78-FZ "Xa ulawulo komhlaba," njengoko ufakelwe izilungiso

inkqubo yophuhliso mhlaba kumaxesha amandulo kwaye kulawulwa ngumthetho. Okwangoku, encinane iye yatshintsha. I-Russian Federation une-FZ 78 "Xa ulawulo komhlaba," apho yonke imigaqo esisiseko ephathelele kwesi sifundo, ucwangciso kunye nokucwangciswa imisebenzi komhlaba. Yiyo le senzo olumisiweyo ziya kuqwalaselwa kwinqaku.

amagama key

Inqaku 1 78 lomThetho Federal "Kwi woLawulo loMhlaba" iqulethe intlaninge yeendima ezibalulekileyo eziza kusetyenziswa izibonelelo zilandelayo isenzo emisiweyo.

Into yokuqala kunye ibalulekileyo - oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, inkqubo kanye yolawulo komhlaba. Yintoni na? Umthetho uthi nokuqokelelwa amanyathelo awodwa, nanjongo zawo ukufunda iimeko zomhlaba, ucwangciso esinengqiqo intlangano iindawo zomhlaba, ukhuseleko lwabo, uphawu indawo komhlaba izinto, emideni yabo, indlela eyiyo yokusetyenziswa kwendawo ekhoyo, njl

Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba - le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye ramified eziyimfuneko ukwakha okanye yotshintsho nemimandla ye-Russian Federation. Hi ndlela leyi, kwekota yesibini, njengoko kucacisiwe kwiSiqendu 1, kukho izinto zolawulo komhlaba. 78-FZ "Xa ulawulo komhlaba," uthi izinto ezinjalo iingingqi zoluntu ngokwazo. Ezi ziquka oomasipala ezahlukeneyo, iindawo zokuhlala, iindawo ezikhethekileyo, njl

Kuba ukuphunyezwa umgangatho kwinkqubo yolawulo komhlaba ifuna usebenziso ngamaxwebhu uhlobo olufanelekileyo. Ngokomthetho, ezi mpepha ziye zafunyanwa kwaye ezihonjiswe kwimisebenzi yolawulo lizwe.

Izizathu umhlaba

ulawulo Umhlaba ayikwazi ukuqalisa ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekileyo. Sekunjalo, oko kakhulu yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye ebanzi, kwaye ke kufuneka kubekho izizathu ezizodwa ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo. Ngokutsho Inqaku lesi-4 78 lomThetho Federal "Kwi woLawulo loMhlaba", iziseko zezi:

• sisigqibo iimpahla eligunyazisiweyo;
• izigqibo uhulumeni kunye namagunya engingqi izidumbu wengingqi self-government;
• nesilungiselelwe ngokukodwa eqinisekisiweyo contract ekufezeni umsebenzi ukuhlola komhlaba.

Kule ndawo phantsi ingqalelo na omnye umgaqo obalulekileyo kakhulu. Oku, ngokutsho Inqaku 3 ummiselo phantsi ingqalelo lo mgaqo xexo. Kwezinye iimeko, kufuneka isetyenziswe? Umthetho uthi ezi meko zilandelayo:

• kutshintshwa kwemida zezinto zolawulo komhlaba;
• ukubona umhlaba ukuba izifo ezithile (ubhekisa etyuwa, amanzi okanye ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngumoya uhlobo zokuxinana kwamanzi kunye nezikhukula, sahlala, desiccation, kunye nongcoliseko, etc ...);
• iqela amanyathelo ukuze abuyisele, ukuphucula okanye iindawo zolondolozo.

Neminye imigaqo umsebenzi kule ngingqi phantsi ingqalelo le nto kuthiwa Classic. Lo ngumthetho-siseko ukuba ulawulo lomthetho, ubulungisa, ubuntu, ukungqinelana nemigaqo, njalo-njalo. D.

Amagunya kaRhulumente

Inqaku lesi-5 zoMthetho № 78-FZ "Kwi woLawulo loMhlaba" sixhasa amagunya abasemagunyeni federal Russian ngokuphathelele imisebenzi. Oku kufuneka kuquke abasemagunyeni yase zilandelayo:

• ukusekwa nokwamkelwa kufuneka kulandelwe inkqubo ethile lwemisebenzi yolawulo komhlaba;
• bababambe phezu ummandla eliphethwe ngabasemagunyeni yase;
• nolungelelwaniso imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi nokulawulwa amaqumrhu alawulayo kwinqanaba federal;
• uphuhliso kunye nokwamkelwa nomthetho ofanelekileyo;
• ukusekwa nokwamkelwa indlela ekhethekileyo okubhalela iimviwo kwinqanaba lolawulo komhlaba amaxwebhu;
• umbutho kunye nokuziphatha lokongamela federal kule ndawo;
• ukubunjwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo jikelele lomhlaba ucando Russia;
• ulawulo i data mali karhulumente ezizodwa malunga imisebenzi yophatho komhlaba;
• eminye imisebenzi.

Apha ke kubalulekile ukukhumbula inqaku 72 loMgaqo-siseko we-Russian Federation, umba "B", elibhekisela ummiselo ezayame ngabasemagunyeni federal yezwekazi. Ngenxa yoko, amagunya Russian Federation kwimizobo unokwenza kunye namashishini indawo karhulumente.

Ngomhla isifundo komhlaba karhulumente

Yintoni ifakiwe kwinkqubo yophuhliso mhlaba ngokwalo? Oku kufuneka ndinixelela kancinci kakhulu. Federal uMthetho № 78-FZ "Kwi woLawulo loMhlaba", oko kukuthi inqaku 9, iseka imithetho enxulumene isifundo komhlaba.

