I-Karakum entlango (Turkmenistan): inkcazelo, iimpawu, imozulu kunye umdla facts

kwintlango Sandy of Karakum (Turkmenistan) yeyona inkulu e-Central Asia kunye ezinkulu kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. indawo yayo inkulu. Oku ¾ iindawo lonke Turkmenistan. Uphi na Karakum entlango? Igubungela indawo ephakathi eentaba ka Karabil Vanhyza kunye Kopetdag emzantsi, kwakunye esemazantsi Khorezm kwinxalenye esemantla lizwe. Empumalanga oko ngomda kummandla kwintili Amu Darya, kwaye entshonalanga - ngomandlalo ka Uzboi.

geography

Karakum - kwintlango Asia, ndisolulela phantse 800 km kwi ukufana ne-450 km ecaleni ithe cwaka. Le ndawo iyonke sandy beach ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezingaphezu kwe-amathathu, anamanci mahlanu isikwere. Lidlula ubungakanani kumazwe afana Italy kunye UK. Kunika umdla ukuthelekisa Karakum entlango namaqonga ezifanayo zendalo. Turkmen Sea Sand ise kuluhlu inkulu. Abo banqwenela ukwazi ukuba yintoni bumane ngakumbi - le Kalahari okanye Karakum, kubalulekile kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ukuyilwa bendalo baseAfrika iphantse kabini kakhulu. indawo wayo ezikwere zeekhilomitha 600.

I Karakum bumane angafaniyo layo kwendawo, ubume bamatye, umhlaba kunye nezityalo. Kulo mba, izazinzulu ziye sazabela lona eMzantsi-East, nelezihlambo (Central) kunye Zaunguz (North) zone. La malungu ezintathu entlango ezahlula omnye komnye imvelaphi, iimeko zemozulu, kwaye inqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho.

North Karakum

Zaunguz of the Turkmen sandy beach na isakhiwo kakhulu zejoloji. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukuyilwa phaya kuMntla Karakums kwenzeka kwiminyaka engaphezu kwesigidi eyadlulayo. Yeyona nxalenye eziphakamileyo intsimi, ezinemithi phezu ezinye yeekhilomitha 40-50. Eli lungiselelo unika izizathu ukubiza North Karakum entlango ihewu. Nangona kunjalo, oku ezingachanekanga ngenxa compartmentalization enkulu kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kommandla apho kyry - meridionally side nasentshonalanga isanti, efikelela kubude 80-100 m, phakathi apho azifakwanga vuphukuphuku.

Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba esivulekayo kumntla Kara Kum, ubukhulu becala enetyuwa. It akavumi ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo le ndawo idatha amadlelo. Ukongeza, imozulu wendawo kakhulu kakhulu ngaphezu kwezinye imimandla emibini.

Ukususela icala kumntla-ntshona imida Karakum Zaunguz ngokwentelekiso kakuhle walondoloza esiqwini yamandulo West Uzbaya. Kumazantsi bale ndawo iyintlango ziguyiwe umkhono, ukuphakama kwayo yahluka ukusuka kwiimitha-60 ukuya 160. Lo mxokelelwane enomva Shorov, takyrs kunye nezitya sandy ifikelela le Amu Darya kunye West uza Uzboi. Malunga njani ezi ukuhla twi ayaziwa kude kube ngoku. Ngokutsho kweminye izazinzulu, enyeleni siyabakhuthaza Zaunguz wabumba ngenxa beqokelela iityuwa, leyo yomtshangatshangiso, watshabalalisa rock yendalo. Abanye abaphandi bacingela ukuba le zina- yamandulo elisaphilayo ukhuko okuncinane Amu Darya.

South-Eastern and Central Karakum

Le ndawo iphantsi, kunye nokuphakama kwendawo ukuba kuluhlu ukusuka m-50 ukuya 200. Apho entlango Karakums ukhuthaza ukusuka kummandla omnye komnye, akwaziwa. Enyanisweni, lo umda phakathi kwezi ndawo kuye phantsi kwemiqathango kakhulu. Kodwa libhekisela oko kaloliwe Tendzhen-Chardzhou.

