Akalutho isenzo kumthetho yolwaphulo: ingqiqo kunye nabalinganiswa

Ukuziqhelisa, ukulwa lulwaphulo kwiimeko namhlanje yenza kusiba indawo ngokusemthethweni ingqalelo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa umahluko ukusuka yokuziphatha mthetho mthethweni endalweni. Ngenxa yoko, namhlanje, kunye ubukho mthetho imibandela enxulumene inkcazelo ngezibakala mthethweni imida ebaluleke ngokukodwa. Ngokumalunga noku, onke ingcamango engxamisekileyo ngakumbi akabalulekanga senzo. Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

ukubaluleka Criminal zomthetho akabalulekanga isenzo

Okwangoku, isenzeko kuhlala omnye macandelo kakhulu nzima ukuqonda. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lo mthetho akuthethi ukunika inkcazelo ecacileyo. Akalutho senze umthetho yolwaphulomthetho bachaza kwisikhundla sokuba isenzeko ngamazwi phantsi kophando. Imigaqo yomthetho akukho nkcazelo isimo sawo. Akukho ecace ekucaciseni izinto ezimisela akalutho loMthetho umthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukongeza, akukho neenkcazo yezinto Plenum kwelanga. Noko ke, izazinzulu kwizifundo zabo isicelo kolu didi, kokuqwalasela ityala umthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuthathelwe ingqalelo inani leendlela. Ezi kuqala ziquka isisongelo kuluntu. Funda lo mzekelo ekucaca ukuba neziphumo ezibi ukuba zibangelwa yi izenzo ezingekho mthethweni yequmrhu zokuziphatha. Olu phando lujolise ikakhulu ekubhaqeni iingxaki unxulumano kwezi ndidi ekhoyo amatyala. Ngokukodwa, sithetha amatyala zolawulo kunye namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yoko, le Isifundo swi uhlalutyo ngokucokisekileyo isenzeko njengecandelo eyahlukileyo.

Ezi nkcukacha isakhiwo

kuqala okufanele bathi uninzi nkolelo ibambelela elithi "akalutho isenzo." Noko ke, amazwi kwiimpapasho zomthetho ezinye amathandabuzo. Oku kungenxa ezichaphazela ibinzana elithi "isenzo". Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa njengekhrayitheriya olusisinyanzelo kwinjongo ubume, kwaye uphawu yokuziphatha mthethweni xa lilonke. Le nyaniso lazisa ubumbaxa kwishishini izixhobo terminological. Kulo mba, ezinye izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezi nengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, Art. 8 of the Code. Kubonakele ukuba isiseko uxanduva mthetho - isenzo siqulathe iziqalelo ze-mthetho. Njengoko umthetho, ngqiqweni le kuqulunqo musa ukunikela ingqalelo. Noko ke, lo mthetho isebenza ebonisa injongo ye-mthetho. Oku kulandela ukuba uphawu yingxenye eyodwa yonke isenzeko asenokungaquki ngexesha elifanayo zonke iimpawu zonke izinto. Le ngxaki yaphakanyiswa ukuvumela usebenzisa amagama amabini ngexesha elifanayo kuyilo mnye. Ngoko ke, ingqalelo kufuneka benikwe akalutho lwezenzo zolwaphulo.

ukuziphatha

Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, ukusetyenziswa xa zidityaniswe ne akalutho ingqikelelo umsebenzi kubonakala ukuba ayichanekanga. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwikota yokugqibela lubonisa umsebenzi kwesi sifundo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuziphatha umntu, ingakhangelwa kwimeko akabalulekanga, ungaboniswa kwaye nje. Kule meko, oko Kukhethwa ukuba ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ukuziphatha" kuyilo, ekubeni ukuba zihlolwe kokufaneleka.

