Benito uMussolini: engobomi, kwezopolitiko, usapho. imihla kunye neziganeko yobomi bakhe Key

inkokeli lobuFasi Benito uMussolini iminyaka engama-21 walawula Italy njenge Prime Minister ngoozwilakhe. Ukuba umntwana nzima esemncinane, wangenelwa abathethi bezinto nogonyamelo. Bucha, benjenjalo ukumemeza uMussolini wenza umsebenzi wakhe Italian Socialist Party. kamva wagxothwa zeziko ngenxa inkxaso kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ke Wabumba Party lwamaNazi yakhiwe Italy kunye ngamandla kakhulu yaseYurophu.

Emva kokuba March iRoma ngo-Oktobha 1922 Benito uba Prime Minister yaye ngokuthe ngcembe ubhubhisa yonke inkcaso kwezopolitiko. Kwaqinisa kwindawo yayo ngokusebenzisa uthotho imithetho wajika Italy zibe kwimeko-iqela elinye. Wahlala ngamandla de 1943, de kube wabhukuqwa. Kamva waba yinkokeli Italian Social Republic, apho wagwetyelwa kwinxalenye esemantla urhulumente ukuba uHitler kwaxhaswa ngentliziyo. Isithuba akakwenzanga 1945.

Makhe sifunde ngakumbi ngale ndoda endimangazayo lukhuni, uMussolini, ogama engobomi kakhulu umdla.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Benito Amilcare Andrea uMussolini wazalwa ngo-1883 kwilali Varano Di noKosta (iphondo Forlì-Chizena, Italy). Ogama lakhe behlonipha Mexican Mongameli Benito Juarez, yaye igama yesibini kunye negama oluphakathi banikwa kuye ingqwalasela wobusoshiyali Italian Andrea Costa kunye Amilcare Tsipriani. Uyise, Alessandro, kwaba izinto zentsimbi kunye yobuSoshali inkanuko, owasinikayo kakhulu-nkqubo wakhe ixesha simahla, yaye imali echithwa kwi mistresses. Umama wakhe, Rosa, waba umKatolika ozinikeleyo kunye notitshala.

Benito - unyana omdala wabantwana abathathu yentsapho. Nangona yokuba wayeza kuba neciko enkulu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, waqalisa ukuthetha emva kwexesha kakhulu. Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, wabetha abaninzi abantu amandla abo engqondo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wacaphuka ogwilikayo, iguquguquka. Uyise wafaka kuye amkhanuke kwezopolitiko yobusoshiyali nokungalaleli igunya. amaxesha uMussolini eziliqela bagxothwa ezikolweni, ukukhathaza iimfuno ingqeqesho nocwangco. Enye ugwaze nkwenkwe omdala, uMussolini (biography ibonisa ukuba akazange nje ukubonisa ubundlobongela kubantu). Noko ke, wakwazi ukufumana isatifiketi sobutitshala ngo-1901, emva koko wachitha ixesha elithile esebenza ngumpheki zabo.

Amkhanuke socialism uMussolini. Biography nokuphila

Ngowe-1902, Benito safudukela eSwitzerland, nokuphuhlisa intshukumo yali. Ngokukhawuleza wazuza igama njenge mpendulo emangalisayo. Ndiye ndafunda IsiNgesi kunye nesiJamani. inxaxheba kwakhe imiboniso epolitiki ingqalelo amagunya Swiss, yiyo ke le nto, baza bagxothwa kwelo lizwe.

Ngowe-1904, Benito wabuyela eItali, apho waqhubeka ukukhuthaza Socialist Party. Kuba iinyanga ezimbalwa, uye owayebanjwe ukufumana ukuba ngubani na loo ngcinga uMussolini. Emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, waba umhleli we iphephandaba Avanti (Oko kukuthi "phambili"). Esi sikhundla wamvumela ukuba ukwandisa impembelelo yakhe kuluntu Italian. Ngowe-1915, watshata Rashel Gaydi. Emva kwexesha elithile, yena wazala abantwana abahlanu Benito.