Ngokutsho landscape yayo of South-Mpuma kunye Central Karakum eyahluke ukusuka kumathafa Northern phezu isakhiwo. Oku, kunye ubukho kule mimandla abazizityebi amadlelo unyaka wonke kunye amaqula amaninzi yamanzi wavumela ukusetyenziswa ezininzi kuzo mayelana noqoqosho. Uphuhliso kwezi ndawo igalelo ixesha elide kakhulu ngaphandle iqabaka ibekwe kufuphi kwizixeko ezinkulu yaye imali aphezulu amaqondo ezintle.

sezulu

Yintoni Karakum? Le kwintsimi enkulu apho kukho ukwehla okukhulu khona umoya lobushushu diurnal. Ngokubanzi, imozulu entlango bobabo i zwekazi. Ngaphezu koko, lo komndilili weqondo lobushushu ngoJanuwari esemantla kubhalwe izidanga ngeenxa thabatha ezintlanu, nakwelasezantsi - usidabanisa nesithathu. NgoJulayi, ithemometha liphuma yi degrees-28 ukuya kuma-34. Kodwa yintoni na umdla. Ngenxa ukungalingani yemihla ngemihla umoya Karakum Desert yenye ishushu kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Oku kungenxa yokuba emini ezininzi iinxalenye zayo liphuma ithemometha kunye degrees mahlanu ngasentla. Njengoko ngokuba umhlaba, ngoko umelwe kwamazinga enkulu kakhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha lobushushu isanti kufika kumgomo asibhozo.

Winter kuba Karakum Desert uphawuleka kuneqabaka kakhulu. Kweli xesha kwi ezikufuphi oyisanti beach ubushushu lihla ngezantsi degrees mathathu.

Ke imvula, ukuba inqabile kakhulu. Kulo nyaka, kumantla entlango inani efikelela 60 mm, nakwelasezantsi - 150 mm. Ixesha lemvula abaninzi Karakum Intlango na ixesha ukususela kuNovemba ukuya kutsho ngoAprili. Ngeli xesha uwela asixhenxe ekhulwini kwezulu yonyaka.

Imvelaphi yegama

Iguqulwe ukusuka ulwimi Turkmen "Kara-Kum" lithetha "intlabathi black". Kodwa igama ayihambelani enyanisweni. I Karakum kwintlango kwentlabathi abamnyama akumenzi. Igama le ukuyilwa zendalo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba alithoba anesihlanu ekhulwini ummandla wayo ngendlela enye okanye omnye ligutyungelwe izityalo, nto leyo ehlotyeni ulahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza. Eziseleyo amahlanu ekhulwini entlango - iindunduma zentlabathi. igama lazo kule Turkmen iyalila "ah-kimi". Liguqulelwe, lithetha "intlabathi emhlophe".

Kukho olunye uhlobo lwale ngemvelaphi yegama Turkmen entlango. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba igama elithi "elimnyama" nje bemiqondiso kunye ithetha ukuba indawo na apha ebomini, nobutshaba emntwini.

zakudala kwesayensi

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, i Karakum intlango kuhlale abantu kangangoko emva njengoko nkulungwane BC yesine. Iindawo kwizizwe zakudala ziye yafunyanwa ngama izazinzulu eliyi kufuphi ogudle hayi ezikhoyo Murghab River. Le sayithi umdla intsimi yaye kwiinkulungwane kamva abantu. Kwanaxa ekupheleni BC yesithathu, xa indawo enkulukazi ukusuka eGrisi ukuya India wehlelwa isomiso esibi kule eliyi abahlali yeqondo yoMntla Syria naseMpuma eAnatolia.

Nkqu ukufunyanwa ephawulekayo senziwa zizazinzulu 1972 hambo zakudala ekhokelwa VI Sarianidi afumaneka Karakum kumabhodlo kwintlango isixeko itempile yamandulo Gonur Depe, eliguqulelwa ukusuka Turkmen lithetha "intaba grey". Le ndawo izakhiwo wamazwi, yakhiwa ngamatye, kumbindi yona amadini etempileni, umlilo kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Kunye kujikelezo bonke wesakhiwo ngokubanzi iindonga elingqingqwa, ngaphezulu zazo iinqaba square. Kulo mzi nabemi bamandulo weza Margush ngumlilo unqulo.