into engqondweni

Ngokubanzi psychology elithi "ukuziphatha" iphathwa njenge yokusebenzisana kunye nokusingqongileyo, eqhelekileyo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo saza sacaciswa kubo ngaphandle (motor) kunye nengqondo umsebenzi (ngaphakathi). Okokuqala oko kuquka ngamaxesha nokungakwazi. nokuziphatha kwabantu a imvelaphi yendalo. Ngelo xesha nye inezizathu wayezimisele ekuhlaleni. Xa psychology, ukuziphatha ebantwini sichazwa inguqu karhulumente ephakathi yinto ebalulekileyo kakhulu. Lubonakaliswa ngezenzo ngaphandle kuphawuleka inkqubo apho kwisifundo liyafezekiswa nezizathu. Ukuziphatha, oko obuzenzo uhlobo olusebenzisekayo yaye angenzi yokuvakalisa kwaloo myolelo. Le nkcazo kwenza kube lula ukuhlalutya izinto zika womntu, ngaphakathi kunye nangaphandle. Yokuziphatha iquka le ndaba, injongosenzi, injongo kunye namacala ezikhathazayo. Oku kuba nokuqonda kudidi ngokwaneleyo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba into ekusekeni iikhrayitheriya akalutho zahlalutywa bodwa eziliqela.

umkhuba nokulawulwa

Nangona vangama ngokungenamkhethe ezilungileyo kakuhle eli candelo, igama elithi "ukuziphatha" ayibonakali njenge inkcazelo umthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngamanye umthetho igama le imisiwe, inxalenye yesakhiwo. Kuba ubala kudityaniswe elithi "isenzo". Le mali yamva ithathwa njengenxenye qheliselo, ibe ngenxa yoko lemiboniso eyimpumelelo esebenzayo.

criteria ukuhlanganiswa ngumthetho

Iimpawu akabalulekanga besenzo inokufumaneka Art. 14 kweKhowudi. Kwinxalenye yokuqala kwenkcazelo iindidi eziphambili babeka mveliso. Ithetha malunga nengozi esidlangalaleni ityala, iKhowudi engavumelekanga phantsi isigwebo. Kulo mzekelo, lo mthetho unika phambili eziphathekayo kunye Inkcazelo esesikweni. Kuphuhliso lo mba kwi kwinxalenye yesibini ye iseti ezinye ukuxolelwa imithetho jikelele. Le ichaza izenzo zolwaphulo kuqwalaselwa. Ngokusemthethweni zinezintlu ingongoma sisincoko njengoko kubonelelwe kule Khowudi. Kodwa ingozi yoluntu bakha ngenxa yokuba kukho akalutho mthetho. Of uMgaqo Criminal kulo mzekelo ubonisa ukuziphatha ngamazwi umrhanelwa. Kwelinye icala, kukho yonke imiqathango yoMthetho mthethweni lwe sifundo. Kwelinye sikhundla - akukho yingozi yoluntu.

Ukutolikwa A. N. Soloveva

Umbhali icebisa ukuba sisithethe kukuwutolika eyahlukileyo kancinane. Ngokukodwa, ikholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ayiyi kuba lityala encinane, ukuziphatha, nangona ngokusesikweni ibandakanya isethi iimpawu ubume othile, njengoko kubonelelwe kule Khowudi, kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho okanye inqanaba elincinane ingozi awufikeleli ubungakanani ukuba ezendeleyo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kule nkqubo, iimpazamo methodological ziyazibhaqekela. Kwindawo yokuqala yonyango link imbangela ukuphazamiseka. Ngokwale nkcazo osinika uluvo lokuba lo eliphantsi okanye akukho usongo ulwaphulo encinane, kodwa awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokungenabulungisa ukuthetha ngaloo ukuziphatha akuthethi ukufikelela kwinqanaba elithile. Into yokuba sele esiyingozi ekuhlaleni ngokwemvelo. Ezi iimpazamo ibonakele kwenkcazo umbhali kakuhle isenzeko. Ngokutsho Solovyov, amatyala minor - nto luphawu lwentlalo-ngokusemthethweni ethile yokuziphatha. Libonisa iinkalo zemisebenzi, apho isenzo kwinqanaba ingozi eliquka kuqamba uphawu phantsi Code ngaphandle kokuba kangangokuba uhlaselo azalwa mthethweni.

