Angaphandle eTshayina. Imigaqo esisiseko yobudlelwane bezizwe

China - elinye lamazwe ezindala emhlabeni. Ukulondolozwa imimandla zabo - sisiphumo izithethe kwiinkulungwane-ubudala. China 's nkqubo langaphandle leyo uneempawu ezizodwa, gqolo iyazikhusela izilangazelelo zalo kwangaxeshanye ngobuchule wakha ubudlelwane namazwe angabamelwane. Namhlanje, eli lizwe ngokuzithemba abathi ubunkokheli ehlabathini, yaye oko kwenziwa nako kubulelwe nkqubo 'omtsha' kwamanye amazwe. Amazwe ezithathu ezizezona zikhulu ehlabathini - China, iRashiya, i-United States - ngalo mzuzu ungamandla ibalulekileyo neAfrika, kunye nesikhundla China kule triad ikhangeleka bunamandla gqitha.

Imbali ubudlelwane China zehlabathi

Ngenxa zeminyaka emithathu, China, kumda apho namhlanje iquka intsimi zembali ikhona amandla enkulu nebalulekileyo kulo mmandla. Le amava elikhulu ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye nabamelwane ezahlukeneyo kunye nabammeli ehambelana iimfuno zabo nangokuyilayo isicelo-nkqubo mihla amazwe.

Ubudlelwane International of China washiya bulumko yamanqaku ewonke yohlanga, esisusela ubukhulu becala ubuConfucius. Ngokutsho iimbono Chinese kweNkosi yokwenyaniso nto ucinga ngaphandle, ngoko namaZwe basoloko ezijongwa njengenxalenye ye-nkqubo yangaphakathi karhulumente. Enye into le ngongoma kwesindululo e-China yinto yokuba, ngokutsho iimbono zabo, Iinkwenkwezi akanayo isiphelo, babugubungela ihlabathi lonke. Ngoko ke, China iqwalasela kuku- uhlobo womhlaba wonke, "kuMbindi Kingdom." nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle of China isekelwe kwindawo inkulumbuso - Sinocentrism. Kulula ngokwaneleyo ukuchaza ukwanda esebenzayo kwabalawuli Chinese ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwimbali yelizwe. Kulo mzekelo, abalawuli China aye Ndandikade ndicinga ukuba isiphumo kakhulu obonakalayo ngaphezu kwamandla, ngoko China iseke ulwalamano olukhethekileyo kunye nabamelwane balo. Ukungena yayo kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokuba uqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-19, eli lizwe ebezikho kwiimbono ombuso Greater China, kwaye ukuhlaselwa kuphela yaseYurophu kwanyanzeleka utshintsho Iinkwenkwezi imigaqo yobudlelwane zalo kunye nabamelwane kunye namanye amazwe. Ngowe-1949, oko wavakalisa ne-Peoples Republic of China, yaye oku kukhokhelela ekufuneni utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo amazwe. Nangona yobusoshiyali China wathi ubudlelwane onke amazwe, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe sathi qheke yehlabathi ibe ngamaqela amabini, kwaye lizwe wanazo kwixesha iphiko yobusoshiyali, kunye eSoviet Union. Kwiminyaka engama-70 urhulumente Chinese litshintsha eli nokusasazwa emvelo wathi China i ukubangisana kunye namazwe yeHlabathi Okwesithathu, nokuba uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi asisoze safuna ukuba abe ukubangisana. Kodwa kulo nyaka 80 th le mbono "ezintathu indalo" waqalisa ukuba ndingagevezeli - elivelayo "nokulungelelanisa umbono" angaphandle. Ukuqiniswa kwe-United States kunye iinzame zabo ukwenza ihlabathi unipolar kwakhokelela oko China ithi ngesi sikhokelo ngamazwe entsha ikhondo yayo entsha qhinga.

