Imali - it is ... imali: ubume, iintlobo kunye nemisebenzi

Kunye nokuqaliswa zemveliso yokuqala phakathi abantu baqala zibe nokutshintshanisa. Kodwa akusoloko kusenzeka ukufumana isixa ilungelo imveliso lo msebenzi. Imali - lilingana esasisetyenziswa ikhomishini olo tshintshano.

Bangakwazi Ingabizwa kuthathwa nempumelelo uluntu, kuba ubomi mihla ngaphandle kwabo ayikho.

Imali kunye nomsebenzi wembali

Ngokwembali wazimisela ixesha ngqo imbonakalo imali. Noko ke, okokuqala ukubamba intlawulo yesilivere abakhankanywe imibhalo ngoonobumba malunga 2500 BC. Emva koko iintsimbi steel zisebenza njengeendlela sentlawulo. Kamva, oko kubonakala imbonakalo zemali.

imali yokuqala hlukile ezininzi ezahlukeneyo:

• Ilitye, ezo angaphandle kunye umngxuma phakathi. Ahluke ubukhulu, kwaye Ingasetyenziselwa utshintsho kweempahla, intlawulo yeenkonzo.
• Metal - eyenziwe zesinyithi ezithambileyo ezifana nobhedu, ezo nto ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izixhobo.
• Salt - zaba imivalo yetyuwa kunye esetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe, ukuya kwinkulungwane yama-20.
• Iinkomo ngamaxesha athile wakhonza njengenyathelo wemali. Nkqu neenkomo kungathathwa elingana ekuqhubeni imicimbi yezoqoqosho.

Imali ngendlela imali kuqala asetyenziswe BC ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe. Baba ipleyiti yesinyithi isimo engaqhelekanga, nto leyo kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso. Abalumkise iindleko iinkozo kuxhomekeka ubunzima.

Imali iphepha lokuqala ibhalwe China ngo-910. imveliso wabo kunokwenzeka ngenxa ubuchwepheshe obubalaseleyo kwimveliso kwephepha.

nokusasazwa ngokubanzi iindleko ezifunyenwe emva kokuba kusungulwe cinezela yoshicilelo kaGutenberg ngo-1440. Ukususela imali xesha, iphepha - oku kuthetha ukuba ezisetyenziswa nayiphi na intlawulo.

Theory of ngemvelaphi imali

It watsala abezoqoqosho abaninzi umbuzo ngemvelaphi imali. theory Economic zahlula phakathi kumacala amabini imvelaphi imali:

• theory lale;
• kwemvelo.

Eyokuqala kukuba nemali - yimveliso ababandakanyekayo kwizivumelwano phakathi kwabantu. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe njengesixhobo lokutshintshiselana kunye ejikelezayo kweempahla. Kuba okokuqala into enjalo sele kuchaziwe kwi "Nicomachean Ethics," eyabhalwa Aristotle. Sobulumko wabhala ekuthelekisweni iimpahla abathatha inxaxheba exchange, waza wacebisa ukusetyenziswa kule yunithi ethile - ezinkozo.

yezoqoqosho American Samuelson ithathwa imali yeemeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho, esidalwe ngumntu. Ngokwalo mbono, imali inokuba yiyo nayiphi imveliso, sanikwa imisebenzi ethile yaye yamkelwa ekuhlaleni.

kwemvelo iqwalasela ukuvela imali njengento nkqubo ingenakunqandwa, nto leyo ekhokelele ukukhululwa ezinye izinto. Xa uluntu elizayo zarhwebisana indawo ekhethekileyo.

Ezakudala mbono kwezoqoqosho Ricardo kunye Smith kunye kamva Marx yaqulunqa into yokuba imali - yorhwebo, yaye bavela kwinkqubo yokutshintsha.

Eli imali

Kuluntu mihla, imali kuba iwonga. Lukwa yinxalenye yonxulumano kwezoqoqosho. Imali abantu - kulungile, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo.