neminye imibono

Ngokutsho NM Yakimenko, eyona Uphumelela ethile yolwaphulo-mthetho kuya kuthathelwa ngqalelo isenzo akukho isoyikiso ngenxa akabalulekanga yayo, ngubani, naye, uzimisele kuthathelwa ingqalelo uhlobo, indlela, into ukuhlaselwa, umxholo umxholo, neziphumo, amazinga ityala, iithagethi umoni. A utoliko ngandlel ezahlukeneyo Bazarov. Ngokwembono yakhe, ulwaphulo-mthetho kuya kuthathelwa ngqalelo isenzo, nangona liqulethe iimpawu ngokusesikweni ubume ezicaciswe kwi-Code, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ingozi encinane babambanayo mncinci kakhulu. Okunye definition eyandisiweyo anikwe Zawidow kunye Borbat. Ngenxa yazo, ulwaphulo-mthetho ayilo yokuziphatha, ngokusesikweni equlethe imiqathango ngaso nasiphi na isenzo esingekho kubonelelwe kule Khowudi, kodwa ngenxa akabalulekanga yayo ayibeki kakhulu isoyikiso, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle ebangela iilahleko ezibalulekileyo aluyiyo isoyikiso yawo ngamnye, uluntu kunye norhulumente.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Ngamafutshane, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba imigaqo apho umiselwa akalutho isenzo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. wrongfulness ezisesikweni. Ukuziphatha kwe mba kufuneka ube neempawu ikhoyo sisincoko njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-Code. Ingqikelelo apha le nto ngubani iikhrayitheriya, nokuba ufana.
2. ingozi Partly esidlangalaleni. udidi ebheka aliquki isisongelo eluntwini ngokupheleleyo. Enyanisweni, akalutho wokuziphatha ivumela ukuba ziqwalaselwe mthethweni. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo zenzeke. Oku, umzekelo, inokuba yingozi kubi kwimpilo, impahla kunye nezinye ilahleko reparable.
3. Ukungabikho siyingenelo ngokwentlalo, cala kwaye acele uxolo isenzo yokuziphatha. Ngokungafaniyo izinto ekuthethwe ngazo Art. izenzo 8 zimpawu eluncedo. Ngelo xesha nye alinakuthi malunga nokwamkeleka okanye admissibility, pardonable, ihambo iziko cala umtyholwa / umrhanelwa. Kuye akukho Ziyakhuthazwa kwaye bamkelwa umthetho, kodwa akwanelanga ukuba zazise ahlawuliswe ngomthetho.
4. isigaba Assessment. Lo mbuzo akalutho omnye okanye esinye isenzo yokuziphatha - ingxaki mhaka. It Luxanduva umphandi, inkundla, umphandi, nomtshutshisi. Kwimeko nganye umntu ngamnye eligunyazisiweyo oluvavanya umonakalo kunye nezinye iimeko eziyinyani. Ngokusekelwe ubulungisa aliqulunqileyo output efanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuziphatha uthathwa lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye lingenamsebenzi.
5. Sangabom. Kuphela xa ikhona, uyakwazi ukubona akalutho isenzo. Ngenjongo kule kunokwenzeka ongangqalanga ngqo. Noko ke, xa kunjalo, kuya kuba ngqo kakhulu. uhlobo ezingezizo ngqo wenjongo sicacisa iziqinisekiso indlela yokuziphatha kwiziphumo (kuqhutywa uvavanyo umonakalo). Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba ukuseka iinjongo kunye nendlela.
6. Ngaphandle ulwaphulo-mthetho. Irrelevance wokuZiphatha akuthethi ukunika ukuba kubonakaliswa awayejongene nayo intando isifundo ngayo. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphandle kunye ngokungekho mthethweni mthetho. Kunjalo ziphelisiwe kulo mzekelo kuphela uhlobo ngqo ukuziphatha mthethweni. Ngokusemthethweni, Noko ke, lona luhlala mthethweni. Le nokukhutshelwa zokwenyani ibe lulwaphulo yezenzo isifundo ayiniki isizathu lifana ukuziphatha bengabalulekanga kwizenzo non-mthetho.

