Almanac - yintoni na le nto? Almanac "Ehlabathini Lonke". "Okuzingela izithuba" - le lwencwadi

Eli nqaku liza kuthetha enye yezona ncwadi zindala wakha wadala yi uluntu. Almanac - a osindileyo yoncwadi, batyhutyha ngenxa imbali yabo elide amaninzi utshintsho, kodwa ongazange alahlekelwe ukufaneleka kwayo nokungxamiseka.

definition

Almanac - incwadi lothotho inani amanani phambili kwigumbi yokuqokelelwa, ephethe izihloko zoncwadi bezobugcisa okanye non-fiction. Eli gama lisukela emva Arab "Almana", gama elo elithetha "umlinganiselo xesha". Ngenkulungwane ye-14 kunye 15 leekhalenda yi ikhalenda kunye iitafile Ngaphezu ngeenkwenkwezi.

Kolu hlobo kwijenali ngokusemthethweni ngokuba kungekho periodicity rhoqo - idla lwencwadi ngaphandle mhlawumbi kanye ngonyaka okanye hayi kwaphela unayo nayiphi na imihla ukukhululwa ethile. Iqulethe ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo: ulwazi malunga nogqibo lemfundo phambili, lwezenzululwazi, utshintsho lomthetho, njalo-njalo. Ngoko ke, kummandla lwencwadi zabo kufutshane uhlobo neekhalenda labobalawuli akufuneki.

Almanac kwihlabathi lamandulo

Achaza wabonakala khona kudala. AmaRoma amandulo nokusasaza iingqokelela ngqangi, ebonisa nemihla leeholide zonqulo. AmaYiputa babekho kule khosi amacwecwe amatye, aqulathe ulwazi malunga intshukumo iiplanethi. E Denmark and Norway kumaxesha amandulo zavelisa copper, ngamaplanga, balatha kweZiganeko ezahlukeneyo. Kumaxesha amandulo, lo lwencwadi - lo kuqala yaba ikhalenda reference nesimilo iinkwenkwezi.

Almanac eYurophu

EYurophu, lo anthology yokuqala eshicilelweyo wabonakala eVienna ngo 1457. Kunzima ukusebenzisa umntu ongafundanga, kuba ngoncedo weempawu ezahlukeneyo yaba ngezimanga ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zime. Le lwencwadi iqulathe ulwazi malunga intshukumo iiplanethi, imihla kwenyanga, uqikelelo imbalela, umlilo kunye nendlala. Ngowe-1474, ingqokelela efanayo yapapashwa Hungary,-Latin nesiJamani. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16 kulisiko lokukhulula anthologies ezahlukeneyo eYurophu ivume lokugqibela. Ukongeza ulwazi olusisiseko, eli hlelo luquka iinkcukacha kwi- Mint, ngeposi izithuthi, iiholo inkundla, iimarike neempahla. Ukuze zikwazi ukutsala imfuno kunye nomdla yezikhulu, kwi anthology waqala ukuzivakalisa uluhlu abefundisi, iingcambu yokuzalwa njalo njalo. Ukuqokelelwa enjalo ibizwa inkundla okanye zasebukhosini. Bona kupapashwa kuqala eFransi, ngoko e Saxony ne-Prussia, yaye kamva - eNgilani. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ukongeza ulwazi ababengazazi leekhalenda baqalisa ukuba ziquka imibongo, ezimfutshane ezinoburharha, amabali amafutshane. Emva kokuvela neekhalenda, eziprintiweyo, ezi ingqokelela ziye abe ngonenceba kweempepha ncwadi. Kwakukho kwezoqoqosho, namlibo wakuzalwa, ezenkolo, achaza ozakuzo.

Almanac zoncwadi

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, olu hlobo ncwadi iye yanda umdla kwaye ulwazi. Okwangoku Almanac - lowu equlathe uhlobo olwahlukileyo inkcazelo ebalulekileyo, enkulu apho unomdla yangoku. Efumanekayo ngokuqokelela ngohlobo encyclopedia, apho iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zipapashwe qho ngonyaka. Ezi achaza maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba annuals. I-reference ezaziwayo-kakuhle olu hlobo - i "Almanac of the Mura endala", yasekwa ngu Francis Moore ngo-1970. Noko ke, eyona ethandwa, okokuqala Western eYurophu koko kwamanye amazwe, baqala ukusebenzisa anthologies boncwadi. Bavela phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18 e-France. Omnye wabantu bokuqala kukhutshwa Paris (1746-1833) «L'Almanach des yena». E Germany kwaduma lwencwadi «Musenalmanach», yapapashwa Gottingen ngo-1770-1807 gg. Kamva wabonakala «Musen-Almanach», apho Schiller wapapasha imibongo bakhe kupapashwa (1796-1800).