Le nkqubo 'omtsha' amazwe

Ngo-1982, urhulumente bamema "China omtsha" obukhoyo kwimigaqo ngokuhlalisana ngoxolo onke amazwe ehlabathini. Ubunkokeli lizwe ngobuchule umisela ubudlelwane ngamazwe kwisakhelo wemfundiso yayo kwaye ngexesha elinye ngokuhambelana kunye neemfuno zawo, zezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha, ngokuvela namatshamba ezopolitiko waseUnited States, abaziva ukubangisana kuphela ukuba masenze umyalelo wayo ezweni labo. Ayizi engavumelani China, kwaye, xa umoya umlinganiswa wesizwe kunye nezithethe oonozakuzaku, ubunkokeli ilizwe alixhasi kwaye ukutshintsha isicwangciso salo. imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kunye domestic China ibonisa urhulumente okhulayo kakhulu ngempumelelo Ekuveleni kweyama-20 kunye 21. Kweli lizwe studiously wakuphepha ngokujoyina nayiphi na amaqela behlabathi kwaye uzama ukukhusela kuphela izilangazelelo iingxabano ezininzi neAfrika. Kodwa nokuqiniswa xi US maxa wambi yenza zobunkokeli lizwe ukuba athathe amanyathelo ezahlukeneyo. E China, kukho umsantsa kweekhonsepthi ezifana imida zoluntu qhinga. Okokuqala zibonwa lecebo kwaye inviolable, nevuthisayo, enyanisweni, akukho umda. Eli nqanaba elinomdla eli lizwe, kwaye usebenza kuzo phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba. Le mbono imida qhinga yaye sisiseko nkqubo mihla angaphandle Chinese.

geopolitics

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala 21 umhlaba Inwenwela ixesha geopolitics, t. E. Kukho ukwabiwa esebenzayo iinkalo yempembelelo phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Kwaye Waxelelwa ukubangisana nje kuphela, kodwa ithi ezincinane awufuni ukuba i ekrwada izinto umhlehlo kumazwe kuphuhliswa nemidla yabo. Oku kukhokelela iingxabano, kuquka abaxhobileyo kunye nemibutho. karhulumente ngasinye ufuna umendo nenzuzo zophuhliso kunye nezenzo zakhe. Kulo mba, ayikwazanga ukutshintsha nkqubo bezinye iintlanga Peoples Republic of China. Ukongeza, ngexesha langoku nqanaba Iinkwenkwezi wazuza amandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho emkhosini, nto leyo evumela ukuba ibango ubunzima omkhulu geopolitics. Kuqala kwinto zonke, China waqalisa ukuchasa ukugcinwa imodeli unipolar zehlabathi, waye wakhetha multipolarity, waza ke yena, perforce, kufuneka ukujongana conflict of interest kunye eUnited States. Noko ke, China ngobuchule wakha umgca yakhe yokuziphatha, leyo, njengesiqhelo, swi ukukhusela izinto zabo zoqoqosho kunye zasekhaya. China ongatshoyo ngqo malunga namabango ubukhulu, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusukela ukwanda yayo 'ekhuselekileyo' yehlabathi.

Imigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle

China uthi yemishini yayo iphambili ukugcina uxolo kulo lonke elo zwe, nabo bonke nokuxhasa uphuhliso jikelele. Eli lizwe ibisoloko lweli nokuhlalisana ngoxolo kunye nabamelwane zayo, yaye umgaqo esisiseko of China ekwakheni ubudlelwane ngamazwe. Ngowe-1982, i-Charter yamkelwa kweli lizwe apho imigaqo engundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo eTshayina angaphandle. Kukho kuphela 5:

- umgaqo bembeko komnye nomnye ulongamo kunye nemida zesizwe;

- umgaqo-non-ndlongo;

- umgaqo-non-uphazamiseko kwimicimbi non-uphazamiseko kwimicimbi yangaphakathi lizwe labo namanye amazwe kunye;

- yomgaqo wolingano nolwalamano;

- umgaqo elimiweyo onke amazwe ehlabathini.

Kamva, le yemfundiso ziye amagama nokutshintswa ukuphendula ukutshintsha iimeko zehlabathi, nangona ubuntu babo kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Isicwangciso-nkqubo angaphandle Modern luqikelela ukuba China liya kwenza konke okusemandleni alo ukukhuthaza uphuhliso kwihlabathi multipolar kunye nozinzo lwamanye amazwe.

