Yintoni Uqoqosho microeconomics?

Uqoqosho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwingcamango enye kwezoqoqosho. imigaqo yayo isetyenziswa yi urhulumente ukuba kuzinziswe iimeko lemarike maxesha anzima nokungazinzi koqoqosho kunye ukuwa. Izazinzulu ziye amashumi bafunda ntoni Uqoqosho lwesizwe. Ukubekwa Dzhona Keynsa classic kwaye kwasekwa kakuhle.

mbono Keynes

Ngenkulungwane XX, indlela entsha isifundo loqoqosho lwesizwe. Abaphandi baqalisa ukuqwalasela uqoqosho elinye kwelizwe liphela. Ngoko ke yintoni na Uqoqosho? It is a isayensi ufunda uqoqosho kazwelonke kwinkqubo enye. Le ndlela ekugqibeleni ukusekwa kutshanje kuphela, nangona ezinye iimpawu zakhe babekho kule imisebenzi yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko yamandulo (Adams, Marx, njalo njalo. D.).

Le inzululwazi oluzimeleyo wazalelwa 30 lwekhulu XX. Uninzi konke oko kunxulumene yokuvulwa kunye nokusebenza wamazwe IsiNgesi John Maynard Keynes. imfundiso yakhe phantsi kwempembelelo zeziganeko xesha lwabengxolo. Kwi-20 emva kwexesha kwabakho le-Great Depression, nto leyo ebangele nengxaki zezimali kwi US naseYurophu. Kuye kwacaca ukuba inkqubo kwimarike yezoqoqosho yesiqhelo lutshitshe. Ixesha of izazinzulu Yamxuluba umnxeba.

Uqoqosho Microeconomics

Dzhon Keyns ukwakhiwa oko Uqoqosho lwesizwe, kwincwadi yakhe "The General Theory of Employment, Inzala Money," epapashwe ngo-1936. Kwaba ukususela ngaloo mzuzu waqalisa uphuhliso discipline yenzululwazi omtsha. Kodwa isiqingatha senkulungwane phambi kwakukho microeconomics Uqoqosho lwesizwe. Akazi ukufunda uqoqosho ngokubanzi, kunye nezisombululo ukuya nxaxheba ethile kwimarike. Microeconomics kwakhona Uqwalasela ingxaki amaxabiso. Xa ububanzi olwalo uhlalutyo ziquka iindlela ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo kuphela.

Ngoko ke, Microeconomics lijongene kunye namaziko athile kwezoqoqosho, ngelixa Uqoqosho ufunda ingenzi lwesizwe ngokubanzi. Keynes, ku ephambili Labour wakhe wachaza oko iingqiqo ngezimanga abaluleke kakhulu imfundiso yakhe entsha. Le imveliso yasekhaya, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, kunye nomndilili kwinqanaba lamaxabiso. Uhlaziyo konke oku kuvumela ukuba siqonde into Uqoqosho lwesizwe. Ingcaciso igxininisa ukuba i-science ezimeleyo. Nakuba kunjalo, asinako ukuba microeconomics kunye Uqoqosho zikhona ngokuzimeleyo ngalinye enye. Zezona kwamasebe amabini kwingcamango yenzululwazi enye, ngoko ke basebenzisane kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi.

Ukugxeka umnotho lakudala lwezopolitiko

Ukuze uqonde into nama- Uqoqosho lwesizwe, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukujonga ingcamango ukuba ababemelene. Kwaye yena emthethweni yemarike, apho ziqulunqwe Jean-Baptiste Say. Yaba ngezoqoqosho French, owafuza kwisikolo wezinto yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko, kwincopho umsebenzi senzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX.

Eli umyalelo wayo ophambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba intengiso yeemveliso engenisa imali, nto leyo ke, isiseko ukuyilwa imfuno entsha. Esi sigqibo wkunyeiselwa kuqoqosho yesizwe xa sisonke ukuya kwixesha xa ncwadi epapashwe Dzhona Keynsa. Izazinzulu waqhuba uhlalutyo yeengxaki lwehlabathi kwi-20 emva kwexesha bafika kwisigqibo sokuba iindlela aliqulunqileyo Yithi, kwiimeko langoku azisebenzi.

urhulumente makangenelele naye kuqoqosho

Keynes wayekholelwa ukuba imarike yayiqalwe akungebikho kuqiniseka. Ngoko umphengululi wakhuthaza yokomelezwa yommiselo karhulumente le kuqoqosho. Yintoni na Uqoqosho kulo mongo? It sisixhobo likarhulumente, kwakufuneka ukuhlalutya imeko loqoqosho lwesizwe. Abasemagunyeni Ungasebenzisa iindlela macro-economic ukulawula kakuhle imeko yakhe.

izimvo Keynes zaye kwaphinda kwelona nqanaba liphezulu. Kule minyaka ingama-60 yethisisi wakhe waba sisiseko nkqubo US, i-United Kingdom, Canada naseSweden. Zonke ezi amazwe ngoku ebonakala umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila nozinzo zemali. Kukho kule kwintlalo-ntle kunye nempumelelo Uqoqosho njenge inzululwazi isicelo.

