Iibhetri: umsebenzi isixhobo, isimiso ukusebenza nesigqibo seengcinga

imithombo elizenzekelayo umbane ziphakathi izinto omninzi oluncedo lwabantu. Yintoni ifowuni okanye unomathotholo, ezingenazi amabhetri? Icebo amacebo amaninzi, kwakunye nemiqathango yokusetyenziswa azisoloko ukunika unikezelo lwamandla esisigxina, ngoko le mithombo amandla kakuhle zisebenza phantse naphi na ehlabathini. Emva kokuba intshayelelo emfutshane, makhe ukufumana inqaku.

Yintoni ibhetri?

Ibinzana elithi, lo gama kwakuthetha isixhobo ukuba phantsi kwezinye iimeko yokusetyenziswa uyakwazi ukugcina naluphi na uhlobo lwamandla, kunye nabanye - ku tirhisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu.

Iibhetri angemi umbane ukusuka kumthombo amandla angaphandle, uze unike abasebenzisi ezidityanisiweyo naye ukuze bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo. Ngoko, xa zixhobo ekudibaneni kwemichiza ngokusisigxina phakathi electrolyte kunye amacwecwe electrode. Phela, lo uyilo ifumaneka kwiibhanki, yaye apho kwakheka iibhetri. isixhobo sedata yokwakha ubonelela ombane, ngokuqhelekileyo 1.2-2 V, oko kuncinane kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza izinto ngamandla, kwaye sebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lonxibelelwano.

Indlela ukusebenza inomlaza amabhetri?

isixhobo Data unikezelo lwamandla inika uqhagamshelwano elungileyo nengalunganga koko. Basebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: xa umthwalo liqhagamshelaniswe i electrode (umzekelo njengoko sinako cinga ibhalbhu), kukho yombane elivaliweyo. Njengokuba uqala ukugeleza ukulahlwa yangoku. Oku akhiwa intshukumo ye elektroni, anions kunye ukuse-. Ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nendlela noko kwenzeka, ungenza xelela nje ngendlela umzekelo.

Makhe sicinge ukuba sibe ibhetri apho electrode HIV - i-nickel oxide, nto leyo eye yongezwe grafayithi ukuphucula conductivity. isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, sponge sasetyenziswa kwipleyiti ezimbi. Ngoko ke, xa kukho wampompoza, amasuntswana ioksijini esebenzayo iyekelela kwaye kweyela electrolyte. Ngaloo ukuba bahlukane iindawo kuzo nombane (ezifana electron). Amasuntswana ioksijini eqhubayo ijoliswe kwabo amacwecwe ezimbi, apho oxidized isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe.

ukusebenza okungenza ngentlawulo

Kufuneka qhawula umthwalo kwi iterminal amacwecwe. Kwakhona esidla, ngokokuqhelekileyo ombane DC (kodwa kufuneka idaleka, ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko) ukuba mkhulu ngakumbi ixabiso kwebhetri amacala. Ngaphezu koko, ezichaseneyo kufuneka ifane. Oko nguthabatha kwaye dibanisa ukuphela kwe nkonzo kwaye yemvelaphi kufuneka angqinelane. Qaphela ukuba kwitshaja kufuneka nakanjani ilifa amandla ngaphezu na ibhetri, ukuze ukucinezela yokutyiwa wamandla kuyo nokudala yangoku yombane ogama indlela malunga ikhulule. Ngenxa iinkqubo yoko, utshintsho nemichiza ezithi zenzeke kwibhetri.

Makhe sijonge umzekelo kumhlathi ongaphambili kweli nqaku. Apha i electrode oluvumelanayo linokunikwa ahlanganiswe ioksijini, kwaye ezingakhiyo lulama isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, ecocekileyo. Ukushwankathela, ukuba uthi ngexesha kwentlawulo nokuchithela ungatshintsha kuphela ukwakheka eekhemikhali i electrode. Oku akusebenzi kule electrolyte. Kodwa emoyeni, nto leyo eya kuba nefuthe elibi ubomi bebhetri.

