Yintoni a herbarium nendlela yokwenza oko?

Ukususela ekuzalweni, singqongwe zizityalo. Ixesha lokuqala, yinto ke yamkholisa. Ke konke uba obuqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle koku, bayaqhubeka kusimangalise.

Yintoni i herbarium

Herbarium - ingqokelela izityalo emangalisayo kunye imifuno. Eli gama livela kwigama kwisiLatini Herba - isityalo okanye ingca. Herbarium obizwa intlangano, equlethe le imifuno efanayo kunye nezityalo.

Ezi zityalo ziqokelelwe ngqo, ngoko zasushivat.

Izityalo ngokuqhelekileyo ziqokelelwe ehlotyeni nasekwindla, xa iintlobo ezininzi kangaka ezahlukeneyo kotyani.

abahloli kangako

abantwana abaselula kokuya esikolweni Cacisa ukuba yintoni herbarium. Ootitshala ukwabela ngokungqalileyo ukuba epakini, umyezo, apho kuqokelela amagqabi ezintle emithi ezahlukeneyo kunye namatyholo.

Akumangalisi ukuba abantwana ungathanda ukuqokelela herbarium ngezandla zabo. Emva iyazazi uhlobo reserve entliziyweni iimvakalelo nawuphi na umntwana xa ethetha. Baya kuqokelela kuphela amagqabi, kodwa Iintyatyambo ezintle ezimibalabala.

Ukuyiqonda into herbarium, abantwana baya kufunda leyo utyalayo ngeenxa zonke, ukuba bajonge kunye nevumba ngayo. Baya kwazi ukuba ubungakanani, umbala kunye nevumba.

Uphononongo izityalo kakhulu ukuba uqale kunye nokuqokelelwa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwazeka kuwo umntwana, ngeplantain, chamomile, edandelion, amagqabi rowan kunye ze clover, oki amagqabi, maple njalo njalo.

Abagcini babantwana kufuneka unikeze zemvelo kancinane ukuba isityalo esinye, kungakuhle ukuba akazukuyibamba; mhlawumbi luhlobo ezinqabileyo, yaye ukuba ubaqangqulule, ungenza umonakalo omkhulu.

Ngaphezu koko, ootitshala kubanceda ukuba benze njani herbarium yaye yomile ngokufanelekileyo, izityalo ixesha elide ukukholisa iliso, qinani umbala wabo yaye musa ukuwa.

Qokelela herbarium kunye nabafundi. Nawuphi na umfundi inokufumaneka kwincwadi igqabi entabeni ash okanye maple, okanye oki, njalo-njalo. Ngomhla nobusika, ekhumbuza a kwehlobo efudumeleyo kunye ekwindla segolide, enikela enothando siyamkholisa iliso.

History of indalo

Ngokutsho data yembali, ukuqokelelwa yokuqala izityalo asekwa ngexesha thuba Renaissance. ERashiya, eli xesha emva kwexesha kancinane - kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo.

Kweli nqanaba ehlabathini-malunga namakhulu amahlanu amaziko herbaria inkulu. Baya ziqokelelwa kwaye ukuba yome iintlobo abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu amawaka imifuno nezityalo.

I ezininzi kakhulu kwi herbarium yomyezo British ngezityalo. Le ise kwisixeko Kew. Kukho angaphezu kwezigidi ezithandathu amaxwebhu, phakathi apho isityalo womile. I enkulu Russian Botanical Institute, nto leyo ibekwe kwisixeko St. Petersburg, ukuba amaphepha ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezihlanu.

Kule (isixeko Saint-Petersburg) Imperial Botanical Garden kukho herbaria ehlabathini lonke, kodwa inkoliso zizityalo Russian. Ngokubanzi, i herbarium iqulathe malunga enye ikhulu lamawaka iintlobo zezityalo, Russian - iintlobo amabini amawaka eqokelelwe kulo lonke eRashiya. nyaka ngamnye ingqokelela is ahlanganiswe iintlobo ezintsha.

