Ziziphi i-genotype? Ubaluleka be-genotype kwizenzululwazi nakwezemfundo

I-Genetics iye yaxakeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngeempumelelo zayo kwintsimi yokufunda i-genome yomntu nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Iindlela ezilula kunye nezibalo azenziyo ngaphandle kwemigqaliselo kunye nemimiselo eyamkelekileyo, engayithinteli le nzu lulwazi.

Ziziphi i-genotype?

Eli gama liqondwa ukuba lithetha isethi yamagciwane enyama enye egcinwe kuma-chromosomes nganye yeeseli zayo. Ingcamango ye-genotype imele ihluke kwi-genome, ekubeni zombini amagama athetha intsingiselo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, i-genome yinto yonke imfuza yezilwanyana (i-genome yabantu, i-monkey genome, i-genome genome).

I-genotype yoluntu yenziwe njani?

Yiyiphi i-genotype kwi-biology? Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshulwa ukuba isethi yeendiza zeseli nganye yomzimba ihlukile. Le ngcamango yachithwa kwimeko apho ososayensi bafumene indlela yokwenza i-zygote kwiigetes ezimbini: indoda kunye nesetyhini. Ekubeni naluphi na uhlobo oluthile oluphilayo oluvela kwi-zygote ngamaqela amaninzi, akubunzima ukuqagela ukuba zonke iiseli ezilandelayo ziza kufakwa i-gene.

Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukuhlula i-genotype yabazali ukusuka kweso somntwana. Isisu esisesizalweni sikamama sinesiqingatha sezinto eziphilayo ezisuka kumama noyise, ngoko ke abantwana, nangona kunjalo, bafana nabazali babo, kodwa ngelo xesha bangekho i-100%.

Yiyiphi i-genotype ne-phenotype? Uthini umahluko wabo?

I-phenotype yiyo yonke impawu zonke zangaphandle nangaphakathi zangaphakathi. Imizekelo ibandakanya umbala weenwele, ubukho beentlobo, ukukhula, uhlobo lwegazi, inani le-hemoglobin, ukuqala okanye ukungabikho kwe-enzyme.

Nangona kunjalo, i-phenotype ayikho into ecacileyo kwaye isigxina. Ukuba ubukela iinqwelo, umbala woboya babo buhluka ngokuxhomekeka kwangexesha: ehlotyeni baluhlaza, kwaye ebusika banamhlophe.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba isethi yamagciwane ahlala esigxina, kwaye i-phenotype iyahluka. Ukuba sinokuqwalasela umsebenzi obalulekileyo welilungu ngalinye kumzimba, naluphi na luthwala i-genotype efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, enye idibanisa i-insulin, enye i-keratin, isenzo sesithathu. Ngamnye akafani omnye komnye kwifom kunye nobukhulu, imisebenzi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-phenotypic. Yiyiphi i-genotype kwaye yintoni ukungafani kwabo kwi-phenotype.

Le nto ichazwa yinto yokuba xa ulwahlula iiseli zentsholongwane, ezinye izakhi zofuzo zifakwe kumsebenzi, ngelixa ezinye zikho "kwindlela yokulala". Ukugqibela okanye bonke ubomi babo bahlala bengasebenzi, okanye kusetyenziswa kwakhona iseli kwiimeko ezixinzeleleyo.

Imizekelo yokurekhoda ama-genotypes

Ngokwenza oko, ukufundwa kolwazi oluzuze ifa lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-gene encoding. Umzekelo, umgubo wamehlo omdaka ubhalwa ngeleta enkulu "A", kunye namehlo aluhlaza - inqaku elincinci elithi "a". Ngoko bonisa ukuba uphawu lolawulo oluphambili lubonakala lukhulu, kwaye umbala obala okwesibhakabhaka uphindaphinda.

Ngoko, ngesiseko sabantu kunoku:

• I-homozygotes ephezulu (AA, i-eyed brown-eyed);
• I-Heterozygotes (Aa, amehlo e-brown);
• I-homozygotes (ii-eyey blue).