Ngenxa yoku, singakwazi kukuqulunqa inkcazo ngokubanzi lwe kudidi. Akalutho isenzo, ngoko ke impahla ngokusesikweni mthethweni, ngabom, akukho umlinganiswa ezahlukeneyo ngokwentlalo luncedo, luza kunye cala yokuziphatha ayidali olukhulu. Lifakwe ngokwezihloko olugunyazisiweyo ngokungqinelana iimeko siganeko. ngabantu abanolwazi, ingakumbi, wafunda ukuziphatha umenzi wobubi (yokwenzakala emzimbeni, ipropati, igama, njl njl).

NgokoMthetho ubala ingqalelo

Icandelo 2 tbsp. 14 Code Criminal iseka kwaye avelise iimpawu zentlalo-mthetho. Ngokukodwa, ithi phantsi kolu didi abayifumani izenzo zokuziphatha, ngokusesikweni kuquka nendlela zililo ezidweliswe kwi-Code, kodwa musa usongo ebalulekileyo. Ukuze sibone akalutho kufuneka kwenziwe ngaxeshanye iimeko ezimbini:

1. Indlela yokuziphatha kufuneka bawe phantsi amanqaku mthetho. Kunokwenzeka ke ngoko ukuchonga iindlela yangaphandle ngokungekho mthethweni.
2. Ukuziphatha kwe kwisifundo ngasinye, kufuneka kubekho ingozi yoluntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho ngenxa yokuba i ilahleko yomdlwenguli enza elusizi.

Amaxesha amaninzi abanye umonakalo, ezinye koluntu kwenzeka kakubi zingabalulekanga. Kodwa abazange ukufikelela mthetho kunye okubi, oluleko, yoluntu, isidanga neyolawulo blameworthiness. Kule meko, xa ukuthatha eli tyala inkundla ngenxa immateriality okanye umphandi uya kuqwalasela ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo uxanduva.

into ebaluleke

Yinto ingqalelo isenzo azibalulekanga, apho phambi iimpawu zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene nelahleko enyanisweni, kodwa akazange eze kuyo. Irrelevance kufuneka zombini luluvo kunye nenjongo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu wayefuna ukuba enze isenzo zingabalulekanga, kungekhona isiganeko yenzekile ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphaya kwamandla akhe. Kwimeko divergence lophunyezo ngqo nenjongo isifundo kukho uxanduva amanyathelo okuzama mthethweni ukuba ufuna ukwenza. Akukho nobuze kwimeko isenzo ngenjongo ukucacisa. Ngoko ke, ngokukodwa, malunga yokuziphatha apho umenzi wobubi kusengaphambili kwaye lufuneka nasisihlo naziphi iinketho ezingalunganga ezinokwenzeka ukuba ixhoba. Kwandule ke ukubakho uxanduva umonakalo obangelwe eneneni. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, ukugxothwa yeli tyala ngenxa immateriality ayandilandela.

nemiqathango yolawulo

It is a ezahlukahlukeneyo nemimiselo elawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, phakathi kwabo babizwa ngokuba kwimimiselo yobuchwepheshe eluntwini. Azikho kulawulwa ngumthetho, kodwa ziqukwe imithetho enxulumene xa iimfuno zoluntu. Kule meko, malungiselelo ezinjalo zisebenza nezithintelo zomthetho. Kuxhomekeka ushishino, nto leyo kulawulwa isenzo okungalunganga, ingaba civil, yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezolawulo. Udidi yokugqibela iyafana owesibini. Nangona kunjalo, le amatyala yolawulo iphawulwa kumgangatho ophantsi ingozi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, obunye ubutyala indalo.

