Amachiza eRashiya: imbali, uphuhliso, iingxaki

Kuza kube namhlanje, abaninzi abahlali belizwe lethu bakholelwa ukuba ukufumana ugqirha olungileyo kuyimpumelelo enkulu, ngokunjalo ukuphumelela iLotter. Ndimele ndithethe ukuba iyeza eRashiya Ngoku kuyahla, ngoko malunga noogqirha abanonophelo kunye nabagqwesileyo abaninzi abanokuthi baphuphe kuphela. Ukwahlula kwisityebi kunye nehlwempu kuya kuphelela ngakumbi, kungabhekiseki kwezinye iinkalo zobomi bomntu ophakathi. Kule nkalo, iikliniki ezixhaswa ngemali ezinikezela ngeenkonzo zekhwalithi yesigulane ngendlela yokwamkelwa kwexesha elide kunye nokuqokwa kwamanani amanqaku okuxilonga, ziyaqhubeka zithandwa.

Imbali yonyango yaseRashiya ibhale imeko xa omnye udokotela owaziwayo we-19 wenkulungwane wayedibene nomngcipheko ngesigulane ngala mazwi: "Sawubona, isigulane esinesifo senhliziyo." Enyanisweni, oogqirha abanjalo bananto.

Umgangatho wemfundo oogqirha bexesha elizayo kubalulekile. Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yokuqeqesha abaqhelekileyo ngonyaka omnye nje kuphela kuya kunciphisa kakhulu umgangatho weyeza ngokubanzi, kodwa kunokunyusa izinga lokufa kubantu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ngugqirha, kwi-18 leminyaka kwakufuneka ukuba ufunde kwiminyaka emi-7 ukuya kwe-11.

XVIII inkulungwane. Umvelaphi

Ngesihlandlo sokuqala igama elithi "unyango" elizweni lethu lisetyenziswe phantsi kwePeter I. I-emperor ngokwayo ibandakanyeke kakhulu kwiyeza, evule isikolo esibhedlele ngo-1707, kwaye ngo-1764 - i-faculty yezokwelapha eYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Amagqabi eRashiya ngelo xesha aguqulwa esuka kwintando yesayensi. Ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uqeqesho olunemiqathango lugqithiselwe kuphela kutyando, ngoko phantsi koPetros I esikhungweni semfundo ezi zilandelayo zenzululwazi zaqala ukufundisa:

• Pharmacology;
• Neurology;
• Mazinyo;
• Utyando lwe-Maxillofacial;
• I-physics kunye ne-anatomy;
• Ngonyango.

Iingcali ezininzi zaya kwelinye ilizwe kwaye zamkela amava oogqirha bangaphandle. Umlawuli ngokwakhe wayebandakanyeke kakhulu ekufundweni kwemiba yezokwelapha kwaye wenza ngokuphumelelayo ukunyanga kwamazinyo kunye nokusebenza kubantu abaqhelekileyo kunye namalungu obukhosi.

XVIII inkulungwane. Phuhliso

Uphuhliso lwamayeza eRashiya lwalugqiba ngokupheleleyo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, izibhedlele ezininzi, izibhedlele kunye neklinikhi yokuqala yokugula ngengqondo yavulwa. Kwakungenxa yokuza kwelokugqibela ukuba ukuzalwa kwengqondo njengesiqalo saqala. Ngelo xesha, ukuzenzekela kweso sigulane emva kokufa kwakhe kwaba mfuneko.

Nangona kwakunomsebenzi oqhubisayo, isimo sabantu sasidimazekile malunga neengxaki zesifo seengqungquthela kunye nesibetho. Amanani ezokwelapha ngexesha, umzekelo uSG Zybelin, wadibanisa ukusabalala kwezifo, kunye nokufa kwabantwana abancinci ngokungabikho kococeko olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabantu.

Kwiminyaka ye-90 ye-18 leminyaka, iYunivesithi yaseMoscow, eyayibe yindawo ephakamileyo yezemfundo kunye nesayensi, yayiye yavunyelwa ukuba inike iqondo logqirha lwezonyango. Owokuqala ukufumana esi sihloko sodumo ngu-FI uBaruk-Moiseev. Amachiza aseRashiya aqala ukuzaliswa ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo.

Ukuguqulwa kwamachiza eXVIII inkulungwane

Ngenkulungwane ye-18, indlela entsha ngokusesikweni kwintlangano yolondolozo lwezonyango, ukuqeqeshwa kwishishini lonyango kunye neyeza. Imiyalelo ye-Apothecary yenziwe, iChanellery ye-pharmacy ephakamileyo, iChanell Chancellery, kunye nokuguqulwa kwenkqubo yemfundo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamaziko ezonyango. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1753 iPZ Kondodi yasungula inkqubo entsha yemfundo, ngokuya kubafundi bachitha iminyaka engama-7 eyunivesithi kwaye ekugqibeleni baphumelela iimviwo ezinyanzelekileyo.

XIX yekhulu leminyaka. Qala

Amachiza eRashiya Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-19 leminyaka yaqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuze kufundwe ityala lezonyango, kwakufuneka uncwadi olukhethekileyo. Waqala ukupapasha ii-periodicals kunye neencwadi zokuqala kwi-anatomy, ezixhaswa yizibane zonyango ngexesha IV Buyalsky no-EO Mukhin.

I-Obstetrics kunye ne-gynecology yayifundwa ngokucophelela. Iziphumo zophando kunye nokuvavanywa kwaba yimpumelelo ekukhuselweni nasekunyangeni izifo zamalungu omzimba wesini. Iingcaphephe zenziwa kwintsebenzo yenkqubo ye-nervous central, echaze zonke iinkqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni.

