Alexander Radishchev - umbhali, imbongi: engobomi, ubuchule

Alexander Radishchev waphila ubomi elifutshane - wazalwa ngo-1749 (Agasti 31), waza wafa ngo-1802 (Septemba 12). Yena umntwana wokuqala kwintsapho osisityebi amanene - utatomkhulu wakhe Athanasius Prokopievich umninindlu enkulu.

ukonwaba enoba

kwiminyaka yokuqala Endaweni kayise kwilali Nemtsov ephathelele kwiphondo Borovsky County ukulungela ukusebenza. Le ntsapho ukusondelelana, abazali - abantu abafundileyo. UYihlo, lowo uthetha ngeelwimi eziliqela, kuquka Latin, yena useleganelwe kunye nonyana wakhe. Nkwenkwe yayiluhlobo othandwayo ngunina. Njengoko yavulwa kwiintsapho ezindilekileyo, yena wafundisa ekhaya - abantwana bafunda ulwimi Russian yeencwadi zonqulo - Psalter and the Book of Iiyure, ukufunda iilwimi zasemzini, ubukhulu becala French, baba tutors wamema. Little Alexander ayikho Lucky - in owazenza umfundisi ulwimi French kubo ndoyike amajoni abaphalaphalayo.

Basics ngemfundo elungileyo

Ngowe-1955 wavula University Moscow, kunye Alexander Radishchev wathumela eMoscow, ukuba umalume lweenkobe uMnu Argamakovu unina umzalwana ogama kuyo ngelixa Isithuba soMlawuli (1955 -1957 iminyaka). Kwaye wabanika igunya lokuba ngabantwana Argomakovyh kunye Sasha Radishchev ekhaya ukuze bafumane ulwazi phantsi kweliso oonjingalwazi kunye nootitshala Izabelo eyunivesithi. Eneminyaka eyi 13 uAleksandr Radischev wanikezelwa amaphepha kwi eqhineni kwetrone 1762, uCatherine II, waza wathumela ukuba uqeqesho kwi-Corps of Amaphepha - ngelo xesha iziko kunayo lemfundo ye-Russian Empire, apho wayefunda ukususela 1762 ukuya kwiminyaka 1766.

iminyaka eyunivesithi

Yathi, ibisisityebi nje, yeyendlu intsapho yamandulo amanene, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, wayengumfundi elungileyo yaye ukhuthele kakhulu. Ngoko ke, xa uCatherine wagqiba ukuthumela kwelinye iqela iingangamsha oselula abantu abali-12, waba phakathi iphepha 6, yenye yokuqala kuluhlu Alexander Radishchev. E Leipzig, waya kufunda amalungelo asemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle inzululwazi ayisosinyanzelo kwaye olunzulu ekufundweni kweelwimi abafundi babevunyelwa ukuba bahlangane futhi ngaphezu kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi. A. N. Radischev iiklasi ezongezelelweyo bakhetha amayeza kunye chemistry, apho, njengoko ngolwimi, waphumelela gqitha. kweminyaka emihlanu ayichitha e Leipzig, bazala zokufunda, yaye ngaloo ndlela A. N. Radischev waba ngomnye amadoda amaninzi izifundiswa ngexesha lakhe, yaye hayi kuphela eRashiya. Apho, phesheya, waqala ukubhala. A ezingqondweni kule minyaka wenza ubuhlobo Ushakov, obeyindoda Alexander abadadlana, inobulumko baze bafundiswe nangakumbi kunye nokufa kwelinye. Kwinkumbulo yakhe Radischev uAleksandr Nikolaevich wabhala intwana leyo-ekuthiwa "Life of Fedora Vasilevicha Ushakova."

