Ephalamende - yintoni na?

Kumashishini mihla ekwakheni iziseko iqumrhu network ephalamende lweThekhinoloji kusetyenziswa. Ziintoni iimpawu zayo? Ziziphi iingenelo iye ngaphezu ubugcisa yomgudu zemveli?

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga nobuchwepheshe

Yintoni ezicacileyo ephalamende? Yintoni na le iteknoloji? Ephalamende - ngumqondo njengako apho uthungelwano computer wathwala iipakethi phambili. osemqoka yayo engundoqo - ukuba isondezwe ibe enye ukuya uhlahlelo uhlobo imizila IPLP headers kuzo zonke iipakethi, oluqhutywa ukuze ukumisela indlela ukutshintshwa labo icandelo elilandelayo kwezibonelelo. Kwimeko apho iteknoloji umbuzo luvuliwe, uhlalutyo header lwenziwa kanye xa kungenwa network ephalamende, uze emva koko abakhwetha ekuhloleni ukuvumelana phakathi kweSebe kunye neepropati packet umlambo.

Ephalamende iimpawu zoyilo

iingcali ephalamende nobuchwepheshe nomdla nokuqondakala protocol lonxibelelwano universal oko kumlungele na zombini zeesekethe ivulwa iziseko lamajelo kunye izicelo apho iipakethi ngobulili. Uthungelwano ephalamende enokuthunyelwa iintlobo zezithuthi - IP, ATM, Ethernet, SONET, SDH. Nophuhliso lwengqiqo lwaqhutywa kuthathelwa ingqalelo amandla kunye nobuthathaka iingxelo zangaphambili injongo efanayo. Ngoko ke kwezinye iinkalo ephalamende ibandakanya ukuphunyezwa algorithm elula xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa izisombululo bemveli. Ngokutsho kweengcali, izixhobo womnatha exhasa ubuchwepheshe ephalamende, unako ukuba bathabath 'ukusuka lemarike izisombululo emveli, nto leyo ibonisa ukuba developers ephalamende yenze umsebenzi omhle phezulu kunye universalization le mbono.

Ephalamende and IP

Ngoko siyazi imigaqo esisiseko imbono ephalamende ibinjani zobugcisa. Xa unxibelelwano eqhelekileyo, esebenzisa TCP-IP protocol, ipakethi umzila kuphunyezwa usebenzisa IP Idilesi-khompyutha apho zepakethe ethunyelwayo. Inethiwekhi zonke imizila ilifa inkcazelo malunga nokuba siyintoni na esibonakalayo isebenze le nkqubo ngexesha ugqithiselo lweengcombolo, kwakunye kwi khompyutha apho ufuna kwakhona impahla yangoku.

Kwimeko ephalamende uthethathethwano bamthwala indlela eyahlukileyo. Yena, njengokuba sele uyazi, ibandakanya ukuphunyezwa Protocol Label Yehlela. ukuba Bayifaka ngepakethi oluthile, nto leyo idluliselwe kwi-network. Imizila abafumana ngayo, kwangaxeshanye kufuneka ulwazi malunga nendlela ukudlulisela i data kwi - ngokusekelwe lixabiso ethile, leyo ephalamende-yokurekhoda. Kusenokwenzeka kuqatshelwe ukuba ibekwe ngaphakathi ephalamende-heda ku- ibekwe phakathi isakhelo kunye iphakheji ngokungqinelana nendlela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ithegi ukuze sibekwe kwindawo iphakheji enye. Ukuze ubonise ukuba label ethile - zokugqibela kwiqela, iiflegi ezizodwa ezisetyenziswayo.

Iza kuba luncedo ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha inzuzo yeteknoloji ekuthethwa ngayo, phambi kokuba izisombululo zemveli.

iinzuzo Key of ephalamende: ukusebenza processing data

ixesha Uncedo ibalulekileyo ephalamende kweendleko ngaphantsi ngenxa lweenkcukacha ngaphezu xa uthelekisa IP-idilesi. Ngaphezu koko, iteknoloji ephalamende kunciphisa ixesha elithathwayo ukuba batshintshe ipakethe usebenzisa core imizila. Usuke iya kwenziwa kuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa elandelwayo ezininzi, ngalo usebenzisa iitags ezikhethekileyo ngaphakathi iipakethi data sigqithiswe womnatha. Nale fomu ukwahlula kwemali watshintshela.

Iinzuzo ephalamende: nsimbi

Enye into ebalulekileyo le mbono - nsimbi. Enyanisweni nayiphi na inethiwekhi IP ephalamende unako ukusebenza. Ithekhnoloji ekuthethwa kuxhaswa kakuhle kwinqanaba zekhompyutha le. Ngokomgaqo kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa, ezifikelelekayo lokuphumeza ephalamende - Mikrotik, umzekelo. Imigaqo jikelele kwezibonelelo ukuzisa urhulumente esebenzisekayo. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo kothungelwano ephalamende loqwalaselo yentsimbi kufuneka kwenziwa ziingcali ezinamava. Okokuqala - xa inxalenye yengqondo bolu yothungelwano lwezakhiwo iimpawu zamacandelo iintsimbi zalo.

