Jamshid nangoko imiyalelo ngeentolo: ukubulala isirhubuluzi ngoko nangoko. Omnye kuqhume wakwazi ayixhelele inyoka, kanye intloko. Xa intaka ubalekile emlonyeni inyoka leyo, yena labhabha umlawuli wasePersi waphosa imbewu ngomlomo wayo. Kubo uze ufumane kwetyholo branched abonelela kakhulu iziqhamo kunye amaqunube. Jamshid kakhulu wakuthanda incindi evela kwezi namaqunube, kodwa xa nje wazisa incindi encinane enegwele, waqala ukuba nomsindo waza wayalela othululwayo, uzimela. Njengokuba ixesha lihamba, yaye omnye ishweshwe entle ukumkani waqalisa ukubandezeleka iintlungu eziqatha lasentloko, kodwa abo banqwenela ukufa. Wafumana container sichithwe juice inegwele wasela yonke indlela eya ezantsi. Kwaoko khoboka yawa engenangqondo, kodwa ayifile, ilele. A wake up, abe likhoboka kwakhona, entle, esempilweni, umoya ochwayithileyo. Kule ndaba, ephilisa proznal Jamshid. Kwaye ngoko ke wagqiba ukwenza balishumayele ijusi omuncu iziqhamo okumnandi zamachiza.

I Ages ezimnyama

Ngaloo maxesha amandulo, ukunwenwa sewayini lwaququzelelwa yimiba ezininzi: ekomelezeni indawo ubuKristu kunye nophuhliso esebenzayo yeNavigeyishini.

Ngaphezu koko, abefundisi kuphela ukukhuthaza ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa iwayini ukuze izithethe, kodwa kwakhona nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa, igalelo imveliso yawo ubunzima kunye nokusela. Kwaye namhlanje kakhulu esiXhoseni ngokwesithethe yenziwa nezigodlo.

Makubulelwe kuphuhliso lwamazwe Maritime, apho iwayini iveliswa, angalisungula amakhonkco zorhwebo efanelekileyo kunye nabamelwane ezikufuphi kunye nezinye amazwekazi. Yasasazwa ngokulandela engachananga iwayini weza ebantwini yaseTshayina Japanese kwezi iinqanawa, kodwa eneneni, le iziselo ziye eyayilapho ngaphambili, nje baye abalawuli umlomo.

Ngokuphathelele ne uphuhliso kumazwe e-UK imfuno steel yeSherry neyaseMadeira - British waqalisa ukusela iwayini, njengamanzi. KumaXesha Aphakathi akukho wazivayo malunga iti, bakhonza ngexesha ekudleni ngakunye iwayini. Ihlabathi iye yoyiswa ngabo kakade.

Indima of Christianity

Ekuphuhlisweni nokwenza iwayini ludlale indima enkulu ekuvunyweni ibandla yaseYurophu zamaKristu, apho wakhuthaza imveliso yewayini. KumaXesha Aphakathi, iViticulture luxhaswe ngabaninzi odolo zonqulo. Ngosuku zonke seal bekumele ukuba ukusela grams 300, kodwa kunye ukwanda kwesi sibonelelo akukho mntu oyike. Okokuqala ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa emilambo kweenkuni, ezibe luveliswe Gauls. Kunye ukuphuhlisa iteknoloji ezaziwayo-kakuhle: iwayini engekabili ithiwa komgqomo, agcinwa khona, kuwo enye kwaye iyathuthwa. technology yaseYurophu uqalile elo xesha lokuba sisondele nohlobo mihla kwimveliso.

Imbali iwayini eRashiya

Ngokutsho amaxwebhu asemthethweni, kukholelwa ukuba kwishishini lewayini eRashiya ihlelwa 1613-m. Kwandula Astrakhan kwimihlaba weemonki ityalwa izithole yokuqala emdiliyeni, eyayisiza nabarhwebi. Iidiliya iyasinda ngokupheleleyo. Kulo nyaka, kunye ngokomyalelo Tsar uMikhail Romanov wabeka 'emyezweni lentendelezo komkhulu. "

Koko, kwi-1640 e Astrakhan mitha wamenywa ukusuka kwamanye amazwe bomyezo uYakobi Boatman usapho. Wabafundisa iingongoma omhle vutshila sabenzi zasekuhlaleni alima qela kwaye inkqubo kwaphucula inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela endaweni Chigiri wasebenzisa kunkcenkceshelwe iphendukile. Iminyaka ngeminyaka, inkqubo yemveliso ziyaphucuka, kwaye sele ku-m 1657 ukusuka Astrakhan, nebhetshi yokuqala imveliso yewayini uthunyelwe etafileni yokumkani.

Hi ndlela leyi, nangona kwezinye kwimimandla Russia distilleries kwabonakala iinkulungwane ezininzi (ummandla Dagestan, indawo emazantsi omlambo Don), eRashiya iye ngokwemveli umusa Mead, ibhiya ngumash. Imveliso Industrial zisele kuphela yaqala phantsi uPetros Omkhulu - ubugcisa amazwe Tsar wayehlonelwa, ukungenisa kwabo kwilizwe liphela. Kwaye ndifuna ukuba isiselo ezifana iwayini, umenzi waba wayo.

Kumaxesha Soviet, iifama inkulu winegrowing kudalwe kwintsimi RSFSR. Yaye ngowe-1928, oko yaqanjwa uhlobo ezithandwayo "champagne eSoviet", nto leyo kwakhululwa izityalo Abrau-Durso (ngo-1936 - phesheya eSoviet Union).

History of champagne

Kwakukho iziganeko ezaqalisa emva twist. Ukuze ufunde imbali yewayini, ezifana Champagne iwayini kunye ezahlukeneyo - ukukhanya ekhanya - ngokwaneleyo 'umva' kwiinkulungwane emithathu enesiqingatha. Njengoko igama libonisa, ivela eFransi, kummandla siphambili ukuvelisa iwayini ehlwahlwazayo iya Champagne - kwiphondo French. umhla Eyona tochoy yiwayini wokuzalwa vesicular ngokwemveli ingqalelo we 1668, xa Godino, Abbe-Canon of saseReims Cathedral, uchaza ibandla ethi "usele anemibala, iigesi ukukhanya phantse emhlophe, esisityebi." Emva kokuba isibini amashumi eli lizwe lifumanise yabengezela boom ngokwenene. Champagne eFransi uya kubambisa kuyo, nto leyo evumela ukuphucula imveliso nokuphucula ubugcisa.

Waye endleleni, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yabengezela wabonakala ngengozi. Winokur lidala kwaba iimpawu ezaziwayo ezinye sewayini ukuba sinxilisayo, emthonjeni kwakhona aqale ijike, kunye neenkonkxa kwakheka iigesi. Ezi propati ke ngokwesiko lithathwa sisiphumo yewayini, yaye akazange anikezele oko kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, wada ndacinga isiphumo singesiso kakhulu ezenza i yabasebenzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-17, le meko. Newayini ekuveliseni French zafeza, iye kakhulu zithandwa. A bewayini zinetalente wasisebenzisa, ezifana 'Dom Perignon "yaye" T ", ukuseka ukuphucula ubugcisa bemveliso ukuze esimnyama iwayini.