Forensics - Sciences Forensic ngu ...

Ingcamango wolwaphulo mthetho libambe indawo ebalulekileyo ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ezenza isiseko uqeqesho lobungcali nabaphandi kunye abaphandi, nabagwebi kunye nabatshutshisi, abasebenzi zokusebenza neengcali, kwakunye namagqwetha. Le ingqeqesho iphuhlise kwaye kuphucula maqhinga, iindlela kunye neendlela uphando, ucupho kunye nokuthintelwa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Indaba

Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela wolwaphulo mthetho waba ukukhula okubonakalayo kunye sobuchwepheshe swonghasi esenzeka eYurophu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Iindlela, ubuchule kunye nezixhobo ukuphanda imisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho eziye zaqulunqwa yi xesha, kungekho yesayensi enzima. Kulo mba, ukulwa zombini ulwaphulo ngokomgangatho nangokobungakanani zatshintsha azizange yifuna.

Imbali wolwaphulo mthetho njenge inzululwazi yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-19 emva kwexesha. Ngeli xesha, izazinzulu ukusuka Austria - uprofesa waseyunivesithi e Prague kunye Graz Gansom Grossom - zaye ngendlela eqokelelwe ngexesha uphando ze kwingqiqo. Bona kwakhona umsebenzi yokuqala forensics kubhaliweyo. Ngowe-1892, ihlabathi wabona le ncwadi. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Izikhokelo kubaphandi nzulu njenge inkqubo wolwaphulo mthetho." Lo msebenzi, wavakalisa ukuzalwa nenzululwazi entsha.

Hans Gross ngokwakhe amava emsebenzini yophando. Ukongeza, wayesazi izisekelo zenzululwazi zendalo kunye abaninzi babandakanyeka microscopy kunye kufota. Kwincwadi yakhe, ISAZINZULU kutyhilwa umba wolwaphulo mthetho ngokwayo, umxholo kunye nemingeni ejongene nayo. Gross wabhekisela amathuba isicelo uphando lwezixhobo lwenzululwazi nobugcisa yaye liphuhlise ezinye iindlela nobuchule yophando.

History of Crimilogy eRashiya isusela emva kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20. Elo xesha lokuqala ziye yaqhuba uphando kule ndawo. Ngawo la uludwe Bura imisebenzi echaphazela entsimini iimviwo ngabecuphi amaxwebhu neefoto. umsebenzi omangalisayo Lebedev malunga fingerprinting kunye Brazol kunye Tregubova ukuba ubuchule bokuphanda-mthetho.

Imfuneko ukuvela wolwaphulo mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho sele ekho phantse yonke imbali yoluntu kunye bekusoloko umba ashushu siwagxobhagxobhe lunike nezalo izimvo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. kukho izinto kakuhle sokwanda kwenani lweziqalelo mthetho. Ezi nokucingela ziquka uphuhliso kwemizi-mveliso, iimeko zentlalo, njl Kodwa kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho nemibutho kulo naliphi na ilizwe ikhula kuphela xa kuthe ukuba ii-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuma kakuhle iimfuno esemthethweni yabemi. Ukuphandwa nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni ezenziwa ngamaqela kunzima kakhulu.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. axhobe izithuthi ezintsha iindlela zobugcisa vugevenga. Uphando amacala ngabo uqale yahlula amagosa nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Le meko yabonakala eFransi, eJamani, eNgilani eUnited States. Kungenxa yoko le nto oorhulumente kumazwe amaninzi ujongene umsebenzi wokudala ulwazi kolu shishino, ekwaziyo Ngokumxhathisa elitsha ngokwemiqathango komgangatho ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Eyona engundoqo imisebenzi yesayensi lwasenkundleni

Lo msebenzi, ebhalwe Gross, wazinikela ezandleni leengcali kunye abaphandi kuvavanywa nkqubo kunye nendlela ezisekelwe kubungqina, ubuchule neendlela elubala, kwakunye nokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu anzima. Sinako bathi inzululwazi lwasenkundleni - yokuziqeqesha enxulumene izenzo ezingekho mthethweni womatshini imithetho. Ixilonga nendlela yokufumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nxaxheba bayo. uphando wamacala liqaqambisa imiba yemithetho, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuvavanywa ubungqina.

