Emergency nature eziphilayo: imizekelo. Ukwahlukanisa likaxakeka

imeko kaxakeka iphawulwa njenge imeko esiyingozi ezikhoyo kwindawo ethile. Isizathu sokuba livela inokuba iintlekele eyenziwe ngumntu, zokuhlaselwa zendalo okanye ezinye izinto ezisongela abantu engxakini. Ingakumbi ezifanelekileyo mvanje kukho ingxaki lentlekele indalo zebhayoloji ehlabathini lonke.

definition

Xa ukuyilwa kolu hlobo ntlekele kwindawo ubomi babantu, ubukho izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye izityalo sengozini enkulu, kutshabalalisa ubomi kunye nemisebenzi.

Imithombo yendalo yebhayoloji yolo kwiimeko zongxamiseko iintlobo ngokuqhelekileyo ezahlukeneyo kwezifo ezosulelayo. Xa kukho esweni elingonelanga ukunwenwa kwentsholongwane okanye kade ekuthatheni ukuphelisa usulelo amanyathelo zone uya ngcembe ukwandisa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba uya kuba bosulelekile eziphilayo ngaphezulu.

indaba

Ngexesha ubukho boluntu kwakukho imizekelo emininzi kwiinkxwaleko iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo: kumaXesha Aphakathi, isibetho watshayela phantse esithathwini-of baseYurophu, yaye ngenkulungwane yokuqala amabini, ingqakaqa yabulala abantu abaninzi ngaphezu iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi. Nyaka ngamnye kukho iintlobo ezintsha yingozi izifo ezosulelayo zabantu, yaye abanye babo, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukumelana: HIV, isifo Lyme, etc ...

ERashiya, ukuchonga iingxaki, uthintelo kunye lomqhubi kwiimeko zongxamiseko ezifana uxanduva ngokobugcisa Ministry of esweni ezempilo, izibonelelo zonyango kunye nenkonzo kaxakeka.

Iintlobo zemeko kaxakeka. intlekele ezenziwe

Kaxakeka zihlelwa ngokuxhomekeke umthombo lemvelaphi. Namhlanje wagqiba ukwaba ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

1. Ezenziwe ngabantu.
2. Environmental.
3. Natural.

ngabantu ngexesha likaxakeka, oko kukuthi, leyo yenzeka kwi-mveliso, amandla kunye nezinye izinto. osemqoka yayo - yaba ingozi.

Amaninzi intlekele okubangelwa yimpazamo okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga yezixhobo zemveliso:

• yemoto, X. moya, oololiwe, izithuthi amanzi;
• imililo Izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye namaziko zoshishino;
• ngozi ejection Usongo imichiza kunye radioactive;
• nokudilizwa kwezakhiwo;
• kophuke, umonakalo kwiinkqubo amandla;
• ingozi kwizibonelelo zoluntu onoxanduva impilo yomntu (lwemijelo akwenza, ubonelelo lwamanzi, bubushushu icimile, ukuphazamiseka igesi);
• sekhefu edamini.

Zonke iintlekele ezenziwe zenzeka ngenxa esweni okanye ukungahoywa ngokwaneleyo ukusebenza okanye iimfuno zokhuseleko kweziko mveliso okanye inkqubo.

ezingxamisekileyo Environmental

Kangangamawaka eminyaka uluntu ibizama okumdambisa emhlabeni, ukuze uhlobo kwinkonzo iimfuno zabo, nto leyo ke kaninzi iba nefuthe embi kubantu bonke ubomi emhlabeni. iintlobo Emergency kokusingqongileyo anxulunyaniswa neenguqu ezinkulu yaye ngokufuthi ayibuyiseki umva kwi-bume:

• iindawo amanzi, kunene imigangatho ukungcola;
• ukutshintsha isimo bume lomoya: ukuzibaxa ngaphambili uncharacteristic zemozulu, isiqulatho ngokugqithisileyo ubumdaka kwi-atmosfere, Lo mxube ezidolophini, imigangatho ingxolo kwemfuneko "mngxuma ozone";
• iingxaki ezinxulumene ne ungcoliseko kwehayidrosfere, okt ukwakhiwa zolwelo zehlabathi; kule nkalongoko imithombo yokusela, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi amdaka, kohlaza, ukukhululwa kwenkunkuma elwandle.

De kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, ezi ngxaki ithatha phantse akukho, kodwa ngoku, emva iChernobyl kwentlekele, shallowing oLwandle Azov neeyantlukwano obubonakalayo ubushushu onyaka, imeko yehlabathi banomdla ekuthinteleni uthintelo intlekele. ERashiya, eninzi imali eyabelwe le njongo kunyaka ngamnye.

ezingxamisekileyo Natural

intlekele yendalo kwabangela ngokunjalo neziphumo zemisebenzi yabantu, izenzakalo ezininzi zendalo. Nangona kwezinye iimeko abantu ngokungangqalanga inxaxheba kukuvela kwiintlekele ezininzi.

Ukuhlelwa intlekele yendalo ibonelela macandelo alandelayo:

• Iinyikima okanye mlilo.
• Simanga okubangelwa iinkqubo zejoloji: landslides, Udaka, sandstorms, ukhukhuliseko, landslides, etc ...
• Ukuhlelwa intlekele yendalo nayo ibandakanya iingxaki zemozulu: iinkanyamba, neenkanyamba, isichotho, izandyondyo zemvula, iqabaka, umkhenkce, ikhephu, ikhephu, ubushushu kakhulu, imbalela.
• Iingozi Marine: izikhukula, iitsunami, neenkanyamba, uxinzelelo okanye ukwahlulwa ngumkhenkce, njalo-njalo ..
• izenzakalo bamanzi: ukunyusa izinga lamanzi, ingxinano yezithuthi.
• Imililo.

Emergency zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi imvelaphi iyasebenza zendalo njengakwintsusa nezifo ezosulelayo ukuba sinabele abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zezolimo. Ngenxa yesi sigaba, le ngcaciso ilandelayo: isahlakalo yaloo mmandla eziko zosulelo, kwamagciwane ubomi, ubhubhane, epizootic kunye nenkqubo epifitotichesky.

izizathu

Kuba likaxakeka nganye ezabelwe imithombo yayo le ngxaki. Ngoko ke, le ntlekele yohlobo eziphilayo kwesi sifo esosulelayo. Bona zibangelwa kwii wequmrhu eziphilayo ezingaqhelekanga, ezo zibizwa ngokuba kwamagciwane.

1. Kuba abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo usulelo wokutshabalalisa lohlobo. Leminyaka yokugqibela wawumkhulu-isikali twa umkhuhlane ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nonyaka ngamnye eziguqulayo intsholongwane wayethimb naziphi na iziyobisi. Ukongeza, oku kuquka hepatitis, irhashalala, naphakathi izifo zezilwanyana - ngonyawo kunye nesifo umlomo glanders.
2. Isizathu elandelayo ngohlobo eziphilayo olungxamisekileyo - igciwane (meningococcal, enteritis, segazi). Development of amayeza kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukuhla ngamagciwane yale hlobo kwinqanaba usulelo. Ngenxa kuphuhliso-ntsholongwane, ukukhuthaza ukuvimbela nokunakekela kwezifo akunjalo eyoyikekayo eluntwini.

ulawulo lwentlekele kuxhomekeke ekuchongeni oonobangela emlilweni. Of usulelo - nkqubo leyo ethatha indawo umzimba eyahlukileyo; bhubhane - xa usulelo sidluliselwa ephilayo omnye komnye.

