Gertrude Stein: engobomi, ucaphulo, iincwadi

Gertrude Stein wehla waya embalini ngumsunguli kunye noncwadi olululo. Lo mfazi uye wayisa ebomini ingcamango ngenkululeko kwiimbophelelo nezithethe yoluntu, ukudala ezabo. Ababephila bebe ekuhleni yena amngxolise ngenxa yobubele bakhe eneenkani. Kodwa namhlanje, Gertrude Stein na umgangatho ingcamango elinenkqubela novulindlela kwimpucuko. Ngubani na yena yintoni indima edlalwe kwimbali taka?

biography

Februwari 3, 1874 intombazana wazalelwa kwidolophu encinane waseMelika Allegheny. Waya kwintsapho esisityebi yamaYuda yaye umntwana wesibini. Uyise uye waziphatha ngempumelelo zokwakha kunye namashishini real estate kunye kungekudala uyiqwebe ingqukuva onesidima, apho abantwana Kwanele ubomi.

Girl nguGertrude. Ndisemncinane yazibonakalisa njengomntwana ukwazi, umfundi kakuhle esikolweni kunye uqeqesho uyise waya ekholejini, apho wayefunda bengqondo kunye namayeza. Noko ke, oko yayintsha kuye, yaye ubudlelwane kunye noyise wakhe oneengxaki. Akuba echithe ebuntwaneni bakhe phakathi neengqukuva yenkcubeko - Paris kunye Vienna, kanye Gertrude Stein waziva njengokufuna ubuhle.

Ungquzulwano uzigqibile ngokwayo kunye ukufa kwabazali babo. Gertrude nomntakwabo omdala Leo yintandane ekuqaleni. Okokuqala, washiya ubomi unina ngumhlaza, wafa kunye noyise. Ngoku Stein abancinane ilifa elikhulu kunye ingeniso rhoqo ukusuka kwishishini ntsapho aseleyo kubo.

Leo wafudukela eParis, apho ayiqeshileyo indlu encinane kwi Fleurus esitratweni, 27. Kungekudala emva kokushiya isikolo, yaye wafudukela udade wabo. Ukususela mzuzu iqala ubomi isaqhwithi imifanekiso uGertrude.

Cubby Staynov for Luxembourg Gardens kungekudala waba yindawo bohemian. Leo umhlalutyi yobuciko wenza ekuthengeni kunye nokuqokelela imizobo abaculi anetalente kodwa hayi kodwa eyaziwayo ukusebenza kwicala omtsha (Cubism).

Gertrude Stein phakathi zizifundiswa izindawo ukuba ndiqhayise incasa eliphezulu yobuhle nangokuvulelekileyo. Waye ofundileyo, ekrelekrele, kwaye ngexesha elinye ngolwimi ebukhali, ukuze uluvo lwakhe kuphela wamphulaphula, kodwa woyika ngayo ngamanye amaxesha. Uye waphefumlela yaye yaxhasa amagcisa ezininzi asakhasayo kunye ababhali abamngqongileyo isangqa bokudala lokwenene. Nangona le ingqesho yoluntu, uGertrude wahlawula ixesha wawo kanye umbhali enkenenkene, nangona nangoko kwaqondwa abagxeki.

phakade othandekayo

Ubomi ngayo inkululeko-bothando American ndiyazi kakuhle into icela sorority. Waye ezininzi abahlobo abangamadoda, kodwa intliziyo yakhe yaba kuphela Alice Toklas. Badibana ngo-1907 yaye ukususela ngoko akukho kuphinda ngokwahlukana. Alice waya eYurophu eParis bagqiba ukuhlangabezana compatriot. Le ntlanganiso kwaba sibi. Endandimhlebile ulwalamano lwabo bonke Paris. Yaba lucelomngeni phandle kuluntu. Laba zazinxibelelene de kokufa uGertrude.