Kufuneka ube ezimakhulu mabini zokuhlala ziye zafunyanwa emva kokufunyanwa uhambo zakudala Gonur Sarianidi. Kwangaxeshanye, izazinzulu zithi Margush kumaxesha angaphambili intsingiselo yawo kunguhata eMesopotamiya, Egypt, China okanye India.

Noko ke, ekupheleni BC kwewaka lesibini, abantu kwafuneka ukuba bashiye eliyi ochumileyo ukhangela umthombo wamanzi ngokupheleleyo ezantsi emathunjini omhlaba. Sands ke ngoko nje itshayelwe imikhondo impucuko someleleyo, ezinye izazi oyikholelwayo obizwa yokuqala yiZoroastrian.

version imfundo

I Karakum intlango kwasekwa kakhulu kutshanje. Ngenxa yoko, ubudala yelenqe yayo Zaunguz malunga nezigidi iminyaka. Oku ngaphantsi kakhulu ngaphezu ubudala Namib Intlango, owayekho iminyaka million 55.

icandelo Western le Karakum nakakhulu. Kuye kwasekwa ukusuka kumathafa kuphela 2-2,5 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Yintoni Tari_pedigree nokwakheka na Karakum entlango? Ngenxa yoku, kukho nantoni na awayefike sele oosonzululwazi ezimbini. On omnye wabo, wabeka phambili injineli imigodi A. M. Konshinym, intlango ekwakhiweni kwelo lamandulo womisa-up Aral kunye lweCaspian Sea, eyinxenye ye kokubhalwa kwembali Tethys Ocean.

Ngokutsho hypothesis yesibini, othe abaphengululi ezininzi, kwindawo eyintlango Karakum esekwe imilambo Murghab, Amu kunye nabanye abaninzi, ukuze wenze udongwe, isanti kunye nezinye iimveliso ekutshatyalalisweni zeengxondorha nasentshonalanga akumazantsi Kopetdag Iintaba. Le nkqubo kwenzeka ekuqaleni koqeqesho. Ngeli xesha, okupholisa itshintshile ukufudumala kunye zomkhenkce zinyibilikisiwe negalelo ekubeni komlambo ibe okukhawulezayo kunye elibaleka elizeleyo. Le mbono iye yaqinisekiswa komhlaba uphando.

Biota

The World ELINGUMANGALISO Karakum kubalahla umdla kwabo abaphandi abo basoloko befuna ukwandisa lawo zabo. Sand Sea Turkmenistan - yindawo apho kujoliswe kuphela flora ilanga-bothando fauna ukuba ungaphila kungekho isixa esikhulu ukufuma.

Karakum Intlango wakhethwa kweshumi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezirhubuluzayo neentlobo ngaphezu kwewaka elinye arthropods. Bekhululekile kule ndawo va kweshumi ezintathu zeentaka kunye neentlobo amakhulu amabini, anamanci asixhenxe kwezityalo. Entlango, ndikugqala ikhaya labo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kukho kuso into endimangazayo engaziwayo umntu ngokwakhe.

uhlaza

Kwiindawo sandy le Karakum ikhula amatyholo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo, Haloxylon abamnyama nabamhlophe, Salsola, Ph.D., kunye astragalus. Found apha kunye nesanti yomnga. Of cover ingca enkqantosini sedge kakhulu anyuswe, kukho saxaul, saltwort, kunye nezinye noluntu zexeshana.

Kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu Karakum Amathafa ezikhulayo amatyholo xerophytic kunye sub-kwetyholo. Abaninzi kubo akukho inshorensi namahlamvu okanye lifake phezu zisenzeka kwembalela.