Undoqo imali lubonakala inxaxheba yabo;

1. Ukuvelisa, ukwabiwa, ngesifo sephepha kunye exchange. Imali - isiseko kuphuhliso kobudlelwane zorhwebo, betshintsha ngophuhliso lweenkqubo metabolic.
2. Xa ukwabiwa GNP, kwakunye yamatyala ekuthengisweni umhlaba kunye ezithengiswayo. Imali - le yindlela zokusasaza ubutyebi eluntwini.
3. Ekumiseni amaxabiso. Le mali imele ixabiso kwempahla eziveliswa ngabantu.

Ukongeza iimpawu eziinkozo inxaxheba kuluntu, aba balinganiswa iimpawu ezimbini ezizodwa:

• Bakhonza ibe sisananelo elingana kwempahla kunye jikelele. Olu phawu kuboniswa kule exchange ngqo kuyo nayiphi na imveliso. Mu kuya kwa nshita yokuba iimeko unaniselwano kunye nezinye iimveliso ukuze ilingane, kodwa kwisakhelo kwiimfuno efanayo.
• Ukugcina ixabiso leempahla. Eyona ndlela ibhetele zokulondoloza imali nje, kuba ngaxeshanye kunciphisa iindleko zokugcina, kwakunye ekuthinteleni umonakalo impahla.

nemisebenzi imali

Kuqoqosho namhlanje, imali akanayo ixabiso layo, kodwa nokugcina exchangeable. Oku kubonisa ukuba imali - oko iphepha, leyo semvelo iimpawu iimpahla.

Imisebenzi imali ibonisa izakhono kunye neempawu indima kubomi yezoqoqosho. Imali senzo:

• ixabiso ngomlinganiselo. Umsebenzi kuphunyezwa ngokumisela amaxabiso kwempahla.
• Iindlela ejikeleza. Iimali ababandakanyekayo kule ukuthenga nokuthengisa kweempahla. Ukubala kunye nokudluliselwa kweempahla eziveliswa ngexesha elifanayo.
• Iindlela intlawulo. Lo msebenzi kuphunyezwa ngexesha intlawulo iimpahla okanye iinkonzo, ukuhlawula irhafu, inika nokuba okuhlawula amatyala, kunye nabanye.
• yokugcina ithetha. Imali akazibandakanyi ingeniso ukudala abekwe.
• iindlela International lwentlawulo (okanye imali yehlabathi). Olu phawu kuboniswa ukusetyenziswa kwemali zokuhlala phakathi kwamazwe. Yintoni na imali? iindlela zehlabathi umsebenzi intlawulo lwenziwa yi imali, exhaswa yi ngegolide. Umzekelo, i-dollar, Euro, yen Japanese, imina omhle, dollar eKhanada, franc Swiss kunye dollar Australian.

iintlobo zemali

Imali - kodwa udidi zemali kunye noqoqosho, nto leyo zihlelwe. Zahlula-hlulwe ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

1. imali Natural okanye yokwenene. badla ke kuthiwa esebenzayo. Olu didi lubandakanya naziphi iimveliso ezinokuba ilingane ngokutshintshiselana imali kunye amatye anqabileyo. Umzekelo, imali - ukuba isilivere negolide eziinkozo, imfuyo okanye ingqolowa. Ixabiso le-ubuso ixabiso imali yokwenene.
2. imali yo fanekisela. Oku iindleko imiqondiso endaweni imali yendalo. Olu didi lubandakanya imali mboleko kunye namaphepha kunye nemali elektroniki - nucleoside digital eziinkozo kunye engamaphepha. Labo ixabiso eliyimali ingaphezulu yokwenene.

Kumazwe phambili namhlanje, uncedo bafumana iintlawulo non-cash kunye nemali-elektroniki. Zinelungelo kwiqela lokulungileyo, ekukhoyo kuzo kukungabikho iindleko zokugcina izithuthi, kwakunye nakwenzeka ukuqhatha okanye ilahleko.

Iingqikelelo ziingcali zezoqoqosho eziphambili bathi kwixesha elizayo, imali computer bathabath 'imali.