Ngenxa yoko, siye sahlolisisa umgaqo yokusebenza nawuphi ibhetri. Ngoku makhe sifunde indlela ngexesha msebenzi ukuphucula intsebenzo yabo.

uqhagamshelo ukufana

Ixabiso ngoku kuxhomekeke kwinani elikhulu lezinto. Kuqala phantsi ukuba siqonde uyilo, izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nomlinganiselo zabo. Ummandla esikhulu i electrode na, amanani ngakumbi yangoku bakwazi ukumelana. Lo mgaqo isetyenziselwa uxhulumaniso engumzekelo uhlobo olufanayo leeseli iibhetri. Oku kwenziwa, ukuba ufuna ukwandisa ixabiso yangoku iya umthwalo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye eziyimfuneko ekukhuliseni amandla amandla umthombo.

uqhagamshelo series

Xa siqwalasela kweenxweme apho iibhetri, kuyimfuneko ukuba bona bathi, njengoko umthetho, izindlu efanayo. A uhlobo efanayo woxhulumaniso esetyenziswayo ukufumana yokusebenza enkulu kunye ngaphantsi nokulahlekelwa akhululeke.

Jonga ukusetyenziswa kwale design ingaba, zezikhali neebhetri izithuthi ziincutshe-asidi. Kuthiwa olu hlobo ukusetyenziswa hayi kuphela isixhobo ze battery imoto, oko nje mhlawumbi indlela yokwenza phandle, njani olu hlobo lonxibelelwano. Kulo mzekelo, uya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho qha otyhidiweyo, yaye kwakukho uxhulumaniso galvanic ethembekileyo ngokusebenzisa electrolyte. Kodwa oku kuphela ukuba iqondwe ngokunxulumene nalo hlobo. Kwezinye iimeko, umsebenzi eyahlukileyo ebekiweyo kuya kwenziwa udibaniso.

Types of iibhetri

Bona kwahluka ngenxa yokuba injongo yabo, amathuba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto. Okwangoku, imveliso mihla kakuhle imveliso iintlobo kweshumi angaphezulu kwesithathu, ezahluke ukwakhiwa i electrode kunye electrolyte esetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, iibhetri li-ion unokuqhayisa losapho 12 imifuziselo ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Ngokwemibandela uyakwazi ukwahlula ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

1. Lead-acid.
2. Lithium.
3. iibhetri nickel-isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe.

Le abameli athandwa kakhulu. Kodwa ukuqonda amathuba sinikela aqhelane apha uluhlu lwezincedisi zokufunda enokunceda electrode:

• yesinyithi;
• kukukhokela;
• titanium;
• lwe lithium;
• isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe;
• ayibe;
• nickel;
• zinc;
• vanadium;
• yesilivere;
• aluminium;
• iqela kwezinye izinto, Noko ke, leyo, zinqabile kakhulu.

Ukusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kuchaphazela iimpawu imveliso wafumana yaye ngenxa yoko ku umda. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, iibhetri li-ion zisetyenziswa kwi khompyutha kunye eselula. Nangona nickel-isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, zisetyenziswa abe lilalela eziqhelekileyo iiseli electrochemical. Enyanisweni, zonke iintlobo iibhetri bakwazi ukusebenza nalo naliphi na umthwalo. Umbuzo kuphela kukuba, ukuba kufanelekile na eso sicelo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Sele sibonile ukuba iibhetri ezinjalo, isixhobo izakhiwo apho ke benziwa. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele oko kuchaphazela umsebenzi wabo. Kubalulekile kuthi iimpawu zezi:

1. Density ebizwa ubungakanani uphawu ratio amandla umthamo okanye ubunzima ibhetri.
2. Libhekisela nomthamo liphezulu ixabiso kwebhetri lingenza ngexesha lenkqubo obhobhozayo de ombane liphantsi. Eli nani okuvakaliswa ampere iiyure-okanye coulombs. Kusenokwenzeka kwakhona abonise amandla amandla. It akalwa watt iiyure-okanye ziijowule. Ingxaki isikhongozeli ezinjalo - ukuba ingxelo umlinganiselo wamandla awandibabala ngexesha ekubhobhozeni de ombane ubuncinane eyamkelekileyo.
3. imo Ubushushu kuchaphazela iimpawu zombane yebhetri. Xa kukho ukutenxa kakhulu ukusuka ekucetyiswa uluhlu yokusebenza yomvelisi, kukho amathuba eliphezulu yokumka ugesi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukubanda nobushushu kuchaphazela iqondo ekudibaneni kwemichiza, kwakunye noxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.
4. Libhekisela self-ekubhobhozeni ilahleko umthamo ukuba kwenzeka emva kokuba ibhetri xa kungekho umthwalo iiclamps. Ngeendlela ezininzi, eli nani ixhomekeke kwinguqulelo kwaye kwandiswe xa usambathisa amahlwempu.