Izinga okwandisa

Kuxhomekeka ubungakanani amaxhoba Unxunguphalo Intlekele zihlelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. amaxabiso zendawo zemeko kaxakeka, iintlekele okanye abantu xa sifo asiqhenqethanga ngaphaya kwindawo encinane, inani lamaxhoba akukho ngaphezu kweshumi kunye nomonakalo eziphathekayo ungadluli ikhulu lamawaka.
2. KaMasipala - PC ibekwe kwindawo eyahlukileyo wesithili federal okanye isixeko abachaphazelekayo abantu ngaphantsi kwe amahlanu, kunye umonakalo ngaphakathi engange kwezigidi ezihlanu.
3. Intermunicipal xa kummandla ochaphazelekayo sele yandisiwe ukuze iquke into ezibekwe ngecala, enoba elalini okanye isixeko.
4. ukubaluleka Regional zonxunguphalo iba, xa ingxaki le ukuya ngaphaya kule ndawo.
5. Inter-regional.
6. Federal, apho inani lamaxhoba ngabantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu, yaye indawo kwasasazeka lugubungela kwimimandla ngaphezu ezimbini.

Imiphumo kwiimeko zongxamiseko impembelelo yendalo ngokuqhelekileyo ilahlwa ngokwengingqi ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwiimeko ezinqabe kakhulu apho izifo ezosulelayo kuphahla inani elikhulu labantu oko zingabhengezwa intlekele apho kwabelwene ngazo nondlunkulu.

iindlela ukwabiwa

• izifo emathunjini. Ngamana kwenzeka xa ukuselwa ukutya zingcoliswe kunye namanzi, ukusetyenziswa izitya efanayo.
• womchamo sokuphefumla. Unobangela usulelo uba qhagamshelana ngqo nomntu ogulayo.
• Usulelo ngesikhumba engaphandle. Kungenxa impovane, izilwanyana, iimpuku, amangolwane, xa amaqhekeza inxeba eliquka kwamagciwane wentsholongwane egazini.

Ingxaki eyahlukileyo i usuleleko olubulalayo kwaqhenqetha ngexesha umlo. Ngaphandle ukuvalwa malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo zokonakalisa abaninzi, uhlobo bemvelo zemeko kaxakeka kuvela rhoqo kwezinye ii-hot spots zehlabathi.

isigaba yophuhliso

Environmental, ezingxamisekileyo zendalo ngabantu phantse lonke indlela efanayo, equka zigaba zilandelayo:

1. Isigaba Generation, ukuqokelelela ezingaqhelekanga senkqubo, kokuvela iimeko zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukubonakala likaxakeka. Kuxhomekeka imvelaphi yesi sigaba unokuthatha imizuzu, iiyure, iminyaka kunye iinkulungwane. Imizekelo: umlilo ingozi ehlathini, sifo buthathaka, ukungabikho kolawulo loo meko epidemiological kule ngingqi, njalo-njalo ..
2. Ukuqala likaxakeka. Sigaba apho inkqubo yokuqalisa ithatha indawo. Le ntlekele eyenziwe ngumntu kudla nto yabantu eziphilayo - kusulela ephilayo.
3. Luvuthondaba inkqubo ngokwayo kwisiganeko avela. Kukho nefuthe elikhulu esibi labantu (umzekelo, ukunwenwa kwentsholongwane influenza).
4. Isigaba sesine, ixesha ukubola, xa iinkonzo ezizodwa bayiyeka iziphumo zemeko kaxakeka, okanye ke ngenxa yezizathu njongo.

Ukumiswa iqala kwi Esesithathu, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo zonxunguphalo, oko kuthatha iinyanga, neminyaka okanye mashumi. Eyona nto kunzima kunjalo ezingxamisekileyo bemvelo. Kwezinye iimeko, kuthatha iminyaka ukuphuhlisa, uvavanyo kunye nokuphumeza amayeza ayimfuneko.

Umyalelo kubulawe

Emergency nature bemvelo ziyingozi kuba izifo ezosulelayo zanwenwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye ukuthatha amanyathelo ngexesha kunokubangela umonakalo enkulu kwimpilo yabantu, de kuse ekufeni. Ngoko ke, inkqubo ekhethekileyo inyathelo lokuphelisa nya enye amakhonkco amathathu akwinkqubo ukusasazeka kwezifo sele iphuhlisiwe:

1. Iimpembelelo umthombo usuleleko kunye kweentsholongwane yayo.
2. Tinto kunye neendlela iinyembezi ukudluliselwa sifo.
3. Uphuhliso amacebo ukuphucula umzimba kwizifo ezosulelayo.