-Nzulu enkulu Swedish Karl Linney kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, okona akuthandayo enezityalo nezilwanyana. Uye wenza ingqokelela ezininzi zezityalo, ezo kungokunje kwi Museum of London. Amaqabane Linnaeus wathengisa ingqokelela kwakhe eNgilani, ngoxa kwakungekho kumkani yaseSweden. Lo kumkani wazama nokubuyisela herbarium ezixabisekileyo, kodwa akabanga nako; iinqanawa British sahamba.

Collection Bunge (herbarium Russian) nayo ithengiswe eFransi.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu bahlule phakathi iipropati kuyingenelo kwaye kuyingozi zezityalo, kodwa ukuqokelela iingqokelela zabo akukho namnye wenza. Eyokuqala yaba gerbarievedom Luca Ghini - Pisa kunye Bologna ingcali ngezityalo.

Ngelo xesha waqalisa ukuqokelela herbarium Kaspar Rattsenberg. imifanekiso yakhe igcinwa kwi the Royal kwiMyuziyam Kassel kwaye igqalwa omdala. Iqulethe iintlobo 746 ezahlukeneyo zezityalo.

ezingundoqo

isityalo herbarium kufuneka ilifa mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Lo mzi-mveliso kufuneka ome kwi-moya ngqo phakathi amaxwebhu, phantsi koxinzelelo ethile. Asinako ukuvumela alutshise emoyeni evulekileyo, kungenjalo kungqameko ngemithambo kwamagqabi zengca pripodnimut, ukwakha amaqhuma uhlanganise ngentlama enye, nto leyo eza kukhokelela izitya ngokukhawuleza kwisityalo.
2. Phantsi kwisityalo kufuneka nakanjani babe igama layo - yesayensi nezaziwayo. Kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba isityalo utshile omnye okanye enye sheet.
3. Kunyanzelekile ukuba ukhankanye ixesha yokuqokelela okanye nezidubula ngayo isityalo. Kuyimfuneko ukwazi ngqo xa kusenziwa olu uqokelelo.
4. Le ndawo kunye nakwisihlalo ukuqokelelela nayo ibalulekile. Oko kukuthi, kufuneka ukhankanye igama ndawo, kodwa kubonisa ukuba ingaba engcotyeni, ehlathini, a kumgxobhozo okanye nasemaweni, emathafeni plain, njalo-njalo.
5. Qaphela ukwanda izityalo kufuneka ukuze azi ukuba yinto enqabileyo okanye ekhulayo kuyo yonke indawo, ukukhula wedwa okanye njengeqela.
6. Umiselwa umhlaba apho isityalo lukhula yacazululwa: obambe, udongwe, umhlaba omnyama, ngumhlaba obomvu, isanti okanye ezinye.

Zonke ezi data ziyafuneka ukuze azi ukuba uhlobo lwesityalo, njengoko womile kwaye igcinwe kwixesha elizayo.

omiswe

Okusula izityalo, imifuno, amagqabi, iintyatyambo kufuneka kwiqondo elithile, phakathi amaphepha ngokusebenzisa ucinezelo. Njengoko cinezela angasebenzisa isipha iincwadi okanye naziphi na iipilisi. Kwimakhishithi nye uyakwazi mabaqhoboshele nezityalo ezimbalwa. Ngelo xesha linye kufuneka eliyakumiswa kuxwebhu zezingxoxo okanye iziqwengana iphepha.

isityalo yokomisa olululo ivumela ukuba ugcinwe ixesha elide. Kodwa kufuneka akhuselwe ngumonakalo izinambuzane ezahlukeneyo: bugs, amabhabhathane, njalo njalo, kwakunye namabuzi. Xa ukufumana ezi izitshabalalisi ukuba kufuneka zilahlwe. Qiniseka ukuba aphathe ngababini disulfide izityalo carbon, sublimate isisombululo okanye mothballs zesiqhelo.

Qokelela herbarium enqwenelekayo zome imozulu, kungenjalo amagqabi neentyantyambo kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi owomileyo kwivenkile. Kufuneka uqokelele izityalo ewile, isiqingatha ezomisiweyo, yaye musa uthabathe emthini.

Kwisityalo yokomisa kaninzi kuthatha iintsuku 10-14. Ukuze inkqubo ngokukhawuleza, uyakwazi ukutshintsha iimakhishithi, apho yomile ingca, ukuba atshe rhoqo.