Grand-unina kwimpucuko

Kule ncwadi, Stein yaziwa ngumsunguli. Akazange acinge malunga nendlela lula kwaye usoloko bazama ngeetekisi, amabinzana, aphorisms antsonkothileyo. Njengoko nomhlobo wakhe, umzobi uPicasso, Gertrude Stein ukhathazeke kakhulu malunga ifom kwaye hayi umxholo. Yena Ngomnye okokuqala kwimbali iincwadi baqala ukusebenzisa ubuchule amabali of loqukuqelo ezingqondweni ngaphandle kweziphumlisi. Yiyo le mfanelo - ukufumanisa iinkalo ezintsha intetho - kamva bakha isiseko kwimpucuko kanye umbhali ekuthiwa indlela unina grand.

Nangona iimfuno amaxesha izithethe esekwe kwi ncwadi, Gertrude Stein akazange afune ukuba ukuziqhelanisa indalo zabo, nangona umgxeki abuhlungu kunye nombhali elimele kakhulu. Yena ngenyameko wayefuna ukuba zibonakaliswa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi, kodwa ababephila wacinga iyinto engaqhelekanga.

iincwadi okukhulu kuchaphulo olu

umsebenzi Stein kaThixo zoncwadi lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa womzobo. Wonke ilizwi umsebenzi ofana ngepeyinti smear, ulala phantsi ephepheni, ngelaphu kunye ngamnye ngokulinganayo. iincwadi olubonakalayo Gertrudy Stayn ( "Ida", "Ubomi ezintathu") zabhalwa kakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo le ezakudala eseleyo (Shakespeare, Flaubert), kwaye baziva ulwalamano kunye ababhali owayephila (Hemingway, fitzgerald), yena abahlobo, lowo leyo inkxaso. Oku Yindibanisela eyodwa yaseYurophu American avant-garde incasa. Ukongeza umfundi yafikelela izibongo mihla, izifundo kwi uncwadi kunye amazwi abadumileyo umbhali kunye ngcungela.

ukugxekwa

Omnye imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, zibhaliwe ngo-1909, yaba inoveli "ubomi ezintathu." Gertrude Stein wathi bayahlelwa kwabasetyhini abathathu, abalinganiswa abathathu. Intshukumo kwenzeka eMelika, ukuya Bridgepoint. Eyibhalela kakhulu ovalelweyo, kamva wafumana igama elithi "zomzimba ngokweemvakalelo". Abahlalutyi yokusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa iprozi ngestibhiya, wachaza impembelelo isiFrentshi opeyintayo Cezanne ekudaleni Heroine Anna Good. kwezivakalisi ngeempumlo kunye Heroine evulekileyo sexy Melankty banikwe ilungelo lokuba anike ubuhlobo Stein kunye uPicasso. Kodwa ke impembelelo Fauves Matisse ziviwa kakhulu kakuhle kwi umlinganiswa Silent Lena.

Ngowe-1937 kwafika enye incwadi ebalulekileyo. Yaba ibali ngokuphandle yobomi bakhe, nto leyo ngoko nangoko ndagqiba kwelokuba Gertrude Stein. "Autobiography ngasinye" - igama elinikiweyo ukuya kwimveliso. Ngomhla amaphepha encwadi kumfundi wayenga- kuphela kunye milestones, abantu, kunye namava ebomini yombhali, kodwa yakhe nokuzixabisa. Le ncwadi ichaza ngokweenkcukacha Stein uhambo eUnited States emva engekho kweminyaka engama-30, kunye neenguqu ezenzekileyo kweli lizwe. Umsebenzi izele aphorisms ukudlala qembu, nto leyo lokuqamba kangaka Gertrude Stein. Quotes emisebenzini yakhe, endleleni - ngaba isifundo esahlukileyo kwaye iphazili abagxeki.