Ngalo mgaqo, ukusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo komnye nomnye kufundwa, kwaye iimbini eziliqela zejesi ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ngexesha elilodwa. Ngako oko umbuzo uvela: yintoni i-genotype 3 (4/5/6, njl)?

Ibinzana elinjalo lithetha ukuba iimbini zeejethi zithathwa ngokukhawuleza. Ingxelo iya kuba, umzekelo, okulandelayo: AABBC. Apha zikhona izakhi zofuzo ezintsha ezijongene neempawu ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo (umzekelo, iinwele ezichanekileyo kunye neengqungquthela, ubukho beprotheni okanye ukungabikho kwayo).

Kutheni i-geneticpe irekhodi engumlinganiselo?

Nayiphi na imfuza efunyenwe lulwazi lunegama elithile. Ngokugqithiseleyo ezi ziNgesi magama okanye amabinzana, anokufikelela ubude obude ubude. Ukupeliswa kwamagama kunzima kubameli bezesayensi zangaphandle, ngoko izazinzulu ziye zazisa irekhodi elula yamajethi.

Nangona umfundi wesikolo esiphakamileyo maxa wambi angayazi ukuba yintoni i-genotype 3a. Ingxelo elolo hlobo kuthetha ukuba izilwanyana ezintathu zesiganeko esifanayo zijongene nemfuza. Xa usebenzisa igama loqobo lomfuzo, ukuqonda imigaqo yobuhedlele kunokuba nzima.

Ukuba sithetha ngezibhubhoratri apho kukho izifundo eziphambili ze-karyotype kunye ne-DNA eziqhutyelwayo, ngoko amagama aseburhulumenteni asemagqabini athathwe kuwo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukhethekileyo kwezo zenzululwazi ezishicilela iziphumo zophando lwabo.

Apho asetyenziswa khona i-genotype

Enye into ebalulekileyo yokusebenzisa iincwadana ezilula iphela. Amawaka eentlobo zegesi anegama lawo elikhethekileyo, kodwa elowo kubo lingabelwa kuphela ngeleta yesiLatin. Kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu, xa usombulula iingxaki zofuzo kwiimpawu ezahlukileyo, iileta ziphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngexesha ngalinye intsingiselo ichazwa. Ngokomzekelo, omnye umsebenzi we-gene B ngumbala omnyama weenwele, kwaye kwelinye kukho ubukho be-mole.

Umbuzo othi "yiyiphi i-genotypes" ayikhuliswa kuphela kwiiklasi ze-biology. Enyanisweni, ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhundla kubangela ukungalingani kwemimiselo kunye nemigangatho yesayensi. Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, ukusebenzisa i-genotype yimodeli yemathematika. Ubomi bobubomi, yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi, nangona ukuba umgaqo-jikelele uyaqhubeka uhanjiswe kumaphepha.

Ngokubanzi, i-genotypes ngendlela eyaziwa ngayo isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yesikolo nakwiyunivesithi ekuxazululeni iingxaki. Oku kulula ukuqonda isihloko esithi "yiyiphi i-genotypes" kwaye ikhulisa amandla abafundi ukuba bahlalutye. Kwixesha elizayo, ubuchule bokusebenzisa irekhodi elinjalo luncedo, nangona kunjalo, uphando lwangempela, le migaqo kunye namagama emfuza zifanelekileyo.

Okwangoku, iigleji zifundiswa kwii-laboratories ezahlukeneyo. Ukubethelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwama-genotype kufanelekileyo ekuboniswaneni kwezokwelapha, xa enye okanye ezininzi zeziphumo zilandelwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kwiphumo, iingcali zikwazi ukuchaza ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic kubantwana abanamathuba athile (umzekelo, ukubonakala kwi-25% yamatyala e-blondes okanye ukuzalwa kwama-5% wabantwana abane-polydactyly).