Injongo zesi sifundo ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthile malunga nemeko yabo ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani. ukuze kulungiswe umba umsebenzi zezi zilandelayo:

• uvavanyo umgangatho kwiindawo komhlaba;
• uluhlu komhlaba;
• zoviwo lomhlaba, geobotanical, okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo.

Iingcali bekwi ikakhulu kwinkonzo zokuzoba kunye geodetic. Ezi zifundo ke sayo yonke eminye imisebenzi. Uphando ngohlobo survey nomhlaba kuyimfuneko ukuhlola imeko ndawo mhlaba. Wena lungenakuqondeka xa kukho ukunyhashwa kummandla okanye hayi kuhlolo ezinjalo.

Uvavanyo ne-inventri komhlaba

Ngokutsho N 78-FZ "Kwi woLawulo loMhlaba", uvavanyo lomhlaba linyathelo kakhulu ngexesha umsebenzi survey komhlaba. Ngexesha ulwazi wokuhlolwa zingafumaneka malunga neempawu yelizwe njengendlela imveliso kwezolimo.

I-Russian Federation na indawo ezizodwa apho uvavanyo yenziwa ukuphumeza iinjongo ezithile kakhulu. Umzekelo, eMpuma Ekude, umhlaba ivavanywa ukuxhasa imveliso amadlelo adle. Ngaba iyolala, kunye nezibonelelo ezizodwa, kudingeka kangaka le ndlela yokuphila ezizwe uhlobo ngamandla.

Enye inkqubo ebalulekileyo - le inventri. Umfumaniwesicelo kwenziwa ukuchonga amazwe kusetyenziswa okungafanelekanga okanye kusetyenziswa kwaphela. Injongo ye-inventri kukumisela eziphambili ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kummandla ngamnye.

Malunga isicwangciso sokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nenkcazelo indawo

Ukuze kuphuculwe umsebenzi ukwabiwa kwiindawo komhlaba ngokuhambelana ngqongqo kwinkangeleko kwezoqoqosho inani lenqaku 14 78-FZ "On ulawulo yelizwe '18.06.2001 fixed imithetho ephathelele intlangano kunye nocwangciso lokusetyenziswa komhlaba ngendlela efanele. Ukuze oku kufuneka kube ngexesha, ezi ndidi zilandelayo zomsebenzi:

• komhlaba yokwahlulwa kwinqanaba zendalo kunye nezolimo;
• ukuyilwa iziphakamiso ukusetyenziswa imimandla, ukhuseleko lwabo, njl

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba wonke lo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe ngokuhambelana ngqongqo ngamaxwebhu uhlobo ezidolophini.

Inqanaba elilandelayo ekuqhutyweni ulawulo komhlaba ukuchaza indawo yemida izinto. Umyalelo we kwindawo emiselwe yi-Government.

Kumda ezisefama

Inqaku le-18 N 78-FZ "On ulawulo yelizwe '18.06.2001 ithi ukuba baqhube njani kwinqanaba komhlaba-efama. eyiyo yokusetyenziswa imimandla kunye nokhuselo lwabo ngokukodwa kufuneka empumalanga.

Ngokutsho komthetho, kule nkqubo uhlobo komhlaba-ifama kuquka le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• ukubunjwa nokusetyenziswa amanyathelo ngenxa yotshintsho komhlaba kwezolimo, umhlaba omtsha, ulondolozo okanye ukuvuselelwa kwemimandla, etc;
• ukusebenza lombutho eyiyo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba ngenjongo yokuba ukuphunyezwa esemgangathweni imisebenzi yezolimo.

ubungayi kuba kwenzeke ngaphandle umsebenzi amaxwebhu ezizodwa ukuphunyezwa zonke ezi zenzo. Ukuba amaxwebhu kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kamva.

Malunga amaxwebhu

Isahluko 4 78-FZ "Xa ulawulo komhlaba," njengoko ufakelwe izilungiso nge 13/07/2015 ishwankathela iintlobo zamaxwebhu. Ngoko ke, nanku kukubonelela:

• uphawu jikelele yase kwesi sikimu, ngokunjalo schemes zommandla enxulumene nolawulo lomhlaba;
• izinto imephu;
• Iiprojekthi ulawulo lwangaphakathi;
• iiprojekthi ukuphucula umhlaba wezolimo;
• iimephu ezizodwa kunye kwiiatlasi.

Card, ngokwenqaku 20, luxwebhu apho izinto zolawulo belizwe ziboniswe iifom graphic nezibhaliweyo. Ikhankanya indawo bezinto, imilo zabo, ubungakanani, kunye nemida.

Ngomhla uxanduva, kunye notshintsho umthetho

Inqaku la-25 libhekisela isenzeko nayiphi na ubutyala embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho okanye waphula umthetho nemigaqo emiselwe kulo Mthetho. Inqaku la-26 libeka nemimiselo ithuba ukusombulula iingxabano enxulumene nolawulo lomhlaba. Kufuneka kwakhona jonga inqaku 64 iKhowudi loMhlaba, nto leyo ithi zonke iingxabano umhlaba unako kuqwalaselwa kuphela kwiinkundla. Amaqela ephikisana kungenzeka ukuba isicelo kwaye inkundla arbitral (a igunya non-government).

Yaye yintoni utshintsho kwenziwa ummiselo ngo-2015? Ezi nguqu kuvunywa ezincinane kakhulu: a mthetho ezimbalwa tweaked kwenkcazo 'izinto ze woLawulo loMhlaba. "