Ukwahlula iintlobo ezimbini imali: ikhadi smart kunye nothungelwano. Okokuqala - le e-KDE, Togu lwekhadi lekhredithi, kodwa ngaphandle mbambano ngalo ebhankini. imali Network a software ekuvumela ukutshintshela iimali ngokungqinelana neemfuno zomntu.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo imali

Inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni kwale mali olufunyenwe kuphela iipropati ezithile, kodwa iimpawu zalo. Ezi ziquka:

• compact kunye eziphathwayo - kube lula ukuba imali kunye nokusetyenziswa;
• ixabiso - mali kufuneka abe nexabiso, imveliso cheap yaye zifumaneka lula ayikwazi ukuba imali;
• imali - le mali kufuneka ibe lixabiso zamanani kunye amathuba ukubala;
• Severability - kufuneka ibe lula ngaku ukuba iintlawulo ze naluphi na uhlobo;
• kusilela - isixa semali ababandakanyekayo unyango kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe imfuno kuzo imeko enikwe liya kuba nemali eninzi, kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kuza;
• sokwamkela - mali - uhlobo lwentlawulo, ekufuneka kuqaliswa ngo-mthetho.

Inani yeesimboli wasebenza

Imali kunefuthe elingqalileyo ukuyilwa amaxabiso kwempahla, imisebenzi kunye neenkonzo. Ekubeni le mali - oku sisixa semali, ibekwe phezu kwezandla zabemi kunye oovimba kwiibhanki zorhwebo, ukulawulwa inani elijikeleza ubonelelo lwemali - indlela eziphambili eziphembelela rhwebo.

Njengoko kwilizwe ngalinye kufuneka ibe isixa esithile semali, nto leyo eya elungelelene umthamo nesiveliso, urhwebo kunye nengeniso, isixa semali ejikeleza nga kumiselwa lenxaki:

m * V = P * T, apho:

- m - isixa semali ababandakanyekayo isibheno;

- V - turnover izinga unit mnye;

- P - kwinqanaba lamaxabiso jikelele;

- T - umthamo kwemicimbi zorhwebo.

Xa lizwe kukho ukulingana, ngoko uzinzo ixabiso kuyaqinisekiswa.

Ukuba MV PT, amanani ndivuka kwaye kukho uxinzelelo emali.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i imeko siphambili ubungakanani ngokupheleleyo imali ejikeleza, kuba kukusekwa kwe imo uzinzo lwamaxabiso.

lokubolekwa emali

Ubonelelo ngemali yahlulwe, kuxhomekeke amatyala lokubolekwa emali M0, M1, M2, M3:

1. Zonke iintlobo imali ukuba abe iqondo eliphezulu amatyala, inxalenye M0 aggregate yaye ziquka iitsheki kunye nemali: M0 = W + H.
2. Le ngumphelelisi yunithi edlulileyo M1, ukongeza imali kwi-akhawunti yebhanki: M1 = M0 + B.
3. Inyathelo elilandelayo ukuncedisana engaphambili, ziimali ezingenawo amatyala epheleleyo - iidipozithi. Oku iziqinisekiso dipozithi, iibhondi, amatyala kunaniselwano: M2 = M1 + B.
4. unit yokugqibela iqulethe kumafa yayo izibambiso zikarhulumente: M3 = M2 + CB.

Eli candelo ibe ziiyunithi ivumela urhulumente ukuba alawule unikezelo imali ukulawula kwamaxabiso.

imali lomlingani

Isalathisi ezibalulekileyo ngazo ukuba bagwebe karhulumente imali imali lomlingani ibalwa ifomula:

Km = M2 / GDP, apho:

- M2 - kwesongezelelo olufanelekileyo emali,

- GDP - epheleleyo imveliso yasekhaya.

imali lomlingani yenza kube lula ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nokuba kukho imali eyaneleyo ejikeleza. Kuyo ungenza ukuligweba GDP ibonelelwe imali yokwenene, ngamanye amazwi, indlela GDP akhawunti engange eninzi imali.

Kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngokwezoqoqosho, lo mba unako ukufikelela 0.6, kodwa ezinye kwaye kufutshane 1. Kulo mzobo kancinci Russian isondela 0.1.