Abaphandi kule ndawo (IE Dyadkovsky, EO Mukhin, KV Lebedev nabanye) baqulunqa kwaye bahlakulela indawo ye-theory ye-reflex.

UMnu Ya. U-Mudrov wasungula indlela yokuxoxisana nesigulane, okuye kwavumela nokuba kwinqanaba lokubuza imibuzo ukufumanisa iimpawu eziphambili zesifo kunye ne-etiology. Kamva le ndlela yafezekiswa ngu-GA Zakhar'in.

XIX yekhulu leminyaka. Phuhliso

Uphuhliso lwamayeza eRashiya lwalugqityiwe ngokuzaliswa kwoluhlu lwemilinganiselo yokuxilonga. Ngokukodwa, uGI Sokolsky wakhetha indlela yokuqhubela phambili ekufundeni izifo ze-thorax. Kule nkalo, isayense yashicilela umsebenzi "Ngophando lwezokwelapha ngoncedo lwentetho, ngokukodwa ngoncedo lwe-stethoscope," eyapapashwa ngo-1835.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iziko lokukhusela ngesibetho, i-smallpox kunye nezinye izifo eziyingozi zenziwa ngokugonywa. Abafundisi abaninzi, xa besenza isixhobo, babecinga ukuba bayayimfuneko ukuzama. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, omnye oogqirha baseRashiya, uMa. Ya. Mudrov, wafa ngokuziqhenya, ukufa kwaba yilahleko enkulu eRussia.

Ngomnyaka we-1835, umyalelo wekomiti yokucwaninga yamisela isiseko sokufundisa kwiiyunivesithi zonyango, ezanciphisa ubunjani bukaThixo bomntu. Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba imbali yonyango eRussia yayikuphela kweli nqanaba. Nangona kunjalo, oogqirha baqhubeka nophando lwabo kwaye bafumana iziphumo ezimangalisayo.

Iziphumo zekhulu le-XIX

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iziseko zazo zonke izikhundla zesayensi zanamhlanje zonyango, kuquka i-dermatology, i-histology kunye ne-balneology, zafakwa. Siyabulela ukuphuhliswa kwezona zenzululwazi ezidumileyo kwixesha, i-anesthesia, ukuvuselela kunye neendlela zokwakheka kwe-physiotherapy. Kwakhona, ezo zenzululwazi njenge-microbiology kunye ne-virology zenziwe, ezaqala ukuphuhlisa emva koko.

Umbuso waseRashiya ngekhulu lama-20

Ukususela ngo-1900, ama-orthopedics, i-ophthalmology, i-oncology ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Amanqaku awona manqaku aphakamileyo kwizonyango aphethwe yiiklinikhi, iziko kunye nezikolo - GI Turner, uRR Vreden, EV Adamyuk nabanye.

Isinyathelo esibalulekileyo sibheke phambili kwintsimi yesigqirha kunye nesifo somzimba, ngokubonga ngenxa yomsebenzi weVF Snegirev othi "ukuphuma kwintsholongwane." I-NF Filatov idala isikolo sokuqala sezingane, ipapasha izikhokelo zeklinikhi kwaye isebenza kwizifo zabantwana nokukhusela.

Ezinye iindawo ezininzi zamachiza azizange zime. Ngenkulungwane ye-20, ukufumanisa okubaluleke kakhulu kwikhowudi yezofuzo, okwakungavumela oososayensi ukuba baphando ngokupheleleyo umzimba wabantu ngokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo.

Utshintsho lweNkqubo

Ukuguqulwa kwamachiza aseRashiya nakwamanye amazwe kufuneka kuqhutywe rhoqo, kuba isayensi ayigxina, ngenxa yokuba zeziphi izidakamizwa ezintsha, iindlela zophando kunye nonyango ezibonakalayo. Ukongezelela, kuyimfuneko ukufeza isicwangciso semilinganiselo enjongo yokubonelela bonke abantu ukuba banyamekele unyango, okwangoku, ngelanga, akubona bonke abaseRussia abanokuyithemba.

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, utshintsho lwezokwelapha eRashiya luxutyushwa ngabachwephesha abazikhokelayo. Kulindeleke ukuba inkxaso yeziko lezempilo izakutshintsha ngo-2015. Intlawulo yabasebenzi iya kwenziwa kwisigulane, kungekhona ebhedini. Zonke iiklinikhi ziya kuba nolunye uluhlu lwamanani, ezininzi zicetywayo ukuba zihanjiswe kwiveki yomsebenzi weentsuku ezisixhenxe . Kwakhona, ii-akhawunti zebhedlele ziya kusetyenziswa ngeminikelo yokunceda, okwangoku i-balance balance. Kucingelwa ukuba ukuqaliswa kwemigangatho emfutshane yemali kuya kunceda abantu ukuba bafumane iinkonzo eziphezulu kwiRussian Federation.

Iingcamango

Nangona kunjalo, amayeza anamhlanje eRussia akakwazi ukubonelela umgangatho ophezulu wokunyamekela, ezininzi iingcali zikholelwa ukuba utshintsho kufuneka luqale ngemfundo. Kwakhona, oogqirha babona ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yenkonzo endala, eyayifanele ihlukaniswe kwizibhedlele zabahluphekileyo kunye nezityebi.

Iingxaki zamachiza aseRashiya azikho nje ngezimali ezinganeleyo Amaziko ezempilo, kodwa kunye nokungaboni kakuhle kwamanye oogqirha kwizigulane. Ukuqwalasela imbali yonyango, oogqirha abaninzi baye babeka ubomi babo kwisifundo nasekuphuhliseni iindlela ezintsha zokuphanda umzimba kunye nokulahlwa kwezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngelishwa, kumayeza anamhlanje kukho ukunyamekela ukwenza imali.