Ezi nkcukacha wokumiswa

Akalutho isenzo lifezekiswa hayi kuphela ngokungqinelana nenkqubo ebekwe Article lengxoxo. iiyure ezili-14. 2 Ikhowudi. Xa kucingwa ekusekeni ubuzaza lweempawu luluvo kwaye injongo yokuziphatha ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe, kwaye iimpawu uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo into ngqo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iya kuba kubaluleke ngakumbi, iimpawu ngaphantsi iqapheleka baya kuwudla ilifa. Kufuneka kwakhona Mayisoloko ikhunjulwa into yokuba izenzo zokuziphatha, ezo zililo kuwo kwakheka kwi uhlobo eziphathekayo, ukuya phambili ekumiseleni akalutho ukuya izalathi isoyikiso kuluntu. Aphikisana ne esesikweni okanye thumbanails ephambili uyilo unikwa ngegalelo lako. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ubume izinto lomonakalo idla binzana ngokwanelisayo ezithile, nto leyo ethetha ukuba uya ukufaka. Xa sisincoko ezisesikweni udla sele esingacaciswanga umlinganiswa. Oku, idala imiqobo esizabelweyo.

circle of nokungena

Lo mthetho ayiqulathanga uluhlu izenzo ezinokuthi kuthathwa singabalulekanga kwiimeko ezithile. Intsingiselo jikelele Part Two Art. 14 Code isebenza kuzo zonke iindidi kakubi. Kodwa ukuze sibone lo mthetho, umzekelo, ewela ngokusesikweni phantsi iinkcukacha nokukhuthuzwa singabalulekanga kodwa kulahlekelwa isicelo into yolwaphulo- mthetho, kufuneka kubekho izinto ezongezelelweyo. iimeko ezinjalo, ingakumbi, zibandakanya irrelevance wenxalenye injongo (idla ngokuba yinto ukulungiselela nje ikhomishini sisenzo mthethweni), ngesidanga ukubandakanyeka okanye lingumxholo unetyala eyayichasene, njalo-njalo.

isiphelo

Kuba ubala wenza oko kuthetha ukuba ubonisa, mayibhekiswe efana ukuba siyahambelana kangangoko encinane kwaye inokungakhokeleli ilahleko enkulu. Ngokomzekelo, mncinci kakhulu ngokucacileyo kumalungiselelo emacala naliphi na inyathelo uhlobo minor. Ngokubanzi, injongo unetyala kufuneka zithunyelwe ngqo ukuphunyezwa isenzo minor zokuziphatha. Ukumisela oku, cinga iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Eyona nto egameni kulo mzekelo, izinga lokuziphatha yingozi komnye umntu, uluntu kunye norhulumente. Xa ukumisela ubala isahlulo esebenzayo 2 tbsp. 14 kweKhowudi. Inkqub zapheliswa ngenxa yokungabikho corpus Ngendaba ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kulo mzekelo, ixhoba ngokwakhe Bancokole akalutho kwisenzo umtyholwa. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka eze kuvela kuye ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle konxinzelelo. Kwaye kulo mzekelo, nangona ingxelo ixhoba, isigqibo sokugqibela malunga akabalulekanga okanye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziya kwamkelwa ngugunyaziwe abanobuchule. Ukusekwa akabalulekanga, Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuxolelwa sezomthetho. Act, siyacela kule ityala alisonjululwanga ithathwa njenge-mthetho, kodwa kuba phantsi kwayo iintanda ekubhekiselwe kuyo kweminye khowudi. Ngokukodwa, sidlule ukuba kudidi lolawulo mthetho. Kuba ubala isebenza kuphela kwizenzo phantsi Code Penal. Kwezinye iimeko, isiphumo ezinye izohlwayo aba eqhelekileyo kwamanye amacandelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abangayi kuba nako ukuphepha uxanduva mntu unetyala. Nakuba beqaphela akalutho isimilo sakhe akayi kuba ngokuqatha phantsi Code Criminal isohlwayo.