Forensics - isayensi ngokusemthethweni. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye wafaka isicelo indalo. imisebenzi ngokubanzi criminalistics - ukuzisa imisebenzi yabo bonke ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwinqanaba ingcamango yenzululwazi, ukuxhobisa ukuba basebenze kunye kwiindlela ezininzi zale mihla, iindlela kunye nobuchule wophendlo kunye nomsebenzi kwengqondo. Konke oku kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe le njongo - ukusombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Le ukulwa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni lo msebenzi ephambili zenzululwazi umbuzo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka kuthiwe wolwaphulo - akukho uliqabane ijaji okanye umphandi. It sisixhobo babelinikiwe ezandleni zakhe, ngokuvumela ukuseka inyaniso.

imisebenzi ezikhethekileyo criminalistics malunga ukuqhubela phambili imithetho injongo ukuba sisiseko nomba wengxoxo olu qeqesho. Ezi ziquka:

- Ukuphuhliswa thiyori njengesiseko iindlela kunye neendlela zophando enkundla, ngokunjalo ekuthinteleni izenzo ezingekho mthethweni;
- ukuwaphucula kunye nophuhliso ezintsha izixhobo zobugcisa, imigaqo namaqhinga ukulungiselela ukuqokelelwa kwezinto uphando, iimviwo kunye nokusetyenziswa ubungqina;
- ukufunda kunye nokusebenzisa amava amazwe wezomthetho.

Ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi ngokubanzi kunye athile criminalistics kunokwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba kwimiba ethile waphakanyiswa kwinqanaba elithile. umthamo yazo yahlukile. Kwaye ukuze ukunyanga iingxaki ezithile ayikwazi kuphela theory wolwaphulo mthetho. Ethetha neminye imimandla yolwazi, kodwa imveliso yenzululwazi.

Uphuhliso wolwaphulo mthetho yanika imvelaphi ukuvela izalathisi ezininzi. Ngelo xesha ezinye kwakukho iindlela bhengezo kunye nokubiwa kwempahla zoluntu zikarhulumente, ngokusetyenziswa iindlela physics kolwaphulo ekusombululeni, njl

Ngelo langoku nqanaba uphuhliso wolwaphulo mthetho, kukho kwakhona imisebenzi ethile, kunye nomxholo practical. Baya ngqo koku kulandelayo:

- ngokwandisa umda ekuqiqeni data kunye psychology, asetyenziswa forensics;
- ukusetyenziswa cybernetics impumelelo;
- uphuhliso imibuzo yophando yezinto abapasa iimviwo;
- iindlela lokumisela ngoonobangela kunye neemeko ebangele ukuba kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Phakathi imisebenzi ethile kwezenzululwazi neenkundla langoku inqanaba lophuhliso wayo kuhlaziywe yonke kwenkqubo ngamaqhinga ezikhoyo, kwakunye nokubekwa iindlela zolwaphulo esenze, ukusetyenziswa kuphando kusimangalise into, njalo njalo

inkqubo isayensi

Naliphi na uqeqesho iseti lonke amalungu azi zangaphakathi zendalo. inkqubo forensics iquka amacandelo amane. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:

- sikhokelo (theoretical component) methodological;
- oomatshini nature lwasenkundleni;
- amacebo abasemthethweni;
- iinkqubo ezinxulumene nophando kweentlobo ezithile izinto ezingekho mthethweni.

Ke ukuba icandelo lokuqala kwenkqubo wolwaphulo mthetho, oko isethi concepts yeengcingane, imigaqo bulumko kunye neendidi nonxibelelwano kunye neendlela ingqeqesho. Le nxalenye inzululwazi iquka iikhonsepthi eyenza ingcamango iinjongo kunye umbandela ingqeqesho, imithetho yophuhliso yayo, kunye nendawo singene endle ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Kweli candelo kukwakho theory zabucala. Zibonisa ziziphumo ulwazi lwemithetho injongo ukuba ezingundoqo kuphuhliso iindlela, ubuchule, izixhobo kunye neengcebiso. Zisetyenziswa ekulweni ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Eli forensics icandelo lesibini lifunda ezo iipateni ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba ezi eziphathekayo ukwakhiwa eshiywa mthetho. Ngokusekelwe kolu lwazi wenza uphuhliso iindlela, iindlela kunye neendlela bhaqwa, ukususwa, kwakunye isifundo lokuqala ezi mathiriyeli.