Iinzuzo ephalamende: Scalability

Ephalamende iziseko degree lokukala ophezulu ukuzimela intsebenziswano ngokubhekiselele elandelwayo ezahlukeneyo ngawo data ethunyelwayo. imigangatho ethile Okukodwa ziqalisiwe umaleko link, akunamsebenzi. Ukusungulwa kothungelwano ephalamende akukho mfuneko ukusebenza yeenethwekhi kwinqanaba lesibini ukuba eliphezulu yokudluliswa kweentlobo ezithile kwezithuthi. Ukususela ngokombono ukuhlelwa uhlobo lothungelwano utshintshe nje ephalamende ndingosemthethweni athethwa iziseko, apho utshintshayo ipakethe.

Le ephalamende bokwakha: licandelo elisisiseko

Makhe sifunde ntoni izixhobo kulindeleke ukuba ukusebenzisa networks apho ingqiqo ephalamende uyasebenza, yintoni uhlobo kweziseko zophuhliso ngokoMthetho ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo zekhompyutha. Isixhobo engundoqo, nto leyo angenelele, ibe ngokuba sikhokelo kweteknoloji efanelekileyo:

- le zendlela iyahambisana ingqiqo ephalamende, kwakunye nemigaqo ugqithiso data eqhelekileyo;

- zendlela ujongano kwisixhobo apho kokutshintshela Protocol Label akukho eyenziwa (kubandakanywa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso ephalamende);

- iqela izixhobo womnatha asetyenziswa ululayite ekusetyenzisweni iilebhile phantsi kolawulo kunye nendlela nkqubo jikelele.

Enyanisweni, isixhobo lohlobo yokuqala lokuqulunqa iqela ochaphazelekayo, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, olwakha ithambeka. Ephalamende-imizila Uhlobo lwesibini ukwenza kummandla emdeni kweli thambeka.

Imigaqo ezisisiseko ephalamende-utshintshayo

Funda ukuba yintoni isiseko-siseko nto leyo isenza i ngaphakathi ubuchwepheshe kuthethwa. Njengoko sele uyazi, ndoqo ephalamende - yilebhile. Lokwabelana sisiseko ubuchwepheshe efanelekileyo. Zonke iipakethi ukuba idluliselwe kwi-network, zinxulunyaniswa uhlobo oluthile network maleko. Ngamnye kubo ngelo efanayo ixesha ezichongiweyo inkampani ethile. ukubaluleka kwalo kuphela xa kuqwalaselwa kwi-sikhokelo a elula ethile umkhondo ukuba abaleke phakathi iindawo ezithile network, nto leyo imi ebumelwaneni, oko kukuthi, imizila yohlobo lokuqala (ngokutsho yokuhlela ingqalelo apha ngasentla). Nayiphi iphakheji iya kubandakanya yokurekhoda. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokunxulumana wayo phakheji iya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo iteknoloji isetyenziswa ngaphakathi izibonelelo channel network.

Unxibelelwano phakathi imizila

Okanye ukuba umzila lingacela ulwazi network usebenzisa algorithm ehambelanayo ne ephalamende - BGP, umzekelo. Lo msebenzi ungundoqo isixhobo kulo mzekelo - ukuqinisekisa exchange data ne devaysa elingummelwane ngokuhambisa iilebhile, esetyenziswa koko ngenjongo utshintshayo. ukwabelana nje kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, i-LDP protocol isebenze okanye modified iinguqulelo zezinye imigangatho yendlela esetyenziswa yi umlawuli wenethiwekhi.

izakhi Table

Kwinkqubo lonikezelo tags iindlela data eyahlukileyo zakheka izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano. Kwi nganye imizila ezisetyenziswayo kusebenza itafile esibonelela ukufanisa inamacandelo ezinxulumene ne interface igalelo, kunye neendawo ezibonisa iimpawu ezingundoqo yemveliso kulo. A umzila ofumana impahla ethile ngokungqinelana kunye nenani interface, ngokunjalo nokufunda ixabiso lwethikh umiselwe data ethunyelwayo elithile output interface. Kulo mzekelo, ixabiso yangaphambili ngaphakathi tag lilungiswa kwaye kwafakwa omtsha, nto leyo kubonakaliswe inxalenye etafileni apho iitags imveliso ayinakutshintshwa, ngoko zepakethe ke ezihambe elinye ilungu yothungelwano lwezakhiwo.

Ephalamende protocol ithatha indawo ukuchongwa ezilahlwayo lamaxabiso intsimi ngamnye ezicwangciswe omnye kumqolo letheyibhile esetyenzisiweyo. IP-адрес исходного устройства имеет самый длинный префикс в рамках таблицы маршрутизации. Kwaye oku kungenxa yokuba ingqikelelo ngasentla ivumela a ukudluliswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu data xa kuthelekiswa iindlela ezisetyenziswa kukhokela eqhelekileyo xa IP-idilesi isixhobo umthombo unalo isimaphambili mde ngaphakathi kwetafile yomgudu.