Ezi iimpawu neebhetri kwaye zinika umdla omkhulu kuthi. Kakade ke, ukuba kufuneka wenze into entsha kuphela, engabonakaliyo ngaphambili, yaye kusenokufuneka okungakumbi. Kodwa kakhulu amathuba.

I electrode device

Ngokomzekelo, sithatha amacwecwe kukhokela. Nangona abo babekade baba. ipleyiti Modern ezenziwe lead-calcium ingxubevange. Oku lifumane kwinqanaba eliphantsi self-lampompoza ibhetri (50% amandla ilahlekileyo iinyanga ezili-18). Kwakhona ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise amanzi ngokonga (1 gram nganye ampere iyure-).

Unako ukuhlangabezana kunye nolwakhiwo hybrid apho, ngaphandle ilothe, idityaniswe electrode ezintle kwistibhiya, kunye negative - calcium. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, kukho ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ukwanda. Ukwandisa ukuxhathisa kwiinkqubo umhlwa, yongeza itoti okanye isiliva.

Electrode ezenziwe kunye nesakhiwo emkhusaneni ye ubume maleko esebenzayo camera. Umgaqo nokusebenza ibhetri ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke ngokwezinto asetyenziselwa amacwecwe. Siqwalasela ilothe, leyo kulula ukufunda, kodwa mjonge usoloko singacebisi.

electrolyte

Siza kuqwalasela zonke iibhetri abakhokelayo-asidi efanayo. Njengoko electrolyte apho ezibekwe, ngokufuthi izenzo sulphuric acid. Kuye ezixineneyo oluthile ingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba bebhetri. Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo: omkhulu, oluphezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo electrolyte umphunga, kwaye umthamo ibhetri kunciphisa. Ubude bobomi kuchaphazela umsebenzi othile (ukuthobela imimiselo yokhuseleko). Le electrolyte Ibhetri zibe ndidi mbini:

• wamanzi;
• ngendlela izinto ezizodwa buzane.

Okwangoku, uhlobo kakhulu kuqala.

amabhetri operation

Ukusebenzisa zitshajwe kungabonakala phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Cinga yakho mobile phone okanye izinto igunya uninterruptible computer. Xa isibane abaqhelekileyo anikwe njengomzekelo (yoyilo mihla enziwa ngokugqithisileyo ngazo eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi ibhetri egcwalisekayo kwaye ziyilelwe ukuba iiseli galvanic). Kunye neemoto? Systems of "ukuyeka-" baqala kunye elekhtrons okungenisa ngokufaka ukusebenza iibhetri, kwaye beka neemfuno phezulu kwi the ukuqala, yangoku ngobhobhozo enzulu elide. Njengoko ubona, ngaphandle kwezi izinto amandla kunzima ukukwenza ebomini mihla nakubani.

Scheme zolwakhiwo ibhetri

Siye ihlolisise ingcaciso esisiseko kwezi zixhobo. Makhe nokuba sinikele ingqalelo ingqiqo njengoko wesekethe ibhetri enjalo. Eneneni, xa kwisakhelo lwamanqaku kuye ngaphambili, kuphela ndidlulayo. Ibhetri scheme ngoku, njengoko imbali, lamiswa yi yamachiza French Gaston Plante. Ummandla indalo yakhe kwe-10 square metres! neebhetri Modern, enyanisweni, kuyacuthwa kanye kakhulu kunye neekopi encinane ogqityiweyo ibhetri yakhe. Iyabonakala ekumgangatho wabantu kunjalo kuphela. Inika commonality kunye ingqibelelo noshowo.