forensics imibono system kunye into efana iqhinga. Oku isebe yesithathu kwinzululwazi, nto leyo ibonisa indlela ukwenzeka, ukudluliselwa kunye nolondolozo umkhondo ifanelekileyo mthetho. Kwakhona uhlola psychology of unxibelelwano kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu inxaxheba kuphando lokuqala. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwaye savelisa inani iindlela eziluncedo elungele ukuya Ukubanjwa izenzo bokuphanda baphantsi kwe-Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo.

Icandelo lokugqibela, nto leyo ibandakanya forensics - bubuchule enxulumene nophando kweentlobo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho. Le nxalenye inzululwazi ichaza iindlela kunye neendlela isenzo iintlobo ezithile zemisebenzi mthethweni, kwakunye imizila wemka emva kokuba isiganeko mthetho. Ngokusekelwe kolu lwazi liqulunqe ubuchule ezizodwa (esisiseko) ukuveliswa zonke izigaba imisebenzi yophando kwiimeko ezithile.

Onke amacandelo wamacala ngokulungelelanisiweyo kuhlangene. Ke kaloku ngowokuqala kubo isiseko ngonzululwazi sokuba ubuchwepheshe, kunye namaqhinga, yaye iindlela equlunqwayo olu qeqesho.

Yintoni ofunda wolwaphulo mthetho?

Isifundo yale isiyalo imithetho indlela amanyathelo angekho mthethweni, kwakunye nokuqokelelwa uphando kunye nokuvavanywa ubungqina. Oku kwakhona ziquka iindlela kunye neendlela uphando nothintelo izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Loo nto ibe yinto wolwaphulo mthetho, oko izalana ngokusondeleyo kumxholo ukufunda olu qeqesho. It iqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini. Eyokuqala kuzo - ngemisebenzi izinto yolwaphulo-mthetho. Okwesibini - umsebenzi imibutho zokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba sibhengeze kwaye ukunqanda igwenxa.

Injongo yezifundo wamacala hayi kuphela ingqeqesho. Le ibekwe kwindawo ingqalelo manani enkundleni, iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho , njalo njalo Noko ke, ngasinye kwezi Sciences abafunda ezi zinto, ukuze bacombulule iingxaki zabo.

lokuzazisa esayensi

Lonke ulwaphulo-mthetho ekhoyo ehlabathini. Into esuka yenzeke, kuloo ndawo apho amanyathelo angekho mthethweni, kukho ingoma ezahlukeneyo apho uphando kuyimfuneko ukumisela ubudlelwane nasiphi na isiza kwi-siganeko okungalunganga. Kwaye apha uzayo forensics uncedo. Ukuchongwa yenye iindlela zayo, esivumela ukufunda into ethile yelo yaso ulwaphulo-mthetho. Yena asimise evela izinto ezininzi ezifanayo kuyo.

Le abaphandi khona izifundo identification lwasenkundleni. Zizo ezi amaqela abandakanyeka kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kule luhlu kukho abaphandi kunye abaphandi, iingcali kunye nabagwebi, abarhanelwa kunye namaxhoba, njl Ngamnye kubo elisombulula ingxaki lokwazisa ngokuhambelana nezibonelelo zayo procedural and kuvunyelwe ngumthetho. Ngokomzekelo, ubuchule kwinzululwazi lwasenkundleni nokuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba into ukubulala. Ingqina wabona wobubi bungabonakala inkangeleko yayo lwangaphandle usakhumbula. into nganye yokusingqongileyo thina okunene ezininzi iimpawu kunye neempawu.

