Bank State. Banks ne nxaxheba karhulumente

iibhanki zikarhulumente-Russian sibe ngembali umdla ezichaphazela umsebenzi kwilizwe lethu. Makhe sibone indlela ubudlelwane phakathi kwicandelo amandla kunye necandelo leebhanki.

Central Bank kunye Bank State: ingqiqo ratio

Kwa-Edumedia, igama elithi "i-Central Bank" yaye "State Bank" maxa wambi ezichongiweyo. Kwelinye icala, akukho impazamo ezithile: "CB" - State Bank, urhulumente ngokupheleleyo anakho. Kwelinye icala, kukho ukutolikwa eyahlukileyo amagama aqhelekileyo "ibhange lombuso" - liziko abolekisa yorhwebo, uninzi lwazo (50% izabelo) ephethwe ngurhulumente (ngokuqhelekileyo kobuso karhulumente). Ukutolikwa yesibini olusetyenziswa kumaphephandaba Russian nobuntatheli. iibhanki Modern enkulu inxaxheba karhulumente - "VTB 24", "Savings Bank" ( "Sberbank of Russia"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". Ngenxa yoko, i-non-karhulumente ( "commercial") iza kuba kwiziko lamatyala, emhandzini uninzi ephethwe ngabantu zabucala (enye okanye ngaphezulu).

Kutheni "yibhanki engundoqo" ekuthethwa nguRhulumente Bank? Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba, ezifana namaziko karhulumente, limi phezu amaziko abolekisa yorhwebo, lilawula ukukhutshwa kwemali, ulawula inkqubo yesizwe zemali, kwiingxaki ngokubanzi, iingxaki, ikakhulu non-ngeniso-zigqibo, kodwa kufutshane nemisebenzi karhulumente.

Bank State and non-state: umahluko ophambili

Ixabiso isabelo bank ongokarhulumente - kuphela iBEE ngokusesikweni. iibhanki-kaRhulumente kunye namaziko abolekisa yorhwebo ezahlukeneyo enye kwenye ngenxa kwezinye izinto ezininzi - yabangela, njengoko umthetho, imisebenzi practice. kungenziwa kwakuchongwa ezi ndawo zilandelayo. Bank State ngokuqhelekileyo inikeza mboleko ngomyinge wenzala ephantsi ngaphezu koko bamaziko abucala. Isizathu sokuba loo - iimeko ezincomekayo abasebenza kuzo, eqinisekiswe ngurhulumente.

lwezithuba Commercial loo malungelo akukho mntu ubaphayo, kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba ukubuyisela ilahleko ngenxa kwenzala linyukile. Iibhanki karhulumente asezantsi iirhafu iidipozithi umdla kunokuba kumaziko abucala, yaye oku siyaqondakala: eyokuqala ke intembeko yemveli yabantu, ngeli lixa banyanzeleka ukuba ukutsala zokuqhuba. iibhanki-kaRhulumente, njengoko umthetho, abazimisele ngakumbi ukuyilwa komgaqo-nkqubo woluhlu lweerhafu malunga nezivumelwano zokubambisa ngenxa ukunciphisa ingozi (nto leyo sisiphumo impatho engcono iphawulwe ezinikwa ngurhulumente).

Imbali: The State Bank of the Empire Russian

Ukuvela weebhanki zikarhulumente akukho edibene kwexesha yali xa umbuso olawulwa yonke into, kuquka amaziko ngetyala. Inkqubo zebhanki, kunye nendima phambili ngurhulumente eRashiya unembali ende. Kwase egcina imali karhulumente-mihla baye baba ekuthiwa kwiziko zikarhulumente (ezavela kwinkulungwane XVIII). Phakathi laziwa - "Bank Loan" (yasekwa ngo-1733), "Loan Bank" kuba wabanumzana, i "Bank for Commerce and abarhwebi" (zombini wabonakala 1754-m). An into umdla kukuba zonke zontathu amaziko ezijongene "amatyala amabi" yaye baya ayinamali ngenxa yokuba akwazi ukuhlawula amatyala.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII kwakukho iibhanki zikarhulumente, ukuthatha iidipozithi (zokugcina et Consignations), kukho umkhuba zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi eyinkunzi ngokuxhaphaza yesibambiso. Ngowe-1786 oko yasekwa "umhlaba ebhankini State", apho waqalisa AMAGQABAZA ▸ iinkqubo namhlanje mortgage ukusebenza. Kwabonakala ukudluliselwa yokuqala imali ubukhosi Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Baqalisa i "National Commercial Bank". In-kwenkulungwane amaziko amatyala zentengiso ngenkuthalo, isabelo urhulumente lancipha ubukho kubo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ubuncinane ezilishumi iibhanki karhulumente wahlala eRashiya, utyando amaziko ngeenxa 50 abucala zemali, amakhulu eziliqela imibutho zoncedo ezifanayo emali, amawaka yonxulumano ezincinane. Emva kokuba revolution 1917, inkqubo amaziko credit ithe ngokutsha enkulu.