Isakhiwo ephalamende

Cinga ngakumbi iimpawu noshowo kombono kwinethiwekhi mbuzo. Ephalamende iqulathe amacandelo ezimbini eziphambili:

- zimali;

- ndawo Border.

Ubume ongundoqo iqulethe izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuxhasa ephalamende. Zisebenziselwa amacandelo iziseko zomzila yezithuthi phakathi dial-up protocol. Ngenxa yoko, iingcinga eziphambili umsebenzi thaca kwi core - utshintshayo.

Ngenxa yoko, lo mmandla umda lungqamana: ngokuba zokuhlela iipakethi ngokungqinelana nemigaqo emiselwe, kuba ukuphunyezwa iinkonzo ezinxulumene - ezifana nezo ezinxulumene ukudluliselwa data nocococ, ekulawuleni womnatha yezithuthi. Le ukwabiwa kwemisebenzi phakathi engundoqo kunye nommandla umda ikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele ephalamende womnatha-ezithile izixhobo indawo-ngqo ngaphakathi network.

Indlela packet lokumakishela

Siya ukufunda ngokubanzi ngendlela apho ukudluliselwa kwedata lwenziwa iipakethi usebenzisa ephalamende-iilebhile zokumakisha. Okokuqala kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ileyibhile neneempawu zilandelayo eziphambili: a ubude esisigxina, ekhethekileyo umongo compound enye, oluqhutywa phakathi imizila ezikufuphi.

Enyanisweni, lo ilayibhuli ngeqhosha ixabiso inye ingasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo womnatha, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi sikhokelo unxibelelwano phakathi ngababini ngabanye imizila. Noko ke, kule imeko, esi sixhobo kufuneka imisele ukuba Kwathi kolwangu uqhubekiso kunye data ehambelana nendawo ileyibhile esiphawuliweyo. Xa mkhuba, elula womnatha esebenza kwinkqubo efanayo ephalamende-iilebhile ngaphakathi interface.

Kwizibonelelo ngxuba kudinga inxaxheba iseti eyahlukileyo tags in imodyuli eyahlukileyo okanye isixhobo. Kwangoko phambi kokuba yinxalenye yempahla, ephalamende-uphawu ekhowudiweyo ngokungqinelana algorithm iseti. Ukuba inethiwekhi IP protocol yenziwe yasebenza, tag ibekwe ngaphakathi header ipakethe. Kwezinye iimeko, oko kubonakaliswe header protocol sele umaleko link data. Kwakhona, oko zibelekwe ixabiso encoding ethile.

Isicelo yamaqela lwethikh

Ngexesha network ukudluliselwa data phantsi ingqalelo ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo isakhiwo iphakheji ekhona, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, eli qela neeleyibhile - ifake. Ngamnye kubo ingachaphazela ukusebenza ukongeza okanye ukususwa tags ezithile. Kulo mzekelo, kuphela obunikwe ophezulu utshintshe nje japan ethile. Olu phawu i data kwi network ephalamende ivumela ukuba ziphumeze unxibelelwano etoneleni. Awona macandelo beka izinto yangoku abe ubude ziikhowudi-32. Kulo mzekelo 20 unikwa ileyibhile, 8 - ngeli xesha ubomi counter ipakethe, 1 - ibonisa umda osezantsi kwiqela label, 3 - akayi kusetyenziswa practice. Ngokubanzi, naliphi na ixabiso tag kunokwenzeka - ngaphandle kwinani Reserved.

Ubume indlela ivuliwe

Ukuze uqonde kakuhle, yintoni na le migaqo zomsebenzi womnatha ephalamende, kuya kuba luncedo ukuba ukufunda iimpawu noshowo indlela ivulwa ukuba yakhiwe singene yothungelwano lwezakhiwo enjani zobugcisa. osemqoka yalo esentloko kukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya isethi kweendawo - on kwinqanaba elifanayo. Bona isenza i kwenziwa usebenzisa ileyibhile kumgangatho othile.

Isakhiwo umgangatho othile ukusetyenziswa elindelekileyo igalelo kunye output imizila. Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba ephalamende networks zingasetyenziswa LDP protocol. Makhe sifunde indlela umendo ziguquka zingakhiwa kunye kubandakanyeko LDP.

Inyathelo lokuqala ekuthumeleni iipakethi UDP, ezinokubandakanya inani elikhulu iidilesi, imizila, indawo yakho kuthungelwano - ngokusebenzisa LDP. Kananjalo imiselwe uqhagamshelwano phakathi imizila ukuba ndingenguye kwijelo efanayo. Olu phawu we isakhiwo network kubalulekile ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa yokuphunyezwa ifomathi data kwi tonela.

Xa indawo imizila efakiweyo, LDP protocol uqala ephindeneyo TCP, ngamanye phezu kwayo. Njengenxalenye yenza isicelo ukuqalisa nerakhi, kunye neenkcukacha malunga naye. Kwakhona phakathi izixhobo ezahlukeneyo basenokugqithisela imiyalezo uvavanyo ukwenzela ukuba ungubani komsebenzi womnatha.