Iingcambu zezityalo ezikhulayo entlango, branched elide. Kufuneka ukuba angene ku anzongonzongo kakhulu. Umzekelo, ameva inkamela. iingcambu zawo zendele emhlabeni oyisanti ngaphezulu kwe mabini.

izityalo zasentlango ezityalwe iimbewu, ezivame pubescent okanye amaphiko ezikhethekileyo. Esi sakhiwo lula intshukumo zezulu. Uninzi izityalo zasentlango Karakum iingcambu lula, nokuba ingena umhlaba ihamba. tugais ingakumbi ebalaseleyo netshatsheleyo. Le kwintshinyela womngcunube nemipopulari, ingca isigebenga, wetamariske kunye nezinye izityalo ubumanzi onothando, nto leyo ingafunyanwa kwi kweenxweme Karakum Canal.

jikelele silwane

Abaninzi Karakum Desert kunye nezilwanyana. Le nezilwanyana kakuhle ukuze sisinde kwiindawo yesanti. Inkoliso yabo bakhetha ukuya ebusuku, kwaye ezinako ixesha elide ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ukongeza, izilwanyana efumaneka entlango - iimbaleki ezinkulu. Banako lula ukuhamba imigama emide.

Phakathi abameli ezanyisayo ingafumaneka kwi Karakum entlango ingcuka kunye udyakalashe, ibhadi kunye Gopher, emathafeni kunye Barchan cat, nembila kunye fox-Korsakov. Isilwanyana esirhubuluzayo World uvezwa namacikilishe kunye yamaphimpi, isanti Boa inyoka yaye-utolo, Agam kunye Ufudo emathafeni. Esibhakabhakeni ngasentla elwandle entlango oyisanti oonomyayi larks, jays saxaul kunye oongqatyana kunye ntaka Bulanov ephaphazelayo.

Of ezingenamqolo kule ndawo kukho noonomadudwane yokuhlasela, amabhungane kunye izigcawu karakurt. Kule Amu Darya, emjelweni Karakum kunye namachibi kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe amahlanu iintlanzi, phakathi apho kukho zeCARP herbivorous kunye zeCARP ingca.

intlango cat

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka zihambe le Karakum entlango. Kaninzi wabhekisela Caracal. Enyanisweni, ezi zilwanyana ezifanayo ngenye indlela. Noko ke, kukuqhuqha eziqhelekileyo angabi nako ukusinda entlango, apho kungekho amahlathi. Kuba caracal, ezi ndawo ikhaya lokuzalwa. Oku akothusi. Desert isilwanyana ipeyintiweyo ngombala ekukhanyeni omdaka, okwenza ukuba phantse ezingabonakaliyo phakathi nakummango yinduli esezantsi kolundi kunye neendunduma nesanti. Le caracal zokutya ziintaka, iimpuku namacilikishe.

Phakathi yintoni na Karakum Intlango, nto leyo ke yokuhlala lesi silwanyana simangalisayo? Sihlahla nje ithabathele kuLwandle Aral ukuya lweCaspian. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, uphuhliso kwezi ndawo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukuncipha kwenani iikati entlango, yaye namhlanje zasendle kukho abantu malunga 300 kuphela.

reserve Repetek

Nolwazi kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana ye Karakum entlango, kungakuhle ukuba uqale ngundoqo ummandla osempuma. Kulapha, kumgama 70 km emzantsi kwedolophu Chardzhou, ngowe-1928, yolondolozo ekhethekileyo Repetek yasekwa. msebenzi yalo esentloko kukuba ukhuseleko isifundo ezinzima zendalo, leyo esisityebi kwi Karakum entlango.

Repetek Reserve kuthatha indawo engaba ngamashumi amathathu anesihlanu amawaka eehektare, esishwankathela isityalo ulwandle sandy oluntu aphambili Turkmen kunye zasendle zalo zahlukeneyo.

ukuba umdla

Xa Karakum entlango babe nobizo. Le zolwakhiwo omncinane kwentlabathi - Karakum - elise Kazakhstan. Sikhoyo phakathi amachibi ezimbini - Sassykol kunye Balkhash.

I Karakum entlango utsala abakhenkethi ezininzi zivutha kakuhle. Sikhoyo kufuphi nelali Darwaza. Oku zangaphambili mingxuma yokuhlola ukuthi wawa ngenxa imigodi ezikufuphi komhlaba.

I Karakum komhlaba kakhulu. Ingakumbi ngemfumba enkulu kufutshane Amu Darya somlambo.

I Karakum intlango wemba amaqula amabini amawaka. Ngaphezu koko, amanzi nto leyo edla atsalwa indlela yamandulo, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa ndibase isangqa yeenkamela.