Yintoni na imichiza? Le nkqubo kunye uphawu le imichiza

A izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo izinto, ziyaphila kunye namaqumrhu ezingaphiliyo zendalo ezisingqongileyo. Kwaye bonke babe ukwakhiwa kwawo, isakhiwo, izakhiwo. Eziphilayo abantu uqhubeke reactions ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo ezihamba iinkqubo zobomi. isidumbu zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngokwendalo kwizinto eziphilayo isakhiwo entsonkothileyo eziphilayo atomic.

Kodwa lonke izinto umhlaba bakaThixo yinto eqhelekileyo: zenziwe amasuntswana ezininzi amancinane noshowo ekuthiwa atom imichiza. Yinto encinane kangangokuba ngeliso lenyama akuthethi kubabona. Yintoni na imichiza? Ziziphi iimpawu banayo kwaye bakuqiqa ubukho babo njani? Zama ukuqonda.

Ingcamango yokuba kukho imichiza

Ukuqonda lwakudala lokuba izinto kwemichiza - kuyinto nje atom lomzobo umboniso. Amasuntswana enza yonke into ekhoyo kwindalo iphela. Yiloo nto ke, umbuzo othi "yintoni na imichiza" uyakwazi ukunika impendulo. Oku izakhiwo ezincinane entsonkothileyo zonke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo athom kunye, edityanisiweyo igama eqhelekileyo ukuba uphawu wayo womzobo (umlinganiswa).

Namhlanje malunga 118 izinto ukuba ezibonakalayo kokubini kunye nokunqandwa kwakunye nawo ngokwenza ngayo zenyukliya yokuguga of nuclei ezinye atom. Nganye isethi iimpawu, isimo sabo kule nkqubo iyonke, ukuvulwa ibali kunye negama, kwaye kananjalo wenza indima uhlobo nobomi eziphilileyo. Isifundo kwezi mpawu ibandakanyeka inzululwazi zemichiza. imichiza - sisiseko ukwakhiwa iimolekyuli zombini khompawundi ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo, kunye intsebenziswano ngaloo imichiza.

History of izovela

nokuqonda izinto yintoni lwekhemikhali, oko kuphela kwinkulungwane XVII ngomsebenzi Boyle. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala wathetha ngalo mba, wayinika le nkcazelo ilandelayo. Oku ayahlukahlukenanga into encinane ezilula, apho kukho yonke into, kuquka zonke ezintsonkothileyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba lo msebenzi yayisonganyelwa izimvo kweyezazi, siyayamkela imfundiso eziqalelo ezine - Empidokla noAristotle, kwakunye evulekileyo i "ekuqaleni enokutsha" (isalfure), kwaye "isiqalo metal" (mercury).

Phantse wonke ngenkulungwane XVIII liye landiswa theory lesiphoso ngokupheleleyo awunalo. Noko ke, ekupheleni kweli xesha, Antuan loran Lavuaze wabonisa ukuba yangoonomgogwana bezizwe. Oku kuphinda ekuqulunqeni Boyle, kodwa lizalisa kwiinzame yokuqala nokumisa bonke eyaziwa ngexesha lweziqalelo, bazithumela ngokwamaqela ezine: iintsimbi radicals nonmetals emhlabeni.

Inyathelo elikhulu elandelayo ekuqondeni oko imichiza, ekwenzeni wayeseDalton. Kuthiwa nguye kwafunyanwa mass atomic. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuba isasaze yinxalenye izinto eyaziwa chemical ukuze ukwandisa ubunzima atomic.

uphuhliso ngoku- okukhawulezileyo kwenzululwazi nobugcisa likuvumela ukuba wenze inani obafunyanwa leziqalelo ezintsha kuhlanganiselo imizimba zendalo. Ngoko ke ngo 1869 - indalo elikhulu ixesha D. I. Mendeleeva - inzululwazi wazi ubukho izakhi 63. Umsebenzi we-nzulu Russian yaba ulwahlulohlulo yokuqala epheleleyo kwaye ngonaphakade-ezisekiweyo ezi ngamasuntswana.

Ubume bale imichiza ngexesha iye ayasekwa. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba atom lo ayahlukahlukenanga, oko iyunithi incinane. Ngenxa kwafunyanwa radioactivity singqiniwe ukuba yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo alawulekayo. Phantse oko wonke zikhona ngokohlobo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezininzi zendalo (amasuntswana ezifanayo kodwa inani ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezakhiweyo neutron, leyo iyahluka ukusuka ubunzima atomic). Ngenxa yoko, phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, waphumelela ekugqibeni ngokomyalelo ingqiqo element wemichiza.