ukuqaphela

1940 waba unyaka wenguquko ukuba lonke France. Sihlaselwa amaJamani, imfazwe ngexesha zikhalile ubomi yokuluka ka Paris. indawo Gertrude kaThixo nzima nangakumbi ngumba ukuba yamaYuda. Waye wacela ukuba ushiye okwethutyana, kodwa xa wayesele lady endala, wagqiba ukuthembela isiphelo uze uhlale endlwini yelizwe. Ngowe-1944, imeko luphumelela baqalisa ukuba ukwehla, kwaye ngokukhuselekileyo umbhali wabuyela lweenkobe Paris yakhe. Noko ke, kwiminyaka emibini kamva Gertrude Stein wambetha kokuxilongwa - umhlaza. I usisindisile iintlungu icaffeine kuphela. July 27, wajamelana umsebenzi kakhulu. Intliziyo yakhe nako ukuma umbhali ...

Ngexesha ubomi Gertrude Stein zange wafumana ingqalelo yoluntu. Ngokuba yonke imizamo yakhe imifuniselo creative yena wafumana ukuhlekwa, ewolo kunye angakholiswa. Kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela umbhali wathetha kakuhle. Incwadi Stayn Gertrudy yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi, kuquka Russian, waza wajoyina-mali segolide yobugcisa yehlabathi. Umbhali ngokwakhe zichongwe classic iincwadi yaseMelika.

Ndithelekelele art

Yaba ubuntu multi-ohlalele ngexesha elifanayo twisiseka. Stein ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kungekho, kodwa iqaphela ukuba ukugxeka abanye. Loo mntu ziphikisana yokuzithenga kunivuza iinkosi sobugcisa. Ngoko ke, uPawulos Chelischev (umseki Russian of kwemiYalezo eyimfihlakalo) wasebenzisa umfanekiso Gertrude zokubhala canvases "izenzakalo". Akukho msebenzi kangako edumileyo ke "Umfanekiso Gertrude Stein" - indalo Pablo Pikasso.

Umbhali eziphuma kule umboniso: kwi ifitsha film "modernists" (1987), e-Woody Allen kaThixo "Midnight e Paris" (2011). umfanekiso Gertrude kaThixo ekhona uncwadi: Hemingway kaThixo "A ezingesosigxina womthendeleko" kunye Satterthwaite "ukubonakala". Kwizicatshulwa zesihobe Stein yomculo abaqambi American Virgil Thompson sabekwa kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo (1934) kunye Dzheymsom Tinni (1970). Namhlanje eNew York, Bryant Park, i lesikhumbuzo kombhali.

anika umdla

• Endlwini Gertrudy Stayn wazama ukufumana amagcisa ezininzi ixesha. Ubuyeleyo umbhali icebiso lobuqu, enye inkxaso, ngubani na izigxeko "nengqiqo". iindwendwe yayo idumileyo baba Ernest Hemingway kunye Skott Fitsdzherald, leyo Gertrude inkcazo "isizukulwana elahlekileyo" Stein wamnika ngokwayo - ekuqaleni waqola abantu akwazi ukufumana indawo yazo ebomini.
• Lo ungumzalwana omkhulu Gertrude Leo Stayn akazange ayithande isigqibo sokuphila nodade Alice Toklas. Wothuka uqhankqalazo yakhe yokunyamekela indlu phezu Fleurus esitratweni, bawaphule ubudlelwane kwiintsapho kunye uGertrude.
• Nangona isibakala sokuba Gertrude Stein yayikukuba buchopho abaninzi abaselula zobugcisa esentloko esisikhokelo inkwenkwezi umthombo osisityebi yolwazi yeengcingane, umbhalo italente yabo kuvavanywa ngokuthozama, kwaye nomsebenzi amaninzi anenzondelelo rhoqo abafumani naluphi na impendulo evela eluntwini. Ukuphoxeka iye yomelezwa kukuba wakonwabela imbeko othandwayo 'bafundi' yakhe ngoxa ongenamava. Emva kokufumana ukuqatshelwa, ayedla Ndohlukana nabahlobo kunye kakubi wathetha ubuntu zombhali.