Urhulumente uthi umgaqo wedemokhrasi kunye nokuhlonipha kwiiyantlukwano zenkcubeko kunye nelungelo bezizwe self-determination endleleni. Yasezulwini kwakhona ilwisana nazo zonke iintlobo ubunqolobi ngamandla kunegalelo ekudalweni komyalelo yehlabathi nje kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. China izinikele ekusekweni nobuhlobo kwaye siyingenelo macala kunye nabamelwane balo mmandla, kwakunye onke amazwe ehlabathini.

Ezi yemfundiso sisiseko amazwe eTshayina, kodwa kummandla ngamnye apho lizwe umdla politiko, ukuba yaqaphela isicwangciso ethile wokwakha ubudlelwane.

China kunye US: yentsebenziswano kunye baya

China kunye nobuhlobo US inembali ende kwaye inzima. La mazwe ezahlala ungquzulwano afihlakeleyo, nto leyo iye yanxulunyaniswa uxhathiso urhulumente wamaKomanisi of America kunye China ukuxhasa KMT. Ukunciphisa kwemimoya kuyaqala nje kwi 70s zenkulungwane yama-20, unxulumano lobuchule phakathi eUnited States China yasekwa ngo-1979. Kangangethuba elide umkhosi Chinese wayekulungele izithakazelo ndawo eli lizwe kwimeko ukuhlaselwa yaseMelika, nto leyo kukholelwa Iinkwenkwezi nembangi yakhe. Ngowe-2001, US UNobhala of State wathi yena ukholelwa China akakho utshaba, njengoko imbangi kobudlelane zoqoqosho, nto leyo yathetha ukuba le-nkqubo. America ayikwazanga ngoyaba ukukhula ngokukhawuleza uqoqosho yaseTshayina kunye nokwakha umkhosi walo. Ngo-2009, i-United States wada wacebisa intloko China ukwenza ifomati ezikhethekileyo zezoqoqosho-ezopolitiko - G2, komdibaniso kwamazwe amabini. Kodwa China wala. Udla akavumelani nomgaqo-nkqubo we baseMerika yaye akazange afune ukuba yinxalenye uxanduva kuyo. Phakathi States njalo ukwandisa umthamo yorhwebo, China ubesoloko ethatha utyalo-asethi US, konke oku komeleza kuphela Imfuneko yokubambisana kwezopolitiko. Kodwa United States Babezama ukunyanzela eTshayina ukusuka kumaxesha ngamaxesha meko yabo yokuziphatha, apho ubunkokeli China aphendula ukuxhathisa elibukhali. Ngoko ke, ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe amabini sisoloko elungelelanisayo phakathi ungquzulwano kunye nentsebenziswano. China ithi ukulungele "ukwenza abahlobo" kunye US, kodwa akukho kwimeko akayi kuvumela uphazamiseko lwabo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yazo. Ngokukodwa, isikhubekiso rhoqo yi bayahlelwa kwisiqithi Taiwan.

China kunye Japan: ubudlelwane alukhuni olungileyo

Relations phakathi abamelwane amabini soloko ilandelwa yi ukungavisisani kakhulu kunye nempembelelo enamandla ngayo enye kwenye. Ekubeni imbali kula mazwe kukho iimfazwe ezininzi eziphambili (kwinkulungwane wesi-7, 19 ngasekupheleni yaye kwinkulungwane ye-20), nto leyo nemiphumela emibi. Ngowe-1937, iJapan ihlasele China. Wanika inkxaso emandla eJamani Italy. Umkhosi Chinese ungaphantsi kakhulu ukuya yaseJapan, elathi Japan ukufaka ngokukhawuleza iindawo ezinkulu kumantla China. Namhlanje, imiphumo yaloo mpi sisithintelo oko kwasekwayo unxulumano ngaphezulu lobuhlobo phakathi China kunye Japan. Kodwa ezi ngxilimbela ezimbini kwezoqoqosho namhlanje zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kakhulu bathengiselane ubudlelwane, ukuthenga ungquzulwano. Ngoko ke, eli lizwe yiya ukuhlangabezana ngcembe, nangona ixesha elininzi ephikisanayo sisombululo. Umzekelo, China kunye Japan akakwazi ukuza kwisivumelwano kwiindawo ingxaki eziliqela, kuquka Taiwan, nto leyo akavumeli amazwe asondele kakhulu. Kodwa kule nkulungwane yama-21, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe adumileyo aseAsia, kwezoqoqosho ufudumele.