Iminyaka yobomi bakhe eRashiya emva kokubuya

Ekubuyeni kwakhe 1771 A. N. Radischev kunye nomhlobo wakhe uMikhail Kutuzov wangena inkonzo eSt Petersburg States, apho ke ziye basebenza ixesha elide ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Ukusuka amazwe Radishchev wabuyela freethinker. Ngowe-1773 wangena umcebisi wezomthetho kwikomkhulu besahlulo Finnish, ibekwe e Saint Petersburg, apho umhlala-phantsi ngo-1775. Yaba ixesha Pugachev imvukelo kunye ingcinezelo yayo. Ngexesha le minyaka, Radischev uAleksandr Nikolaevich wenza iinguqulelo ezininzi, kuquka "Reflections on kwimbali yamaGrike," Bonnot de Mably. It radishchev kokuba ngcembe omnye wabantu abaninzi abazinikeleyo ngcembe abacinga ububi lobuzwilakhe engundoqo Russian kunye serfdom. Emva umhlala A. N. Radischev watshata udade umhlobo naye wayefunda e Leipzig. Ngowe-1777 yena wangena St. Petersburg Customs, apho wayesebenza kude kube ngo-1790 kwaye dosluzhivaetsya kwisikhundla sokuba ngumlawuli wayo. Apho ke wenza abahlobo kunye Count A. R. Vorontsovym, ngubani na oya kuxhasa sobulumko Russian futhi sazi nokuba elubhacweni eSiberia.

Eyona imveliso wobomi

Emva ngo-1771, siye sabona ukukhanya izicatshulwa zokuqala umsebenzi engundoqo, eyabhalwa ngu Alexander Radishchev. "Journey ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow" izahluko ngamnye zapapashwa eSt Petersburg magazini "Painter". Xa 80-90s yenkulungwane XVIII eYurophu kwakukho siyabakhuthaza enkulu engaqhelekanga zentlalo, revolution, kuqala eUnited States, ngoko eFransi balandela omnye emva komnye. Ukuthatha wasebenzisa isimo sivune yokukhuthaza iingcamango inkululeko, Radishchev iqala endlwini yoshicilelo ekhaya (okwangoku Marata Street), yaye ngoMeyi 1790, iikopi 650 zale Fossilisation ncwadi. "Ileta eya Umhlobo" Ngaphambili, indlela efanayo yapapashwa. Ngubani na akazazi ibinzana elithi "Ewe, u ta va u mvukeli ngaphezu Pugachev!" Obuthethwe uCatherine II emva kokufunda esi sincoko. Ngenxa yoko le nto, A. N. Radischev wavalelwa uPetros Paul Fortress, waza wagwetyelwa ukufa. Ngoko ke "ubabalo" uKumkanikazi iye indawo ekuthinjweni yalo nyaka-10 eSiberia, kunye ukuhluthwa isihloko ungunyana wabanumzana, zonke ii-odolo, yaye ngezomkhosi karhulumente.

The Book of The Xelela-Bard

Iincwadi lihlazo umbhali ukuba kutshatyalaliswa. Kodwa iikopi ezikhutshwe Radishchev, ngokukhawuleza kuthengisiwe, ngoko iikopi ezininzi zenziwe nabo olwaluvumela ukuba A. S. Pushkinu ukuba achaze yinyaniso: "! Radishchev - utshaba ubukhoboka - wasinda imingcele". Kwaye mhlawumbi, imbongi enkulu Russian wayebhekisela kukuba kumhloli karhulumente, wakhangela le ncwadi, ndagqiba ukuba esi sikhokelo kuwo umzi, njengoko idwelisa i zokuhlala ibekwe ecaleni kwendlela. Nkqu ukuba asinda 70 ezinjalo zintlu. Ke A. S. Suvorinym ngo-1888 wafumana imvume ukuvelisa iikopi 100 sale ncwadi, kuthiwa nguye kuphela iingcali nabathandi iincwadi Russian. Yintoni na incwadi abanomsindo kangaka bakhanyiselwa uKumkanikazi? Le noveli ichaza kwiintlungu serfdom, ubomi nzima kakhulu ukuba abalimi, ukongeza, le ncwadi iqulethe izimemezelo ngqo tsarism. ebhalwe kakuhle, uzeleyo amagqabaza nehlekisayo abuhlungu, kwaye angazishiyi nabani akanankathalo. Wawuhlanganisa "Inkululeko" yaye "uLizwi malunga Lomonosov". Ewe, kwaye akuzange de le lobuzwilakhe aziwayo ezinjalo.

