Alpha, gamma, radiation beta. Iimpawu alpha amasuntswana, wesigrike, beta

Yintoni radionuclide? Musa ukoyika kulo izwi: kuthetha nje izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive. Ngamanye amaxesha uyakwazi ukuva intetho elithi "atom" okanye boncwadi ngaphantsi ukhetho - ". Radionucleotide" Igama echanekileyo - yinto radionuclide. Kodwa yintoni na ukubola radioactive? Ziziphi iimpawu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation nokuba zahluke njani? Yonke - ukususela ekuqaleni.

Iinkcazelo ku ngemitha

Ukususela ngaloo maxesha, abaninzi ingqiqo iwodi ziye zatshintsha xa kukho ukwanda ezabo lokuqala atomic. Kunokuba "imfumba atom 'ukuthi" reactor zenyukliya ". Endaweni yoko, ibinzana elithi "reyi radioactive" i ibinzana elithi "ionizing radiation". Ibinzana elithi "Isotope radioactive" sekuba "radionuclide".

atom ixesha elide elifutshane elide

Alpha-, beta- kunye nenkqubo gamma-radiation kuhamba kuwohloka i nucleus atomic. Yintoni na ixesha wesiqingatha-bomi? nuclei atom azikho kuzinza - ukuba zahluke kwezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezizinzileyo. Ngaxa lithile, ngoko ke inkqubo yokuguga. Atom ngaloo similise kwezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, apho asebenza ngexesha alpha-, beta- ze-ekhatywayo nth ingcambu reyi. Atom babe amazinga ahlukeneyo kozinzo - ezinye zazo kuwa phakathi amakhulu ezigidi kunye ezigidi zeminyaka. Umzekelo, zonke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium ezithi zenzeke kwindalo, abantu babephila ixesha elide. Kukho abo atom ukuba zokonakala kwisithuba semizuzwana, iintsuku, iinyanga. Zibizwa elifutshane elide.

Isidoda alpha, beta kunye wesigrike amasuntswana ihamba hayi nayiphi ukubola. Kodwa enyanisweni, ukubola ezinemitha sikhatshwa ukukhutshwa alpha okanye beta kuphela amasuntswana. Kwezinye iimeko, le nkqubo kunye gamma. Pure gamma-ray ukukhutshwa lungenzeki ngokwendalo. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa ngesantya nokubola le radionuclide, kokukhona inqanaba yemisebe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba indalo kukho alpha, beta, wesigrike kunye ukubola olwandle. Oku akuyonyani. ukubola Delta ayisekho.

unit ubuthi yokukala

Noko ke, linganisa eli xabiso koko? Imisebe Ukulinganiswa ivumela ukuba ukuvakalisa ngobunzulu ekuweni kwamanani. Iyunithi yomlinganiselo lomsebenzi radionuclide - Becquerel. 1 becquerel (Bq) kuthetha ukuba 1 ukubola kwenzeka ngo-1 umzuzwana. Zakuba ezi zilinganiso zisetyenziselwa iyunithi omkhulu womlinganiselo - curies (Ci) 1 Ci = 37 billion becquerels.

Ngokwendalo, imfuneko ukuthelekisa ubunzima efanayo eziphathekayo, umzekelo 1 mg 1 mg uranium kunye thorium. Ubunzima Umsebenzi ngeyunithi nganye ye-radionuclide ethathwe kuthiwa umsebenzi ethile. I elikhulu isiqingatha-ubomi, yemisebe ngaphantsi ezithile.

Yeyiphi atom amele yingozi enkulu?

Lo iyibonisa umbuzo inkanuko. Kwelinye icala, siphila ixesha elifutshane eziyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba bakhuthele ngakumbi. Kodwa emva kokuwa kanye ingxaki radiation ulahlekelwa ukufaneleka, lo gama ixesha elide ziyingozi iminyaka.