Imbali: Inkqubo zebhanki karhulumente kwi-USSR

KwiBolsheviks ibhengeze lo bodwa kuphela samandla zebhanki. amaziko abolekisa athengisayo uhulumeni. Ukukhokela iziko yezimali zeli lizwe umgqomo i- "Abantu Bank of the RSFSR" kuphenduliswa Commissariat, umsebenzi amaziko amazwe vala. Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala abasemagunyeni eSoviet ukuba ityala amaziko ukubonelela ukuzimela, kodwa eneneni ekupheleni imi- 20-umsebenzi wabo uye waba zenyathi kwisicwangciso sesizwe. I "State Bank of the USSR", kwi-sikhokelo komgca lepati lokulawula kunikezelo mboleko, nokwamkela.

Ngenkulungwane ye-20 kwi-USSR esebenza kakhulu isuntswana amaziko ngetyala. Eyona engundoqo "State Bank", "Bank Construction", "VTB", kwakunye njengebhanki yokonga. Kule minyaka perestroika, kwakukho ezinye iinkampani kwicandelo zemali - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" yaye "Savings Bank". It wadalwa yi kwiziko lamatyala ukuba inkonzo zoshishino yorhwebo langaphandle - "Vnesheconombank". Ngu 90 okuqala kwakukho imithetho wadala inkqubo yogcino ukuba usondele zokwenene zale mihla.

Imbali: iibhanki zikarhulumente-eRashiya namhlanje

UMthetho "On Ibhanki Banking Umsebenzi we-Russian Federation", yamkelwa emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR, kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba kukho "yibhanki engundoqo", kukho "Savings Bank", kwakunye neendawo zorhwebo ezizimeleyo. Le yokugqibela akwazi ukusebenza ngokwesiseko-mvume ye-Central Bank, unelungelo lokubeka iirhafu zabo umdla kwaye wenze iintengiselwano lwemali. Inani lamaziko ezinjalo ikhule ngomyinge ephala, bavela ikhulu ambalwa ngonyaka ngamnye. Ukuzinza lenkcitho ekhutshiweyo ngezi "iibhanki ngobungxamo" engalungileyo kakhulu, abaninzi zafa. Noko ke, le iyizinzise, aba iibhanki zikarhulumente-Russian.

Imbali: ibhanki karhulumente ephambili yelizwe

"Sberbank" - bank karhulumente-, uthathwa inkampani ephambili eRashiya, iye ibekwe ngokwaso njengeziko linembali ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane: ngo-1841 ngokomyalelo woMlawuli Nicholas I, kwakukho imali kwiibhanki eRashiya. umsebenzi wabo "yakhuthaza" phakathi abemi karhulumente, baxelelwa, yintoni iingenelo yesibambiso. Kweli xesha phambi kokuba revolution kula maziko izigidi ezininzi zaye zakhutshwa amapasi, kwakukho amawaka aliqela iibhanki yokonga. Nangona ukuguquka nzima kwiminyaka yokuqala yokwakha yobusoshiyali, iiofisi ziye zanceda uqoqosho lwelizwe. Ingakumbi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa bomgama engange ukunceda ngaphambili, yaye emva - ukubuyisela uqoqosho kutshatyalaliswa.

Savings iibhanki wabakho ngaphambi kokuba yotshintsho inkqubo yogcino-mali kwi-80 emva kwexesha '- oko xa kukho iziko lamatyala kunye negama aqhelekileyo - "Savings Bank", urhulumente, phezu kwazo iintsingiselo zolu rhwebo of ngokutsha. ATM yokuqala ukuvela. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yaphuhliswa ngexesha izibonelelo leSoviet, "Sberbank of Russia" liye laba amaziko aphambili samatyala lizwe.

