Amacandelo indalo kunye nenkcazo emfutshane. Izihloko eziphambili esingqongileyo

Man, ukuba ube yinxalenye yale noosphere, ijongene nemiba yentsebenziswano yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Science, uhlolisisa nokuhlalutya udibaniso lwe inane eziphilayo omnye nomnye kunye nendalo, ngokunjalo ukufunda nemiphumela yeemeko zendalo izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nezinye iintlobo ubomi, ebizwa eziphilayo. Ukuze Ufundo ngakumbi olu qeqesho yendalo yahlulwe kumacandelo: synecology, autecology, eziphilayo labemi, eziphilayo kwabantu.

Bona kuhlanganisela kwaye ziyinxalenye ezintsonkothileyo eyahlukeneyo equka iindawo nje eziphilayo, kodwa nakwezinye iisayensi: ezoqoqosho, isosioloji, bengqondo. Eli nqaku liza ukuhlola amacandelo nenzululwazi yendalo kunye nokuzimisela ukubaluleka kwabo kuphuhliso lwabasebenzi ngokuvumelana nendalo.

izihloko yokusingqongileyo kunye nenkcazo emfutshane

Injongo ingqeqesho ekusifundeni kwaye ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi: eziphilayo, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, igxininisa phezu awohluke ngolwalamano phakathi kwezityalo, izilwanyana kunye iintsholongwane zabo kwindawo zizonke eziphilayo njenge inzululwazi. Ecology isombulula iingxaki kubhuqwa impilo ikhosistim. Geoecology kucingwa nkcukacha zoluntu abahlala siphila kwiimeko ezithile geographical: ezintabeni, amachibi amatsha, iilwandle, njl Okulandelayo, sicinga izihloko zokusingqongileyo ngasentla kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezininzi ...

zonke iinjjongo yokusingqongileyo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo - isifundo kwezibonelelo zendalo amanqanaba umbutho. Ezifana icandelo njengoko autecology, acwangcise kubonakaliswa ezahlukeneyo iimeko zokusingqongileyo, delimiting nabo imiba abiotic, zasemanzini kunye oluntu. Yinto eyaziwayo kubaluleke ubushushu, ukukhanya kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi ubomi izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Iinzululwazi lahlaziya adaptation, evela phantsi kwempembelelo yokutshintsha kweemeko zombini kwimiphakathi kunye kwinqanaba biogeocoenose.

Synecology, njengezinye amasebe ngemvelo mihla, liphonononga impefumlelwano izinto biogeocoenose kwinqanaba zamaqela eziphilayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Bona ezivakaliswa iintlobo ezifana mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, ngokuncedisana. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imiba yokusingqongileyo bafunda kwinqanaba esingqongileyo, refracted ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ubomi eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi umahluko oyintloko phakathi kwabo uphando lwenziwe, umzekelo, climatology, inzululwazi lomhlaba kunye nezifundo zamanzi.

Population eziphilayo - isitshixo nokuqonda ukusebenza biocenosis

Eli candelo Science Environmental ufunda iimpawu iiyunithi ezisisiseko noshowo yendalo ephilayo - labemi. Le nto ibandakanya iqela eziphilayo zohlobo olufanayo abahlala kwindawo eqhelekileyo - yokuhlala. uqeqesho Scientific, kwakunye nezinye iindawo ezingundoqo zokusingqongileyo, wahlula abantu ngeentlobo zasekuhlaleni, zokuhlala kunye eziphilayo. Ixilonga ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu zokuphila kunye noluntu ezifana ubuchule ukuzala kunye zazivelela, egxininisa iintlobo zabo - ngokusisigxina kunye temporal. Le yokugqibela kwinkqubo phylogeny nga kuguqulwa labemi esisigxina okanye zisuswe.

Indlela ukwahlula phakathi koluntu iintlobo

Ukuqhubekeka ubhalo lwe iimpawu zabantu isifundo izinto eziphilayo synecology. Yena, njengamanye amacandelo eziphilayo jikelele, uphonononga indlela ubuhlobo eziphilayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziye zaqulunqwa ngexesha zazivelela. Zibonisa kuluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo yaye ziqulathe kwamanqanaba phantsi. Studies zezityalo, Cya, izilwanyana endaweni yawo yemvelo lluqhutywa zizazinzulu ngokusekwa kwemithetho, yokulungelelanisa nabo biocenoses.