Almanac e Russia

Okokuqala yapapashwa Almanac Russian - ingqokelela "anodes" N. M. Karamzina, wadala ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha bexelisa kumajelo yasentshona. Xa nenani-1920-1830 eRashiya kwaphuma anthologies ngaphezu mabini. A. S. Pushkin ebizwa ngokuba "Almanashnik" uhlobo olulodwa nabavakalisi. Maxa wambi, abahlobo kunye iintshaba Imbongi enkulu wavelisa uthotho anthologies zoncwadi. Almanac "Polar Star" (iincwadi 3, 1823-1825 gg.) Ipapashwe K. F. Ryleevym kunye A. A. Bestuzhevym, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ababhali abaziwayo ezifana V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Griboedov, FV Bulgarin, I. A. Krylov, A. S. Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, VK Kyuhelbekker, EA Baratynsky. Ukuqokelelwa "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 gg.) Wamelana iintlelo ezine, yavelisa VK Kyuhelbekker kunye V. F. Odoevsky. Anthology "Flowers Northern" kwaphuma 1824 ukuya 1831 phantsi kolwalathiso O. M. Somova kunye A. A. Delviga. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, kule nkulungwane yama-20 Symbolists ndiqalile ukuvelisa ingqokelela zoncwadi kwegama elifanayo. Updated "Flowers Northern" bema iintlelo ezintlanu - ngo-1901-1904 no-1911.

Almanac lwangoku

Namhlanje Almanac - ingqokelela umdla kubaphulaphuli ezahlukeneyo. It linga nenani naliphi izihloko abafundi umdla. Ababhali badla ukupapasha imisebenzi yabo kwi maqela ezinemvume lusekiwe. Umzekelo lwencwadi boncwadi "Metropol" cishe, kwakhululwa uhlelo leekopi nje 12 ngo-1979 eMoscow ngendlela samizdat. Uthatho-nxaxheba kolu khutsho ingqokelela uncensored wathabatha Bella Akhmadulina, evgeniy Reyn, Andrei Voznesensky, uVladimir Vysotsky, uYuri Kublanovsky, uHenry Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky uYuri Kurabchievsky nabanye enaningamkelanga zona ngenxa yesihlwele esemthethweni. ababhali Recalcitrant eSoviet Union ibikade zonke iintlobo zesinyanzeliso, ikopi "Sisixeko" wabanjwa ekrexeza eUnited States yasasazwa khona eka ndlela, kunye Vasily Aksenov wachaza ibali inoveli yakhe "Yithi Cheese".

Almanac "Islam kwihlabathi mihla 'bazinikele iingxaki yonqulo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko lwamazwe Muslim, ifumaneka nge-elektroniki kunye ephepheni. Ababhali sale ncwadi ukuxoxa ubume impucuko Islamic evela iimbono ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye ngokweendawo.

achaza Top Russian

"Izithuba okuzingela" - anthology kokuqulethweyo zoncwadi obugcisa, owasekwa ngo-1950. Ngembali yaso elide wanyamezela iziganeko ezininzi of amahla ndinyuka kwaye ngoku enye iimpapasho lokuzingela lidala Russian. Phakathi ababhali zayo izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle nabezopolitiko, iimbongi nababhali, abalawuli kunye nabadlali, ngokunjalo abantu imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo. "Izithuba okuzingela" - ixhoba ixabiso yezembali kunye noncwadi.

Kutshanje leekhalenda zibonakele nje kuphela ngohlobo ingqokelela eziprintiweyo, kodwa komabonakude. Hi xikombiso, le lwencwadi "Ehlabathini Lonke" - TV ukuba Radio and Television USSR yakhupha kwisi "Abahambi 'Club". Kinoalmanah kusasazwa emoyeni ukususela 1988 ukuya kunyaka 1990-th, kwaye iinkcukacha yokonwabisa malunga karate ubugcisa, ukukhenketha, ubume kunye nobugcisa. Transfer bakhomba ithandwa enkulu.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, lo lwencwadi - uhlobo wopapasho, ngelo onke amaxesha wahlala ezithandwayo kunye efanelekileyo. Baveze izimvo zabo kuzo zonke iintlobo imiba, ukupapasha indalo yakhe yoncwadi okanye iinkcukacha eyonwabisayo umdla kuluhlu abafundi kunokwenzeka kuloo ingqokelela. Ngoku achaza ziyafumaneka ezahlukeneyo yeefomati: print, elektroniki kunye nomabonakude.