China kunye Russia: ubuhlobo nentsebenziswano

Two ilizwe elikhulu, ibekwe kwilizwekazi enye, nje ayikwazi ukunceda, kodwa uzame ukwakha ubuhlobo. Imbali intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini uhamba emva kweminyaka engamakhulu amane. Ngeli xesha kwakukho amaxesha ahlukeneyo, okulungileyo nokubi, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukuphazamisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe, ke ngokusondeleyo kakhulu uyahambelana. Ngowe-1927, ubudlelwane ezisemthethweni phakathi Russia, China ziye luphazamisekile iminyaka eliqela, kodwa ngasekupheleni imi--30 lonxibelelwano sebeqala kuphila. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuba amandla e-China iza Communist Mao Zedong iqala intsebenziswano phakathi kweUSSR kunye neTshayina. Kodwa ke ukuza amandla yonxulumano Nikita Khrushchev eSoviet maxongo, yaye ngenxa kuphela kwiinzame bozakuzo enkulu baziphetheyo ukusungula. Ngenxa ngokutsha ubudlelwane phakathi Russia kunye China bothile kakhulu, nangona kukho iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Xa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-20 nasekuqaleni 21, China ibeyinto iqabane qhinga iRashiya ezibalulekileyo. Ngelo xesha, ubudlelwane zorhwebo luyenyuka, ukwandisa ukutshintshana kwetheknoloji, izivumelwano ezopolitiko. Nangona China, njengesiqhelo, ngokuyintloko zikunye izinto zabo iyazikhusela kubo iyazeya, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka Russia ukuba enze umnyinyiva kummelwane enkulu. Kodwa omabini amazwe baqonde ukubaluleka nobudlelane bazo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Russia, China - bangabahlobo ezinkulu, ezopolitiko kunye namahlakani kwezoqoqosho.

China kunye India: Partnership Strategic

Ezimbili ezinkulu kumazwe Asia ezinxulumene ngolwalamano nyaka-2-amawaka ngaphezu. Isigaba mihla yaqala ngo-40 eminyaka emva kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa India wabona China nokuseka abafowunelwa ozakuzo. Phakathi ithi, kukho iimbambano umda ezithintela rapprochement phakathi kwamazwe. Noko ke, ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho India-China kwaphucuka kuphela eyandisiweyo, nto leyo ithetha Ukufudumala nabo ngokwezopolitiko. Kodwa China uhlala ezibophelele ukuba isicwangciso salo yaye ayikho ngaphantsi kwizikhundla zalo ibalulekileyo, ekuqhubeni nokongezwa ezolileyo, ngokuyintloko kwiimarike of India.

China kunye noMzantsi Merika

Loo amandla enkulu efana China, ufuna yayo ehlabathini lonke. Kwaye ke intsimi eziphembelela urhulumente wenza nje yayingabamelwane-umnyango okanye lilingane kwinqanaba lizwe, kodwa kwimimandla ekude kakhulu. Ngoko ke, umgaqo-China i-angaphandle yahluke kakhulu ukusuka yokuziphatha kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele eminye imibuso iminyaka emininzi efuna ngenkuthalo esivumelana kunye namazwe yoMzantsi Merika. Ezi nzame uyaphumelela. Ngokuvumelana nomgaqo-nkqubo yayo of China iqukumbela amazwe akwingingqi yawo, izivumelwano intsebenziswano, kwaye ngenkuthalo nokuphuhlisa amaqhina zorhwebo. amashishini yaseTshayina e Umzantsi Melika ingqamene nokwakhiwa kweendlela, izityalo amandla, oyile negesi, nokuphuhlisa ubambiswano entsimini ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni ngomatshini.