Ngoncedo zentsimbi kunye nephepha kwakhona wokwaphusa kunokwenzeka herbarium. Kodwa qiniseka ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo ubushushu ayina: kufuneka ibe ncinci. Ngelishwa, le ndlela yokomisa unakho ukutshintsha umbala we eziphathekayo.

Abanye abalandeli sebenzisa herbarium kunye microwave. Kodwa le ndlela kunokukhokelela amagqabi kolwabelo olungalinganiyo.

Okusula zingasetyenziswa kunye glycerin eqhelekileyo: umgqomo ngamanzi ashushu legliserina nkxu izityalo. Apho kufuneka ukuba bachithe iintsuku ezimbalwa. Emva koko isuswe yaye ubeke ukuba zome. Ngale ndlela atshe ngokukhawuleza, kodwa uba elimdaka.

omiswe ngendlela eyiyo ivumela izityalo ukuba ezimcaba yaye bend phantsi.

yezandla umdla kwizityalo ezomisiweyo kunye neentyatyambo

Ukuze ufumane lungiselelo intyatyambo entle kwaye engaqhelekanga, ungasebenzisa kuphela amagqabi standard neentyantyambo, kodwa enkulu Amaqhina awo, iziqu, ezinamagqabi iimilo ezahlukeneyo, iimbewu kunye nucleoli, pistils njalo njalo. Ukusebenzisa imilo efanayo kunye nombala amagqabi, iintyatyambo kudala kuqamba amangalisayo macala.

Ukuze omeleze iintyatyambo kunye namagqabi isetyenziswa PVA kulu entle ingxengelelwe ngamanzi.

Usebenzisa zililo omile ngayo ukudala panel engaqhelekanga zokuhombisa, indlela ekhethekileyo. Kubo ungenza lweebhukmakhi iincwadi, albums photo.

Umzekelo, ukwenza kwiqela lenjongo, kufuneka ulungise isiseko: ngelaphu, ilaphu kunye nangaphezulu. It iqulathe yomile iintyatyambo umfanekiso obalisa njengephupha. Bona njo isiseko. Ukukhetha, ungenza ulipeyinte nawuphi na umbala okanye ushiye yendalo. Emva kokuphela inkqubo yokuyila izinto, indawo yolawulo lifakwa kwisakhelo.

Ukuze wenze inqaku lencwadi kwi oonotsheluza ikhadibhodi ukuba unamathela ukubeka iintyatyambo, neendlebe njalo njalo. Top of kwengoma ungancamathisela umfanekiso transparent, imiphetho ayinakutshintshwa.

Ngenxa zonke iintlobo ezaqanjwa iintyatyambo bafumana izinto ezikhethekileyo eziya bahombise naliphi na igumbi ekhaya okanye iiflethi.

Of iintyatyambo ezomileyo, imifuno, amagqabi ukwenza izinto original ukuba akukho mntu enye into. Zingakotshwa lokusila eludongeni, ubeke phezu kwithala, kodwa unako ukunika abahlobo kunye nosapho. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, abaninzi baya Ungathanda ukwamkela ikhadi isipho eyenziwe ngezandla zakho. Esi sipho uya kukhunjulwa bebe kwaye iya kuthakazelelwa.

albhamu ukuba herbarium

Album ekhaya abanokumenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kubalulekile ukuba uthathe i-albhamu sheets bakhe wahambisa izinto collectible. iziqwenga iglu lephepha, ungahlenga-hlengisa noba ukuthunga umsonto. Ezinye mveliso mayixhonywe kunye iingcambu, kwaye elandelayo engxoweni obekwe iimbewu nezityalo nucleoli. Emazantsi ebhalwe igama kunye nexesha yokuqokelela. Fumana herbarium emangalisayo. izityalo Photo unako mayixhonywe ecaleni kwenye. Kule ukwakheka wabeka iphepha ekulobeni. Onke amaxwebhu ziqokelelwa kwifolda okanye athungwe kunye emiphethweni.