Inkqubo imichiza

Isiseko ISAZINZULU wabeka umahluko mass atomic ilawulwa ngendlela okuqaqambileyo ukulungiselela zonke imichiza eyaziwa ngokolandelelwano ekwandiseni. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzulu kunye kokuqaqamba acinga ngayo zenzululwazi wokuyenza yayikukuba Mendeleyev ushiye izithuba ezingenanto kwindlela yakho, iiseli ezivulekileyo beengxenye kodwa ayaziwa, apho, ngokutsho izazinzulu, iya kuvulwa kwixesha elizayo.

Yaye yonke kwaba kanye njengoko watshoyo. Iziqalelo eekhemikhali ixesha ngamaxesha ezaliswe zonke iiseli ezingenanto. izazinzulu isakhiwo ngasinye kwangaphambili iye yavulwa. Kwaye ngoku kakuhle sinokuthi nkqubo imichiza imelwe ziiyunithi 118. Noko ke, ezintathu ukuvulwa yokugqibela okwangoku kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni.

Ngokwawo, i inkqubo imichiza wabonisa itafile ngokwegrafu apho izinto zilungiswe ngokweempawu zazo oluneqela lihlawulisa umphakathi kunye neempawu noshowo kweqokobhe electron-athom. Ngoko ke, kukho ixesha (iziqwenga 7) - imiqolo tyaba, amaqela (iziqwenga 8) - nkqo, sub-iqela (eziphambili sideline kwiqela ngalinye). Kaninzi ngokwahlukeneyo kwiingcamba asezantsi kwetafile ezingenisiweyo imiqolo emibini eentsapho - ezi lanthanides kunye actinides.

inkqubo periodic Mendeleev kaThixo iqulethe yonke inkcazelo efunekayo malunga imichiza (inani lothotho, inani abaninzi, igama, maxa wambi ezidlulileyo zomaleko ngesakhiwo yekhompyutha).

amagama Part

Ilungelo ukunika yegama elinikwe umntu owenze kokufunyanwa element kwemichiza. Abaninzi zithiywe iiplanethi (uranium, neplutoniyam, neptunium). Abanye banikwa igama imbeko kubaphandi enkulu (mendelevium, uRutherford, Copernicium kunye nabanye).

izinto zidla zithiywe izixeko namazwe (ruthenium, germanium, Dubna, eFransi, iYurophu kunye nabanye). Isithembiso bakhonza ngisho amaqhawe njengokuba wasentsomini (promethium). Kwakhona Kuyaziwa xa igama elithile inikwe kwi kwiipropati oluboniswe zizinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo of a element elinikiweyo (hydrogen, ioksijini, carbon).

Amagama abhaliweyo Latin, kodwa kwilizwe lethu kukho inguqulelo Russian of amagama eyendeleyo. Uphawu isiqalelo nganye ithathwa ukuba ileta yokuqala yegama Latin, okanye kuqala kunye naluphi elandelayo. UMZEKELO: calcium (Ca) - calcium, boron (B) - Iboron.

athom chemical element uphawu

ummeli ngalinye inkqubo ngamaxesha uneempawu zawo kubume kunye neepropati asakhasayo. Uphawu chemical element iqulunqwe uhlalutyo nokwakhiwa nucleus kunye elektroniki ungqameko zayo kwakunye inkcazo into elula, ukuba ukuyilwa, kunye nemixube ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukwakhiwa ingxenye atom of imichiza kuquka ezininzi amasuntswana - nucleons:

• protons emisela isigxina yalo entle (p ^{+ 1),} yaye inxalenye mass atomic;
• neutron echaphazela inani ubunzima element nokuba akukho ntlawulo (n ^0).

Olunye uhlobo ngamasuntswana - electron. Ezi pleyiti ziyashukuma core kwaye isimangalo ezimbi (e ^-1). isini sabo umbhodamo, kodwa wabayala ngokungqongqo. Bona zibekwe kwi orbitals (s, p, d kwaye f), nto leyo yenze sublevels kunye namanqanaba (electronic layers).

Ubunzima atomic le element liyilwe protons kunye neutron, wokuhlangana ebizwa "inani mass". Inani protons ichazwa kakhulu nje - ukuba lilingana nenani ngokokuma i element kule nkqubo. Kwaye njengoko atom jikelele - kwinkqubo electroneutral, ngamanye amazwi kunye akukho namnye isigxina, inani elektroni embi kusoloko lilingane inani ngamasuntswana protons ezintle.

Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu element ngamachiza kunikwa kwindawo yayo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Emva kokuba Iseli ichazwa phantse yonke into: inani lothotho, nto leyo ithetha electron kunye protons ukuba, ubunzima-atom (ixabiso avareji zonke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ekhoyo i element). Oku kunokubonwa oboniswe isakhiwo (kungoko, electron ziya zibekwe zomaleko nanjengokuba amaninzi). Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela inani amasuntswana embi ukuya yokugqibela kwinqanaba amandla izinto iqela eziphambili - oko lilingana nenani iqela umba yi ibekwe khona.

inani neutron kungabalelwa ngokuthabatha ukusuka ubunzima protons, okt namba. Ngaloo ndlela, sinako kwaye wenze le fomyula electron diffraction wonke ukuba isiqalelo ngasinye ukuba zifane ibonisa ubume bawo kwaye abonisa kunokwenzeka ubungakanani igcwala kwaye ebonisa iimpawu.

izinto Distribution endalweni

Ufundo lo mba ibe inzululwazi - chemistry isithuba. Le data zibonisa ukuba ukwabiwa izinto kule planethi ulandela indlela efanayo kuyo yonke indalo. Lo mthombo uphambili nuclei ukukhanya, atom enzima yogesi abasabela yenyukliya olwenzeka iinkwenkwezi - nucleosynthesis. Ngenxa yale nkqubo, indalo sidibene nendawo esemajukujukwini sisibiza babonelele iplanethi yethu nazo zonke izinto ezikhoyo chemical.

Ezingama-118 abameli ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze kwimithombo yendalo, abantu kwafunyanwa 89 Oko kubalulekile, i-atom zixhaphakileyo. imichiza nazo kuhlelwe ngokuzenzela yi neutron bombardment of nuclei (nucleosynthesis phantsi kweemeko elebhu).

I ezininzi kakhulu zithathwa izinto ezilula ngezinto ezifana initrogen, ioksijini, hydrogen. Carbon iqukiwe zonke izinto eziphilayo, yaye ngoko ke ibamba isikhundla phambili.

Ucalulo lobume electronic-athom

Enye zokuhlelwa zixhaphakileyo kuzo zonke imichiza - ukwabiwa kuzo ngokusekelwe isakhiwo elektroniki. Indlela amazinga kakhulu amandla zibandakanyiwe iqokobhe atom kwaye iqulethe abokugqibela babo electron Valence, kukho amaqela ezine Izakhi.

S-elements

It is labo apho yokugqibela igcwele s-Orbital. Lo mkhaya iziqalelo iqela lokuqala kwiqela eziphambili (okanye isinyithi kwealkali). Kuphela elinye electron kwinqanaba engaphandle ichaza iimpawu ezifanayo abameli zombini arhente nokunciphisa ngamandla.

P-elements

Zizonke 30. Valence elektroni ebekwe kwi-p-sublayer. Zizo ezi izinto zenza subgroups eziyintloko wesithathu ukuya yesibhozo ezinxulumene kwixesha 3,4,5,6 iqela. Phakathi kwazo kukho omabini isinyithi kunye nezinto ebuntsimbi ezithile kwiimpawu.

d-f-elements nezinto

Le nguqu isinyithi 4 ukuya kowe-7 ixesha elide. Izinto 32 zizonke. izinto ezilula unako ukubonisa iimpawu zombini emuncu kunye ezisisiseko (igcwala kunye unciphiso). Kwakhona, amphoteric, ie-mbini.

K f-usapho kuquka lanthanides kunye actinides, apho electron aphezu yokugqibela f-orbitals.

Substances akhiwa izinto: elula

Kwakhona, zonke iiklasi imichiza ekwaziyo ekhoyo ngohlobo iikhompawundi ezilula okanye ezintsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yoko, elula uthathwa nje kwabo akhiwa isakhiwo efanayo izixa ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, _i-O-2 - okanye ioksijini dioxygen _no-3 - ozone. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba allotropes.

izinto ezilula chemical kusekwe igama elifanayo eqhola Uphawu ukuba ummeli ngamnye nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Kodwa asingabo bonke alinganayo iipropati mboniso. Ngoko ke, kukho iintsimbi into elula nonmetals. I subgroups yokuqala enkulu lokuqulunqa iqela 1-3 nabo bonke subgroups kuluhlu ecaleni. Kwakhona Non-iintsimbi ibe iqelana enkulu amaqela 4-7. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo esibhozo ezikhethekileyo - iigesi amanene okanye egalelwe.

Phakathi bonke avulekileyo phezu izinto ezilula eyaziwa namhlanje phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo gesi 11, izinto ezingamanzi 2 (bromine kunye mercury), kunye nazo zonke ezinye - okuqinileyo.

iikhompawundi complex

Ukuba abo baza bonke, enamakhulu izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu chemical. Imizekelo ubunzima, kuba iikhemikhali ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2! Oku iityuwa, oxides, asidi kunye neziseko, iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ezintsonkothileyo, zonke izinto eziphilayo.