Xa yenziwe ngendlela eyiyo, la manyathelo igalelo lethu le kuqhambuka izifo, baza emva koko kwenziwe ekuvalweni ngemiphumo kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

ngeziphumo

Iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya ufake umzimba, yaye ngoko nangoko aqale ukwanda ngamandla, ebangela umonakalo yempilo. Nyaka ngamnye ehlabathini, amawaka abantu ababulawa iingxaki ezibangelwa yintsholongwane yomkhuhlane, okanye kwimiphumo etshabalalisayo hepatitis kunye nezinye izifo iintsholongwane nezibilini.

Isizathu kunokuba nayiphi kaxakeka. Izilwanyana kwakunye nezityalo efama nazo baboniswa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye, yena, nako ukukhonza njengomthombo usulelo. Abezindaba libonakala ulwazi malunga lweehagu okanye umkhuhlane intaka, yabulala okanye ngenkani wabulala amanani amakhulu ezilwanyana, kwaye icandelo liye umonakalo ebonakalayo.

Amanyathelo okuthintela kaxakeka

Uthintelo sonxunguphalo ezichaphazela yayo, ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kuphuhliso kukhathalelo lwempilo kweli lizwe, ukufumaneka kweenkqubo zikarhulumente. ERashiya, ngenxa yemozulu embi kukho ingxaki ukosuleleka yintsholongwane yomkhuhlane kunyaka ngamnye, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantwana.

Eyona ndlela ibhetele yokuthintela ubhubhani okanye wenze izifo sabangela umonakalo ncinci, - nokuthintela esebenzayo. Ukuba amayeza ethu musa ukunceda, kufuneka ulandele imigaqo yokuziphatha likaxakeka.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo nenyathelo yokulwa usuleleko kunye nesifo nobungakanani ukwabelana ngaba iindlela lokuthintela izifo okanye pandemics zilandelayo:

• amanyathelo othintelo. Basoloko kwenziwa, nkqu ukungabikho sifo. Mva wenziwe ugonyo zokulwa umkhuhlane eRashiya, kuthwalelwa phandle eluntwini ngokubanzi, oogqirha ndiyanibongoza izigulane ukuba ziyeke matyelelo iziganeko kunye nenani elikhulu labantu baze bagcine ucoceko zobuqu.
• imisebenzi Anti-bhubhane kwenziwa ngethuba usuleleko ubunzima yongxamiseko kummandla othile.

Uchaze uhlobo amanyathelo afunekayo ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa yonke imibutho kunye nezakhiwo, lo gama uxanduva ngempilo yabo wonke umntu uthwala ngokwakhe.

Imizekelo e Russia

elikhulu Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, a umkhuhlane elula iyakwazi ukuthwala kwelinye ngexesha lobomi amawaka abantu, kodwa 'umnqwazi immunomodulating kunye neziyobisi antiviral kunye namanyathelo nothintelo nokuthintela iintlekele iye kakuhle kakhulu ngakumbi. Kodwa namhlanje ilizwe lethu kwixesha ebandayo ojamelene ubhubhane kumgangatho karhulumente ke, ngamnye Cya unyaka inokuzitshintsha kwaye baziqhelanise iziyobisi, ngoko oogqirha kufuneka ukukhangela izisombululo ezitsha.

Ukongeza kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMpilo, ukutshona iziphumo uhlobo yebhayoloji likaxakeka eRashiya ibandakanyeka isakhiwo ezifana amayeza Emergency. Lo mbutho kuphela iliso sifo kweli lizwe, uvelisa ulawulo phezu ukutshona imiphumo zizifo abaninzi, kodwa ikhuthaza imithetho karhulumente yokuziphatha ngexesha kwiimeko zonxunguphalo, iingqikelelo aze avelise iindlela ezintsha lokujongana neengxaki bemvelo.

Ngeli xesha izifo ezinobungozi esosulelayo - esi isibetho, kholera,-HIV, icesina emthubi, viral hepatitis A, segazi, icesina kunye nomkhuhlane.