Indlela eziphilayo ukutshintsha imiba yokusingqongileyo?

Lo mbuzo uza kuphendulwa ngokuqwalasela izihloko eziphambili esingqongileyo, ingakumbi iinkalo ezifana autecology. It uqulunqe postulates ezimbalwa, ucacisa ezisebenza adaptation, ezifana umthetho lokutshona elilelona ngoba umzimba umda ngamnye yobomi bakhe zonke izinto abiotic (ekuthiwa-imida ye ukunyamezelana). Iziko le ndawo ubomi kunye nezityalo ebizwa egqibeleleyo. Le lebanga iimeko kakhulu ukuba esiphilayo.

Ngenxa ekudodobaleni elibukhali lokusingqongileyo kwinzululwazi kuyimfuneko ukuchonga iindlela zokudlulisela nezokwamkela asakhulayo ukusuka eziphilayo ngenxa physico-iikhemikhali kunye radioactive waba ungcoliseko ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila.

lifuthe labantu biogeocoenoses

It ngokubanzi zifundwa kwiinkalo zenzululwazi eziliqela, ezibandakanya amacandelo Applied Ecology. Njengoko umntu ukuphuhlisa ishishini kunye nezibonelelo, kunye nezolimo. Oku ukutshintsha ubuso yeenkqubo zendalo? Njani isicelo ngenxa yezixhobo advanced Uguqula ubuso emhlabeni? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo uze usinike ezi zihloko zokusingqongileyo zilandelayo: imfundiso iinkqubo, eziphilayo Urban, Biospherology. izinto Anthropogenic, zombini ngqo (umzekelo, ungcoliseko kwehayidrosfere amanzi mveliso ekhaya inkunkuma, kwamahlathi yokuphanga, ukuzingela) okanye ngqo (umzekelo, indalo elwandle ngumntu - ezigcina amanzi, ukulima umhlaba, ekhokelela kukhukuliseko kunye etyuwa lomhlaba, kutsalwe imigxobhozo), ukutshintsha imali biosystems yendalo - biocenoses kwaye isoyikiso ngqo kubomi eMhlabeni. I-Red Book - ingqinisekiso iphawulekayo umsebenzi lolwaphulo-mthetho umntu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutshabalaleni kunye nokufa inani elikhulu iintlobo.

amathuba Ecology Applied

Le isebe eselula benzululwazi, ilungu macandelo zokusingqongileyo. Le theyibhile ingezantsi uchaza onke amasebe awo kwesisekelo ezinxulumene nale misebenzi engundoqo abantu kunye nobudlelwane kunye nendalo.

Ngoko Bioresource kunye eziphilayo mveliso inika zingawucongi iindlela zokuxhaphaza lomhlaba wezolimo, amahlathi, iilwandle kunye nezinye zendalo, ezo ezijoliswe sigcine abo okuzala kunye nemveliso.

Wokuphuthuma uphando eziphilayo Urban

Ukufunda kumasebe ahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo, ingqalelo ingqeqesho, likhanyise iingxaki kwindawo zasezidolophini kunye nokungalingani naso uphuhliso lwezibonelelo lwedolophu biogeocoenose apho kwenzeka ezidolophini. Zokufudumeza kunye namanzi, ugutyulo, uthungelwano zothutho, iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma eqinileyo zadalwa ngumntu, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle ngenxa ukhuseleko mxokelelwano wendalo. Ngenxa yale ihlathi zendalo izityalo iphela, kuba kwamachibi nzulu, liyancipha inane izinambuzane, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezincinane eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, kulawulo namhlanje conglomerates enkulu eziphakamileyo eyakhiwe ngeplastiki, iglasi eziphathekayo. Zezi yalapha ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo zendalo eziphilayo.

eziphilayo Urban uzama ukufumana owamkelekileyo, esichengeni ukusebenza kweendlela esele bakha imizi, ngokunjalo ichaza iimfuno ukwakha imizi ezintsha neemfuno eziqalelo yendalo: izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Science kwakhona ukuqikelela iziphumo zemisebenzi yoluntu uphumeza esweni imeko lomhlaba, amanzi kunye nomoya kwizixeko ezikhulu.