I-zahlukane kwiSocialism

UMussolini wasigweba Italy kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Kodwa kungekudala ndaqonda ukuba le ithuba elikhulu kwilizwe wakhe ukuba abe ngamandla amakhulu. Ukungaboni ngasonye zikhokelele ingxabano Benito kunye nezinye wobusoshiyali, yaye kungekudala wagxothwa nentlangano.

Ngowe-1915 waba yinxalenye yomkhosi Italian waza walwa kwimigca ngaphambili. Isikhundla sokubetha wagxothwa emkhosini.

Emva kwemfazwe, uMussolini waphinda imisebenzi yakhe yezopolitiko, ligxeka Government of Italy uphawu lobuthathaka ngexesha ngokutyikitya iSivumelwano Versailles. Wadala iphephandaba lakhe e Milan - Il Popolo d'Italia. Yaye ngowe-1919, idala i Party lwamaNazi, ebe ejoliswe ekulweni ucalucalulo kwiklasi ekuhlaleni ukuxhasa abavakalelwa ubuzwe. injongo yawo - kukuphumelela ukuzithemba yomkhosi kunye neNgonyama. Ngenxa yoko, wayenethemba ukunyusa Italy ukuya kwinqanaba zalo ezinkulu elidlulileyo waseRoma.

Ukuza ukuba amandla ka uMussolini

Ngexesha uyayeka ngokuhlangeneyo emva amaxhoba ephuthileyo IMfazwe Enkulu ukunyelisa ipalamente ngokuchasene nentsukaphi kwintlekele yoqoqosho nempixano ophezulu entlalweni, uMussolini waququzelela awodwa wamajoni, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "iihempe abamnyama" ngubani endaweni kwabachasi kwezopolitiko wanceda ukwandisa impembelelo zwilakhe. Ngo-1922, wafaka kwaba sisiphithiphithi yezopolitiko Italy. UMussolini wathi wayeza kukwazi ukubuyisela ukuze elizweni, xa uthe wanikwa amandla.

Ukumkani Victor Emmanuel III wacela Benito ukuba ibe urhulumente. Yaye ngo-Oktobha 1922, waba ngumlungiseleli omncinane yinkulumbuso kwimbali karhulumente Italian. Yena ngcembe lidilizwe onke namaziko wethu entando yesininzi. Kwaye ngo-1925, wazenza uzwilakhe, uMussolini ukuthatha isihloko, gama elo elithetha "inkokeli".

Policy philayo

Ayewenza iprogram ebanzi yoluntu isebenza ukunciphisa ngqesho. Ngoko uMussolini iinguqu ibe yimpumelelo enkulu. Kwakhona zatshintsha ulawulo yezopolitiko eli lizwe ukuba ibe yileyo, amandla leyo Grand Council of yobuFasi, ngenkxaso ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Emva kokuba iPalamente Benito waseka Chamber of Fasci kunye Corporation kunye neengcebiso lula. Njengenxalenye karhulumente wequmrhu, abaqeshi kunye nabasebenzi kwahlelwa amaqela elawulwa emele ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho. iinkonzo zentlalo ikhule kakhulu, kodwa kwapheliswa ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza.

UMussolini ulawulo kunciphisa impembelelo leenkundla; ngokuqinileyo ulawula press ezamahala, ukubamba iqela lezopolitiko. Emva kokuba uthotho nzame yobomi bakhe (ngo-1925 no-1926) Benito siphelisa amaqela aphikisayo, ukhupha amalungu angaphezu kwe-100 epalamente, abuyisele isigwebo sentambo mthetho olungenazipolitiki, usula Ukubanjwa kunyulo zasekuhlaleni kwaye yandisa impembelelo ngabecuphi. Ngoko Fascism of uMussolini uhlanganiswe amandla.