Izinto ezahluke ngokumila nobukhulu, umbala kunye nokwakhiwa, njl isifundo yokuchonga Forensic, hayi zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu. Ikakhulu le ndlela isebenza kuphela iimpawu zangaphandle yenjongosenzi eboniswe kwi kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba uburhabaxa ngebhleyidi ethile intsimbi kunokuba ahluka phezu wazigawula emthini. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo iimpawu eyayi imbonakalo yomntu. Ziboniswa kwi ifoto okanye kwimemori yobungqina.

Le nkqubo yemibutho lwasenkundleni baseRashiya

Iziko yokuqala ingcali kwilizwe lethu yasekwa eSt Petersburg ngowe 1889. Umsunguli wawo yaba EF Bura. Sele ngo-1892, waqala ukusebenzela Laboratory lokushicilela. Yaye yasekwa ngokomyalelo Ministry of Justice. Thile emva, amaziko ezifanayo avulwa kwizixeko ezininzi Russian. Bathi kubalulekile ukuba abasemagunyeni zokunyanzelisa umthetho kwaye esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo yolwazi okhethekileyo. Kwakukho amagumbi iimviwo yenzululwazi kunye lwasenkundleni, kamva similise okwaloo Institute. Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, la maziko bafumana igama elitsha. Baye baziwa iilebhu uphando lwasenkundleni.

Ngo-1944 waqalisa umsebenzi wayo kwelebhu Central lwasenkundleni. It yayiququzelelwe Ministry of Justice USSR. Kamva, ngenxa ka-Institute yayo Crimilogy yadalwa. Baba Central Research Institute of iimviwo lwasenkundleni. Kukho nguye namhlanje. Ngoku ke Russian Federal Centre of Forensic e-RF Ministry of Justice. Le nkqubo olukhokelwa yi-arhente, umbindi komyalelo ka-mahlanu, kunye neelabhoratri kazwelonke nawengingqi.

Kukho neminye imibutho kule nkalo. Umzekelo, arhente lwasenkundleni-arhente imicimbi zangaphakathi basebenza phantsi Ministry of Justice. Nedama Center yabo Forensic Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Kuye kwaqulunqwa 1992 ngaphantsi kwalo bamaziko amasebe lwasenkundleni neembambaniso, ulawulo kunye elabhoratri.

Ukusetyenziswa forensics kwi ngexesha leenkqubo zenkundla

ulwazi oluthile lwesayensi eziphathelele imisebenzi izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwakunye nomsebenzi ukuchonga kubo, zisetyenziswa ukugqiba inyaniso yokuthatha isigqibo sokugqibela. Ngokukodwa, i-Sciences Forensic inika ithuba lokuba iimviwo ezongezelelweyo. Ngoncedo lwawo ukuvala izikhewu ezaye zenziwa ngexesha kuphando lokuqala.

Kude kube kamva nje, impumelelo entsimini yeenkundla wamacala esetyenziswa ngokungangqalanga. Le nkqubo isifundo kunye novavanyo nezinto zeli tyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo ke ziqokelelwe umphandi. Noko ke, ngaxeshanye bangene force yePhetshana entsha ye-Code of Criminal Procedure, inkundla yaba ithuba elililo ukuqokelela ubungqina. Bona efunyenwe ngexesha izenzo ezizimeleyo yophando okanye ezinye yenkqubo.

Enye indlela yokulungisa izikhewu ezikhoyo yi umfuniselo yophando. Kwiimeko ezininzi, inzululwazi lwasenkundleni mihla uthi ukuba uqinisekise ukuba idatha ukuba zifunyenwe ngexesha uhlolo, uphando, njl Le ndlela theory yamava bokuphanda kudala wasebenza ezikhoyo iindlela zobunzululwazi. Le ndlela, esetyenziswa yi yinkundla, ukuze unike iziphumo olusebenzayo. It ikuvumela ukuba ukujonga amathuba ikhomishini ulwaphulo lobalelwa ummangalelwa. Umzekelo, ukuba akwazi ukususa izinto ezinkulu ngalo umngxuma iplagi yophahla, phi izakhono ezifunekayo ukuze benze izinto ezingekho mthethweni, njalo-njalo

Ukongeza, uviwo ngempumelelo ukuphelisa kuphikisana ekhoyo. Masithi lingqina, ixhoba okanye ummangalelwa unokuqhubeka xa uzama ukukhusela inguqulo yakhe. Kulo mzekelo, uza ziyabanceda ingcaphephe ngubani avavanye ngamnye iinketho beva, ngokusekelwe kulwazi olulodwa. Ingakumbi, le zingangqamana kwimeko le ngozi wesithuthi nokuba xa omnye abaqhubi ngendlela yabo sicacisa ezibangela le ngozi.