China kunye Afrika

Umgaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo enye karhulumente yaseTshayina kukuba kumazwe aseAfrika. China liqhuba utyalo-mali kakhulu kuphuhliso kwiimo kwilizwekazi 'abamnyama'. Namhlanje, ikomkhulu yaseTshayina ekhoyo ezimayini, imveliso, kushishino emkhosini, xa ukwakhiwa kweendlela kunye nezibonelelo nemveliso. China ibambelela nkqubo nangeendlela abaci-free, ngokuhambelana nemigaqo zabo intlonipho ezinye iinkcubeko kunye nentsebenziswano. Iingcali zithi utyalo yaseTshayina e-Afrika namhlanje kakhulu kangangokuba ukutshintsha imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kulo mmandla. Impembelelo Europe kunye United States Afrika kancane kancane, yaye ngaloo ndlela baqonda injongo ephambili China - ihlabathi multipolar.

China and Asia

China i lamazwe aseAsia, oluninzi ingqalelo namazwe angabamelwane. Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle ziphunyezwa ngokufanayo lowu imigaqo esisiseko. Iingcali zithi urhulumente yaseTshayina unomdla kakhulu kwindawo enoxolo ngentsebenziswano onke amazwe Asia. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan - yinto indawo ingqalelo ekhethekileyo China. Kulo mmandla kukho ezininzi iingxaki, leyo mandundu kunye ekuweni yiSoviet Union, kodwa China izama ukusombulula imeko emagemeni abo. impumelelo enkulu sele ziphunyezwe kwasekwayo unxulumano China kunye Pakistan. Amazwe kunye nokuphuhlisa inkqubo enyukliya, leyo wanxunguphala kakhulu eUnited States India. Namhlanje, China ithethathethana ekwakhiweni odibeneyo imibhobho for China ngalo vimba ubaluleke.

China ne North Korea

An iqabane ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga of China i ummelwane elandelayo-umnyango - North Korea. ubunkokheli China inkxaso North Korea kwimfazwe e kwinkulungwane yama-20 yaye usoloko wavakalisa ukulungela zokunika uncedo, kuquka enye emkhosini, xa ucela uncedo kubo. Umgaqo-China i-angaphandle lisoloko mayibhekiswe ukukhusela iimfanelo zabo, lifuna ubuso liqabane enokuthenjwa eKorea kwiMpuma Ekude. Namhlanje, China iqabane inkulu yorhwebo of North Korea, nobudlelwano amazwe kahle. Kuba zombini namazwe intsebenziswano kwingingqi zibalulekile kakhulu, ngoko ke kufuneka ithemba ezinkulu ngentsebenziswano.

izimpi indawo

Nangona zonke ezobugcisa bezobugcisa, i-China, apho ipolitiki yangaphandle iyingqiqo kwaye iyicatshulwa kakuhle, ayikwazi ukusombulula zonke iingxaki zamazwe ngamazwe. Ilizwe linemihlaba ephikisanayo enokubambisana ubudlelwane namanye amazwe. Isifundo esigulayo soBukumkani boMbindi iTaiwan. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50, iinkokheli zeeRiphabhlikhi ezimbini zaseTshayina azikwazi ukulungisa umbuzo wolawulo. Ubukhokeli besiqithi sele buxhaswe nguRhulumente waseUnited States iminyaka, kwaye oku akusombululi ingxabano. Enye ingxaki engaxhaswanga yiTibet. I-China, eneemida ezachazwa ngo-1950, emva kweenguqulelo, ikholelwa ukuba iTibet ibe yinxalenye yoBukumkani beCelestial kusukela ngekhulu le-13. Kodwa amaTibet asekuhlaleni aholwa yiDalai Lama akholelwa ukuba anelungelo lokulawula. I-China ilandela umgaqo onzima kuma-separatists, kwaye ngoku kubekho isisombululo kule ngxaki ibonakala. Kukho iingxabano zendawo kunye neTshayina kunye neTurkestan, nge- Inner Mongolia, eJapan. Ubukhosi baseCelestial bunentshiseko kumazwe alo kwaye akafuni ukwenza izigqibo. Ngenxa yokuwa kwe-USSR, i-China yakwazi ukufumana inxalenye yemihlaba yaseTajikistan, eKazakhstan naseKyrgyzstan.