I-irony, i-satire, ihlaziyiyo kwiincwadi ... Siyilungisa iindidi ze-comic

Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuchaza i-comic. Esi sixhobo esikhethekileyo esikuvumela ukuba usiveze, sichitha ukuphikisana kobomi, ngokuhleka okuqhelekileyo. Ukuzihlaziya ngeencwadi kule ngxabano ingabonwa kuphela kwinqanaba lomlomo, kwinqanaba elihambayo (xa iqhawe, ngokomzekelo, liwela kwimeko ethile ekhohlakeleyo) okanye ngomlinganiso (ukunganeliseki ngokwamanqaku ngokwawo naphezu kwengqondo).

Ewe, ukuhleka ukuhleka kuyahluke. I-satire kunye nehlazo kwiincwadi zimbini ezihlukeneyo. Ukuba owokuqala uhleka ukuhleka kwamakhwenkwe e-novella okanye inoveli, okwesibini ukhetha ukuchasa ngokucacileyo abalinganiswa nezenzo ezimbi. Kude kude neendaba ezihlekisayo zikaShukshin, iChekhov yasekuqaleni - kunye neephamflethi ze-Swift-eziyingozi kunye ne-phantasmagoric plexus engavumelaniyo. Olu hlobo lokuhleka aluhlekisi.

Uthotho lweencwadi ...

Olu hlobo lwee-comic lubhekwa njengona yinto yonke. Ngokuchasene nesithandabuzo, unomusa, ngaphandle kobubi, nangona engabikho ubukhali obuthile. Injongo yaso ephambili kukunceda umlingisi ukulahla iimpawu zakhe ezimbi. Uthotho lweencwadi luluhlu lweemeko zamahlaya, iimpazamo ezingenangqondo. Nangona kunjalo, iqhawe ngenxa yabo alilahlekelwa ngumtsalane, ongenakwenzeka kwi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" okanye "Imbali Yesixeko". Uncwadi lubonisa oku. I-Sancho Panza yindlela yokwenza umlingiswa onjalo. Akayena ndlela efanelekileyo: i-coward, isoloko ikhokelwa ngumlingani wakhe, ngenxa yoko angamvumeli ukuba azikhubekise.

Ipropati ephambili yehlazo-xa uhleka ngomntu, musa ukuqaphela indlela uqala ngayo ukuqwalasela iimpazamo zakho, zama ukulungisa. Ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lweengqungquthela kufumaneka kwisilumko esilumkileyo, esingabalulekanga - esincinci, kwaye ngokuzithandela kubonisa ukuba yinyani. Ngaphandle kokuhlekisa, akukho mntu oqhelekileyo ongaphila, nokuba unobomi bakhe obubi obukhoyo. Njengoko iNqaku eliye lathi, sihleka kwaye sihleka ngenxa yokuba banomdla wokuzihlaziya. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngaphandle kwayo siya kulahlekelwa.

Imisebenzi, equlethe izinto ezihlekisayo, zininzi kwiincwadi zesiRashiya. Eli li bali likaGogol, kwaye, ngandlela-thile, idlala nguOstrovsky noChekhov. Uncwadi lwaseSoviet wasinika uZoshchenko, uBulgakov, uShakkshin nabanye abaninzi. Ukongeza, kukho ihlazo ebantwaneni beencwadi (ezidumileyo "iAventures of Tom Sawyer").

Irony

I-Irony ichongiwe kwisixhobo esikhethekileyo, xa, ngokwenene, intsingiselo engafanelekanga ye-statement isifihliwe emva kohlangothi lwalo lwangaphandle oluhle. Kule meko, ukuhleka sele kusebuhlungu. Thelekisa imizekelo engentla ngasentla kwiincwadi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxolo kwezinye zeenkondlo zikaNekrasov. Ngoko, ku "Kalistratus" umphumo wee-comic wakhiwa kwiinkcaso zesithembiso sikaMama, ukuba umntwana wakhe uya kuphila ngokuzonwabisa, kunye nemeko yangempela yonyana welizwe kuluntu.

Ukuze ufumane ingxaki, kufuneka uhlale ucinga imeko. Ngokomzekelo, uChichikov "kwiMimoya Efileyo" ubiza umnquba wamapolisa indoda eyifunde kakuhle. Kubonakala ngathi akukho nto kweli vesi evumela umntu ukuba angaqiniseki ngephutha. Nangona kunjalo, umlandeli uyaqhubeka athi: "Thina (oko kukuthi, intloko yamapolisa) yalahlekelwa ubusuku bonke." I-Irony, kunye nokuhleka kwezinto ezincwadini, kukuhlanganiswa kwezicwangciso ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba zinikwe kwaye zifanelekile. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko ye "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" le nqanaba lokukhawuleza into ehlekisiwe iphezulu. Ngelo xesha, ukwahlukana okunjalo, okwenziwa kwintetho, akunakuhlala ikhokelwa ekusebenzeni.

Satire

Ukuba ukuhleka kwiincwadi kukuhlekisayo okuqhelekileyo komntu, ngoko-satire ijoliswe kumaqela obomi bentlalo, efanelwe ukugxekwa. Ukufumana okokugqibela kubangelwa ukuphazamiseka, ukunyaniseka, imifanekiso kwifomu engafanelekiyo. Ukuze uyibeke ngokomfuziselo, i-satyr eqhuba eli hlabathi elingaphelele, yenza konke ukuyibuyisela kwakhona inkqubo yayo efanelekileyo. Akwenzeki nantoni na ukufuna ukudlulisela nayiphi na impawu efana nobomi, ibukhali, iyayilungisa, ibangela ukungabikho.

Umzekelo ocacileyo we-satire - "Master kunye noMargarita" uBulgakov. Ukugxeka okukhethekileyo kwakufanelekile "indlu kaGriboyedov," apho kwakungekho nto yashiywa yincwadi, kwaye zonke iingcango kwiziko elinjalo "zenkcubeko" zazixhaswe ngamacwecwe "inxalenye yentlanzi-dacha".

Iimpawu ze-satire zichaza ukuba kutheni zihlala zihlala kwifom yeveli. Yona inoveli esivumela ukuba sihlanganise amaninzi amanqaku enyaniso njengoko kunokwenzeka. Ngexesha elifanayo isalathisi ihlala ifike ngexesha. Enyanisweni, ukuba umbhali wesineti uqala ukugxeka ngokungabalulekanga (okanye kungenjalo), wenza ingozi yokuba ngumhleko.

ISarcasm

Ngentshutshiso yesiGrike kwaye iguqulelwe- "gcoba". Olu hlobo lohlaziyilo lusekufutshane, nangona kunjalo, intukuthelo ibonakaliswe ngokucacileyo, icace ngokucacileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-"Duma" imbongi i-sarcastically ithi abantu abaphila ngexesha lakhe bazityebi kubomi "iimpazamo zootata kunye nengqondo yabo engqondweni." I-Sarcasm isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kwiincwadana kunye nezinye iintlobo ezifanayo.

I-Grotesque

Ngekhulu le-15, uRafael nabafundi bakhe bafumanisa imifanekiso engqondweni ngexesha lokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala , ezaziwa ngokuba yizinto ezivuthayo (ukusuka kwigama elithi "grotto"). Ingqikquthela yalo kukuba i-comic effect yenziwe ngokuxuba okwenene kunye neyomnandi, nokuba yinto engafanelekiyo. Makhe sikhumbule neempumlo ezingekhoyo kwi-Major Kovalev kwibali likaGogol okanye dolophu enekhanda eligxothiweyo kwilveli uSaltykov-Shchedrin.