Ngowe-1929, yena satyikitya waseLateran Pact neVatican, emva koko waphela ungquzulwano phakathi eCaweni kunye norhulumente Italian.

zobuqhawe zomkhosi

Ngowe-1935, sizimisele ukuba ukubonisa amandla nokomelela abantu umbuso wakhe, uMussolini yahlasela Ethiopia waphula kweengcebiso uManyano Lwezizwe. Ayikaqondwa Ethiopia axhobileyo akwazi ukumelana amatanki mihla kunye moya eItali, yaye ikomkhulu Addis Ababa iBhabhiloni ngokukhawuleza. Benito waseka e Ethiopia ubukhosi entsha Italian.

Ngowe-1939, uthumela amajoni ukuya eSpeyin ukuxhasa Francisco Franco kunye fascists asekuhlaleni ngethuba leMfazwe Civil. Ngoko ke wayefuna ukwandisa impembelelo yayo.

Germany Union

Echukunyiswe impumelelo zomkhosi eItali, Adolf Hitler (uzwilakhe isiJamani) afuna ukuba babe wahlobana uMussolini. Benito, nayo, wambetha imisebenzi yezopolitiko okhanyayo Hitler noloyiso yakhe yakutshanje yezopolitiko. Ngo-1939, amazwe ababini basayina umfelandawonye yomkhosi eyaziwa ngokuba Pact Steel.

UMussolini and uHitler obucocekileyo eItali, ukohlwaya onke amaYuda. Kwaye ukusukela ekuqaleni yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ngowe-1940, imikhosi Italian ahlasela Greece. Emva koko wangena amaJamani kwi kulwahlulo yaseYugoslavia, ayehlasela eSoviet Union kunye isibhengezo lemfazwe America.

Abavela abaninzi musa ukuxhasa umfelandawonye eJamani. Kodwa yokungena kaHitler ePoland kunye ungquzulwano kunye iBritani neFransi kwakhokelela Italy ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba neemeko yaye ngaloo ndlela ubonise onke iziphako komkhosi wakhe. Greece kunye naseMntla Afrika kungekudala kwawona Italy. Kuphela ungenelelo ngoncedo German ngo-1941 igcina uMussolini yi ubhedu yasemkhosini.

Kokoyiswa Italy kunye uMussolini kaThixo nokwehla

Ngowe-1942, xa kwiNkomfa Casablanca , Winston Churchill kunye Franklin D. Roosevelt ziqulunqe isicwangciso ukuba Italy ngaphandle imfazwe ukunyanzela Germany ukuba umkhosi wakhe eMpuma Front nxamnye neRashiya. amabutho yaphumelela zintshula esasiseSisili waza waqalisa ukuya phezulu lo zwe.

Growing uxinzelelo ngenkani uMussolini ukurhoxa. Emva koko, wabanjwa, kodwa kungekudala imikhosi ezikhethekileyo waseJamani Spa Benito. Emva koko wafudukela kumantla eItali, apho nangoku awayephantsi amaJamani, enethemba ukubuyisela amandla endala.

Le elubala

NgoJuni 4, 1944, iRoma akhululwa yimikhosi eManyeneyo ukuba wathabatha ulawulo karhulumente yonke. UMussolini kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, Clara Petacci, wazama ukubaleka eSwitzerland, kodwa zafakwa Aprili 27, 1945. Bona babulawa ngosuku olulandelayo kufutshane nedolophu Dongo. imizimba yazo lokusila kwindawo kawo- eMilan. uluntu Italian akazange phofula kuzisola ngenxa ukufa Benito. Ngapha koko, wathembisa abantu "uzuko baseRoma", kodwa megalomania wakhe boyise ingqiqo, nto leyo eyakhokelela urhulumente emfazweni kunye nentlupheko.