Ubume macroeconomy

Le ukwahlulwa koqoqosho single kwiimarike kakuhle ibonisa ukuba Uqoqosho ezinjalo. Le inzululwazi iqaqambisa kuqoqosho jikelele kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Imarike lokuqala - yokurhweba imiba yemveliso. Nguye ibalulekileyo. Oku kuquka izinto ezifana nomhlaba, abasebenzi, zemali kunye nemali ngokwasemzimbeni. Ezinye izazinzulu zibhekisela kolu luhlu, kwaye kwakhona iseti iitalente kunye namandla oluntu ekuhlaleni.

Imarike elandelayo - imarike kweempahla kunye neenkonzo. Le yinto ebalulekileyo Uqoqosho lwesizwe. Yintoni na? Oku kuquka ukuveliswa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo, oko kukuthi, ngamanye amazwi, ukuyilwa yonikezelo kunye nemfuno - injini iphambili na kuqoqosho. Apha benikana amaxabiso yokwenene, ngoko eli kuthiwa yokwenene.

Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo Uqoqosho - yezimali. Zisetyenziswa kurhwebo kunye kwimarike izibambiso. Kukho imali Viva, ngaphandle mboleko, imisebenzi exchange. Ekuthiwa-imodeli lwezwekazi kwiimalike zemali swi izibambiso, iinkampani ze-inshorensi, kumhlalaphantsi nakwiingxowa-mali mali.

imijikelo Business

ithiyori kuqoqosho eyaziswa ukusetyenziswa lwenzululwazi elithi imijikelo kwezoqoqosho. Bamele ukuhla nokunyuka yovandlakanyo - amahla ndinyuka kuphuhliso loqoqosho. imijikelo Economic zifumaneka kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo. Baye zigaba ezininzi - kwincopho Ukudodobala emazantsi. Ukuhla nokunyuka kumjikelo ishishini kunokuba iyanqaphazeka, kwaye iyingozi.

Izazinzulu abahlola oko Uqoqosho lwesizwe kunye microeconomics, ezichongwe unobangela yale mijikelo. Lo isenokuba revolution, imfazwe, ukutshintsha isimo abatyali-mali, njalo njalo .. Konke oku kuchaphazela ulungelelwano phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuneko lamntu. Umlinganiswa nohlobo kwimijikelo zoqoqosho ezinxulumene ngqo iziganeko zoqoqosho ezifana ezifana ngqesho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso.

nobushushu

Bempilo nabo ecetywayo elithi "nobushushu uqoqosho". Le meko ke imeko xa lizwe ufikelela ezona izakhono zabo zemali. Ngenxa yoku, Isimanga, kusenokubakho kwamandla emali kunye kukunyuka kwamaxabiso.

Nabo ke, ntonje unobangela lokwehla kwezoqoqosho kunye ngqesho nokungazinzi koqoqosho. Ukuba lizwe lifumana nemeko efanayo, kufuneka angenelele karhulumente. Leyo iziseko theoretical component Uqoqosho kuza abasemagunyeni uncedo. Keynes kunye nabalandeli bakhe baye bafunda ngamava ezakhayo le ntlekele. Imigaqo emininzi ziqulunqwe kubo osetyenziswa ngamazwe ezahlukeneyo ngexesha uxinzelelo. Wokuhlangana amanyathelo recovery uqoqosho - oko kukuthi Uqoqosho lwesizwe kunye microeconomics. Inkcazo kwezi nkalo na yesifundo ngasinye weendawo.

-nkqubo yezoqoqosho neyemali

States apho urhulumente uyazi kakuhle kakhulu into Uqoqosho lwesizwe, ukumelana iingxaki nokungazinzi koqoqosho ngempumelelo. nkqubo sinjalo, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa impembelelo yokudodobala koqoqosho, wabiza imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho neyemali.

Zahlukene njani? Ngenkulungwane XX, mbono eziye zavela ntoni nkqubo wemali Uqoqosho emali. State Akunqumle irhafu okanye ukwandisa ukuthenga zabo ezivenkileni. Amanyathelo kuqiniswa-nkqubo karhulumente. Kuye kuneengxaki zako. Ingakumbi ukuba akumi yokuba uRhulumente lingafaka engozini iilahleko ezinkulu uhlale intsilelo mali.

Umgaqo wolawulo-mali usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuzinzisa imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Ukulungiselela le njongo, i-Central Bank. Yena angasindisa lokuthengisa unikezelo eyongezelelweyo imali. Inzuzo komgaqo wolawulo-mali phambi kokuba mali kukuba xa wenza inkqubo logcino kakhulu nokuphendula kwiinguqulelo ezininzi. Oku kwenza ukuba uqoqosho ngaphandle crisis ngokukhawuleza. Population elo khondo ngakumbi kuluncedo kuba kulo mzekelo, anikwe ngakumbi mboleko yabathengi. Eyona njongo iphambili yomgaqo-lawulo wemali wabizwa uzinzo ixabiso, ukukhula imveliso nengqesho ngokupheleleyo ekuhlaleni.