swinger Incorrigible

Radishchev, wayitshisa amatye okusila iphepha emhlabeni, ehleli Ilim entolongweni imisebenzi yakhe, imibongo, ezinde bulumko, bacule, kuquka "Inkululeko", ukususela ngoko. Kodwa apha eyalwa Count Vorontsov wafunda ubomi kubemi bomthonyama eSiberia, iindlela zorhwebo kwimimandla yomntla lizwe kunye namathuba borhwebo kunye China. Ukuba Wayelapha, naxa bonwabile yakhe. Entolongweni kubhaliwe kwathiwa okuninzi ngemisebenzi emangalisayo, kwaye yena (waye umhlolo) weza udade-beentombi zakhe, ukuze ziqhakrazise loo lilolo ethinjelwe yakhe. Ngubani na owenyuka waya itrone noPawulos, Kwabandithiyileyo unina, ndabuyela sobulumko ngehlazo, kodwa ngaphandle ilungelo ziphume yentaka ukuya Nemtsov usapho. Alexander ndamnika kuphela A. N. Radischevu nenkululeko epheleleyo, kodwa wamcela ukuba asebenze ekuqulunqweni kwemithetho kwiKomishoni.

Ukuzibulala okanye inattention esibulalayo

Link akatshintshanga iimbono zombhali, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuqulunqweni lwemithetho, Alexander Radishchev, biography luzele run-ngemvume kunye amagunya oko, uye ebhalwe "projekthi ulozhenija zobunene." Ichazwe ingcamango ukulingana bonke phambi komthetho, malunga imfuneko yenkululeko yokuthetha ucofe, kunye nezinye "ingcamango ezamahala 'ukuba ngoko bamqumbisa uMongameli weKhomishoni Count P. V. Zavadskogo ukuba wamsongela ngumbhali omnye ekuthinjweni eSiberia. Nokuba Ngokukhalima waba athukayo, okanye okokugqibela luvo nzulu ngezinto wanikezela, kunye nempilo ke kucutheke kakhulu, nokuba yinto eyoyikekayo kakhulu sele enamava ekuthinjweni, kodwa A. N. Radischev wafika ekhaya, ukuba le tyhefu ngokuthatha ityhefu. ibali buhlungu kakhulu. Noko ke, kukho enye inguqulo esibonisa ezinqabeni umntu omkhulu indleko yexesha lakhe, umoya - ukuba thiki ukuzibulala, yaye ngempazamo basela ukuba umoya, emi kwiglasi emehlweni yevodka. Ke kaloku "aqua regia" ezibulalayo ebantwini, eziphekiweyo waza washiya unyana omdala umbhali ukuba nokubuyiselwa epaulettes endala. ibali buhlungu kakhulu.

Umntu olungileyo kunye omkhulu

Kwimisebenzi yayo, A. N. Radischev sazikhathaza ngemiba kunye nemfundo. Yena kucingwa ngunozala ziinqobo ezisesikweni Russian olululo kunye ubuhle, ngokunjalo pedagogy. Kunye uphando nzulu, ezinde bulumko, ukusongela nangezohlwayo tsarism kunye serfdom Radishchev, ogama imibongo zizele luthando abantu kunye nendalo, yaye babhala iingoma zabantwana, yena imibongo funny, amaqhina, wasungula imidlalo ezahlukeneyo nokhuphiswano.

Oko kukuthi, umntu omthandayo ubomi, kodwa wayefuna ukuba enobulungisa kubo bonke abantu zange thob serfdom yabantu eRashiya. inqaku Zintle kwi A. N. Radischeve wabhala A. S. Pushkin.