Ukusetyenziswa kweebhanki zikarhulumente kuqoqosho

amaxesha yobusoshiyali emva kwethu, ngoku ilizwe lethu ukwakha uqoqosho wongxowankulu. Bekuya kubonakala ukuba ayinamsebenzi iibhanki karhulumente, ongumnini isabelo ezithile ilifa. Kukho, ngoko ke, phakathi Osoqoqosho bathi lwembono, oko akunjalo. Inyaniso yokuba izinto yeebhanki, njengoko umthetho, ayisoloko idibana kunye kazwelonke: le nto ke ithetha ukuba iinkqubo emali azikho kakhulu ngumthwalo uqoqosho kunye nobumi ukwenza ukufumana inkonzo eyaneleyo mboleko kunye needipozithi. kwiibhanki zorhwebo, yena, abakhathalele inzuzo kunye nendima kwezentlalo ekuqondeni kwabo zize kwisiqalo. Ukuba unomdla ekuveleni kwamaxabiso, ekhuthaza imfuno ngemali, amaqondo enzala ephezulu, ukwanda ekungeneni kwemali eyinkunzi lentelekelelo kungena iibhanki. uqoqosho kunye nezentlalo uzinzo eli lizwe ngelo xesha omnye sikhatshwe ngumbhodamo. It ayikho umdla karhulumente kwaye akukho mfuneko kubantu abaninzi. Ngoko ke, ukuze agcine uzinzo kweli lizwe kufuneka iibhanki karhulumente Russian. Ubukho elolo hlobo akuthethi iyaphikisana siseko rhwebo: iibhanki zikarhulumente-zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumazwe aphuhlileyo Koloni.

Indima esibi beebhanki zikarhulumente kuqoqosho

Kukho uluvo nto leyo ebisasebenza kwezinye embi evela kwimisebenzi zeebhanki karhulumente, uqoqosho lwesizwe. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iingcali lacazulula iinkqubo zokubhankisha le kumazwe aliqela ngalo mxholo ubudlelwane phakathi umsebenzi egcina imali karhulumente kunye nemali eshotayo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali (oko kukuthi, inqanaba ityala likarhulumente). Ndafumanisa ukuba izibophelelo abasemagunyeni '-mboleko amazwe osezantsi kumazwe apho ubukhulu amaziko credit abucala.

Apho iibhanki ne nxaxheba karhulumente badlale indima ephambili ityala kurhulumente, nge-avareji ye-akhawunti ye-45% ye-GDP. Kumazwe alawulwa ngamaziko urhwebo lwezimali, izibophelelo mboleko zangaphandle phantsi 7%. Kwesabelo-mali, Noko ke, engaphezulwana nje kancinane kumazwe apho kugcwele amaziko abolekisa abucala, kodwa hayi kakhulu - malunga ne 0.4% ye-GDP.

banks State phesheya: amava German

Germany - lizwe apho iibhanki karhulumente zahlukile kakhulu kulo mkhuba imisebenzi yazo yabucala, nangona ukuba udidi lwesibini amaziko - uninzi. Umsebenzi ophambili unikwe iibhanki zikarhulumente-German - uboleka kwiiprojekthi ezifanelekayo lonke uqoqosho. Ezibhankini zikarhulumente-German unokukhupha ikhredithi kunokuba ubenomtsalane ishishini: amazinga zomyalelo 1.5-2% ngonyaka. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba abatyali angaphandle nako ukubala ngale mibandela, wena kudingeka nje ukuba sibonise iziko zemboleko ukuba le projekthi uyakwazi ukuyila inani isamba lemisebenzi kwaye iza kunceda uqoqosho waseJamani.

Kukho iibhanki zikarhulumente-German, ngokungathi oko kuvakala kwamnandi, mboleko ngaphandle kwenzala, kwanabo ukuba unako, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukuba abuye. Zonke ezi zibakala zibonisa ukuba umda phakathi nohlobo "yibhanki karhulumente" kunye neziko credit ubunini lwabucala aphuhliswe yobungxowankulu eJamani kakhulu iqapheleka ngaphezu eRashiya.