Ekuqaleni uMussolini wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni Musocco eMilan. Kodwa ngoAgasti 1957, waza kwakhona wangcwatywa ngendlela crypt kufuphi Varano Di noKosta.

Ukholo abazithandayo

Ngenxa umfana, uMussolini wathi yena ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo, yaye wazama izihlandlo ezininzi ukuba yothuse abaphulaphuli, ebiza kuThixo ukumbulala ngephanyazo. Wasigweba Socialist, abo babeqonda unqulo. Wayekholelwa ukuba inzululwazi iye kubonakele ukuba akukho Thixo, nonqulo - isifo bengqondo, baza bathi ubuKristu of ngobuqhophololo nokuba ligwala. Le ngcinga uMussolini ikakhulu lwaluquka ekugxekeni yamaKatolika iCawa.

Benito kwakukho umlandeli Fridriha Nitsshe. Denis Mack Smith lowu kuwo wafumana isizathu "elwela" zakhe ezintle zamaKristu zothando nobubele. Yena kuyancomeka ingqiqo yakhe superman. Ngomhla wokukhunjulwa kokuzalwa kukakumkani, 60, wafumana isipho esivela uHitler - ingqokelela epheleleyo imisebenzi Nietzsche.

impilo Personal

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Benito watshata Ida Dalser e Trento ngo-1914. Emva konyaka, esi sibini wazala unyana, owathi ogama Benito Albino uMussolini. Kubalulekile ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba umtshato wakhe wokuqala, lonke ulwazi iphangiwe yaye kungekudala umfazi kunye nonyana wakhe phantsi zeSexual kakhulu.

NgoDisemba 1915 watshata Rashel Gaydi, lowo ubephethwe indlovukazi yakhe ukususela 1910. Emtshatweni, iintombi ezimbini kunye oonyana abathathu, Ed (1910-1995 gg.) Yaye Anna Maria (1929-1968 GG.), UVittorio (1916-1997 GG.), UBruno (1918-1941 gg.) Yaye Romano (1927-2006 gG.).

UMussolini yaba mistresses ezimbalwa, phakathi kwabo - Margherita Sarfatti nomthandi asanda - uClara Petacci.

lemveli

Unyana yesithathu ka-uMussolini, uBruno, wafa kwingozi moya ngexesha moya kwi bomber R.108 test mission Agasti 7, 1941.

Unyana wakhe omdala emva ukungcungcuthekiswa enogonyamelo wabulawa Agasti 26, 1942.

UDade Sofi loren, uAnna Maria Skikolone, utshate Romano uMussolini. umzukulwana wakhe, ebuyela uMussolini, yaba lilungu lePalamente yaseYurophu, kwaye ngoku kwi Chamber of yamaSekela njengelungu Abantu yeNkululeko.

UMussolini yeSizwe lobuFasi Party wavalwa siseko kwempi Italian. Noko ke, kwakukho emininzi imibutho neo-Nazi, ukuqhubeka umsebenzi Benito. Eyona ezinamandla of them - Italian Social Movement, olwaqhubeka kwaze 1995. Kodwa kungekudala yatshintsha igama layo kwi-National Alliance kwaye kakhulu bahlukaniswa Fascism.

Ngoko ke, sinokuthi: Yomelela, zokufuna uloyiso, crazy kunye nenzondelelo yaba Benito uMussolini. ngobomi bakhe ngobambana amahla ecwebezelayo ndinyuka mercilessly. Waba kwintloko yorhulumente Italian ukususela ngowe-1922 ukuya 1943. Waba ngunozala yobuFasi e-Italy. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe ngoozwilakhe ke ubeka isicelo abemi babo. Abekuhambisa hlanga kwiimfazwe ezintathu, ngexesha yokugqibela ngawo ibhukuqwe.

Ngokusekelwe Ngoku wonke umntu uya kuba nakho ukufunda le ngcaciso ilapha ngasentla, yintoni na le ngcinga uMussolini nendlela indoda.