Examination kwenziwa ngexesha leenkqubo mthetho, luhlobo ubudlelwane, nto leyo inkqubo ntshukumo ezikhethekileyo phakathi abagwebi kunye umtyholwa, ummeli, abaphandi, abatshutshisi, amangqina kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Stakeout indoda isigwebo kufuneka abe isizathu ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkundla kufuneka sizihlole zonke iimeko ezifuna ulwazi okhethekileyo ubugcisa, inzululwazi, imisebenzi yobugcisa, okanye ezinye iinkalo yomsebenzi. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo abanayo iingenelo phezu kwezinye ubungqina obukhoyo. Zezi zivavanywe mandatory kunye nokuqinisekisa kwabagwebi.

ballistics Forensic

Enye izifundo ezenziweyo abafundi umthetho ngokuyimfuneko forensics. Izifundo kule ngqeqesho kuchaphazela inkqubo iindlela bangabonwa, iingxelo yenzululwazi, kwakunye nophando kwi ngemipu.

Isifundo sale nkqubo zizo idata ekhoyo Kwandile ezinxulumene ityala phantsi kophando. Objects Ballistics Forensic - igesi kunye imipu, izinto obethe elandelayo, kwakunye iimbumbulu kunye namacandelo zabo. Iinjongo eziphambili ke ukuchongwa kunye noviwo ngesigqibo imiba diagnostic kunye yokuhlela.

Unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Ukuziphatha iphuhlisa iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nee-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, ngowona usondeleyo kwimimandla ezisixhalabisayo umjikelo umthetho mthetho. Ezo leendlela zokufunda, kwakunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela abucala eziqhelekileyo ukuze zilwe, ngokunjalo wolwaphulo mthetho. Ngokutsho ukuyala izifundo kufuneka nakanjani uphulaphule abafundi nomthetho. Ezi izifundo zenzululwazi ziquka umthetho mthetho kunye wolwaphulo mthetho, nomthetho ukudluliselwa kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, amanani zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nethiyori izinto zokusebenza kunye yophando. Inxalenye yale kuquka zengqondo kunye namayeza lwasenkundleni, kwengqondo.

enxulumene kakhulu ngokusondeleyo forensics lolwaphulo yinkqubo. Ekuqaleni, le iinkalo ababini injongo kunye nezinto zokufunda eqhelekileyo.

Forensics yavela ezigcinwe inyathelo yokutshata inkqubo enxuseneyo mthetho. Kuphela kangangoko yophuhliso kwalo elaba nenzululwazi lomthetho oluzimeleyo. inkqubo Criminal inophawu ngokukhawuleza emisiweyo. Le ichaza iimeko sebenzisa phantsi apho iziphakamiso yophando bakhonza ukusombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye inxenye iinkqubo zezomthetho. kwecala ibonakalisa inkqubo zomthetho kufuneka kwenzeka ngexesha lophando.

Izixhobo, izikhokelo kunye namacebo ziqulunqwe forensics, ejoliswe ekusekweni inyaniso. Kwaye konke oku kwi-sikhokelo iimfuno inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kuye ulwalamano olusondeleyo nomnye nenzululwazi forensics. Kuyinto umthetho mthetho. imibono Criminological ye indlela yokuziphatha izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kunye nobuchule kophando kwakheka kwi isiseko ulwazi yequmrhu elisemthethweni. Ngapha koko, phambi kokuba uphando kubalulekile ukuchonga iimpawu zaso kunye nezinto alo. Musa ukuba inzululwazi efana forensics, abaninzi imithetho equlethwe kuMqulu Wemigaqo Criminal, yokuzithenga ukusebenza ngenxa yokungabikho kweendlela yophando.