Umsebenzi ethile atom onokufaniswa isikhali. Yintoni isikhali kuba yingozi ngakumbi: yintoni eyenza rounds amahlanu ngomzuzu, okanye ukuba imililo kanye kwisiqingatha seyure? Lo mbuzo akunakwenzeka ukuba aphendule - konke oko kuxhomekeke izixhobo yintoni ukuvuleka kunokuba itsalwa, nokuba bullet uya kufikelela injongo, yintoni na umonakalo.

Umahluko phakathi udidi lwemitha

Alpha, gamma kunye nemitha beta iintlobo ekunokuthiwa "abanjalo" isixhobo. Ezi ukukhutshwa unento ofana nokwahlukileyo. Ingongoma ephambili - bonke bephela kuba iingozi ionizing radiation. Yintoni na le nkcazelo? Amandla ionizing radiation ine amandla likaxakeka. Ukufumana Kwenye-atom, bona ndinkqonkqoza electron kunye orbit yayo. Xa ukukhutshwa amasuntswana, intlawulo ziyohluka core - yoko ebumba into entsha.

Uhlobo semitha alpha

A eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo kukuba gamma, beta kunye alpha radiation na uhlobo efanayo. Umtha alpha yokuqala zisaqala. Bona akhiwa ukubola zesinyithi enzima - uranium, thorium, radon. Kakade emva kokuba kwathi ukufunyanwa semitha alpha, iye icacisiwe ubunjani bawo. Baye endiza ngesantya esiphezulu nuclei helium. Ngamanye amazwi, le "iiseti 'enzima of protons amabini kunye neutron ezimbini ukuba intlawulo entle. Emoyeni, imitha alpha na umgama omfutshane kakhulu - ngaphezulu akukho ngaphezu kokuba iisentimitha ezimbalwa. Iphepha okanye, umzekelo, sangaphandle ayeke ngokupheleleyo eli radiation.

radiation Beta

amasuntswana Beta, vula oku kulandelayo, baba elektroni abaqhelekileyo, kodwa isantya enkulu. Ziphantsi kakhulu kunokuba amasuntswana alpha, yaye ityala lombane ezincinane. amasuntswana Beta lekgo azingene izinto ezahlukeneyo. Xa umoya, ukuba ukoyisa kumgama omalunga iimitha ezimbalwa. Sakubambezela zingabonakala ezi zinto zilandelayo: impahla yokunxiba, iglasi, iphepha metal obhityileyo.

Iimpawu gamma

Olu hlobo wemitha yohlobo olufanayo njengoko imitha yelanga, reyi infrared okanye amaza erediyo. Gamma ray radiation photon. Noko ke, ngesantya photon phezulu kakhulu. Olu hlobo kwemitha ngokukhawuleza ingena ngalo mbandela. Ukuze sakubambezela oko, ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa yepeyinti eziphathekayo. gamma ingahamba amawaka eekhilomitha.

Intsomi ngeengozi

Ukuthelekisa alpha, wesigrike nemitha beta, abantu badla ukuba bacinge gamma zezona yingozi. Ngapha koko, ukuba ziveliswa udubulo zenyukliya, boyise amakhulu km yaye ibangela ukugula radiation. Konke oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa ezinxulumene ngqo ngeengozi radiation. Ukususela kulo mzekelo, bathi amandla wajula. Kakade ke, alpha-, beta- ze-ekhatywayo nth ingcambu ray eyahlukileyo kulo mba. Nangona kunjalo, umngcipheko kuhlolwa hayi ezendeleyo, wendele idosi. Esi salathisi zibalwa ziijowule khilogram (J / kg) nganye.

Ngoko ke, lo ithamo radiation lilo iqhezu elilinganisiweyo. kwinani layo na isixa alpha, wesigrike beta amasuntswana, oko kukuthi amandla. Umzekelo, imitha wesigrike kusenokuba nzima okanye ethambileyo. Le yokugqibela uba amandla aphantsi. Ukuqhubeka umzekeliso isikhali, sinokuthi: ayikho nje zizicatshulwa bullet, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba apho wadubula - a slingshot okanye mbutho.