Imidlalo kunye nabantwana usebenzisa herbarium

kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umntwana enze into ngezandla zabo. Kwaye ngokwenza njalo, kufuneka ukunceda abazali. Umzekelo, izityalo wokuqokelela imifuno inokuba nothando olomeleleyo ingangamsha usana.

Kunye ingqokelela izityalo, ungenza imidlalo ezahlukeneyo kubantwana abancinane. Umntwana unikwa umsebenzi ukufumana olunjani igqabi, intyatyambo, imbewu apho ikhula. Kusenokuba imifuno nje kuphela, kodwa currant amagqabi, yemixoxozi, iitumato, cherries, iminqathe, iisugar njalo njalo. Loo nto ojikeleze usana egadini kunye egadini.

Balani nokuqokelelwa iintlobo kunikwa umsebenzi: ntoni izityalo - iziqhamo, leyo - yemifuno, leyo - kuba amagumbi, nto leyo - nezinongo, leyo - ukhula, kwaye zikholisa ukuphuma ehlathini.

Kananjalo oku kwahlulwa yi umbala, ubungakanani, behanahanisa.

Xa besiya kwelinye ilizwe kufuneka ukuzisa amagqabi, iintyatyambo kunye iimbewu zezityalo ezingaqhelekanga. Avumela umntwana ukuba afunde oko imifuno ukukhula kwindawo ethile.

Kufana abantwana yakukha amagqabi. Umzekelo, Ipeyinti isicelo phambi kwimakhishithi, oku icala licinezelwe nxamnye kwiphepha ephepheni. Le wangqisha imiphetho igqabi kunye yonke imithambo. Lo mntwana ufunda, ikhangeleka ngathi yilinen, ukufunda ukupeyinta sele usebenzisa iipensile ipeyinti.

Kokuba sibhalwe ngendlela nje kuphela amagqabi ngamnye, kodwa yonke loo mfanekiso. Ukusebenzisa amagqabi imibala eyahlukeneyo, ungafumana nokubhaleka umdla. Unga kwakhona abeke amagqabi phezu ephepheni, ipeyinti chaphaza ngaphezulu. Emva koko ukususa amagqabi. Sifumana silhouettes kunye speckles.

Lotto - umdlalo umdla gqitha for kids. Amakhadi kuba kungenziwa namahlamvu omile kwaye elaminethiweyo.

Herbarium in womluki

Abanye needlewoman ukudala izivatho engaqhelekanga usebenzisa herbarium. Iifoto kwezi zinto ikushiye kwaye obathandayo. Umzekelo, iintyatyambo ezintle akhiwa jeli abicah, leyo zizaliswe epoxy resin. Yonke kufuneka kwenziwe ngobunono ukwenzela ukuba ahlale umoya. Emva kwexesha elithile, loo nentlaka lukhuni. Le workpiece iziphumo zingasetyenziswa ukwenza amacici engaqhelekanga, nemisesane, namaso njalo njalo.

Ezinye amagcisa ukusebenzisa herbarium ukwenza yoyilo zabo. Fumana ezahlukeneyo izilwanyana ezincinane, iintaka kunye nangaphezulu.

Uyakwazi ukusebenzisa iintyatyambo eyomileyo kolu hlobo oyimfakamfele njengoko decoupage.

Indlela yokwenza herbarium

Umbuzo elula, kodwa ufuna isifundo ngokucokisekileyo yehlabathi izityalo. Esikolweni, ootitshala bafundisa abantwana indlela yokwenza herbarium. Ukuze wenze oku, abafundi kufuneka baqonde ukuba kutheni kufuneka oku okanye sityalo. It nabanako ukwahlulelana kumba zonke eziqhelekileyo ingca, iintyatyambo, amatyholo kunye nemithi. Umzekelo:

• nokhula;
• iintyatyambo ezikhula phezu kwesingqengqelo;
• amatyholo non-ezityiwayo berry, imifuno kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ngaphandle kokuba iimpawu ngokubanzi, unako kwahlulwa ibe ukutya herbarium, ubunjineli, kunye nabanye. Ngokomzekelo, xa herbarium kwezityalo ezingamayeza singaquka Wort St. kaYohane, marjoram, unina-and-kaVan, yarrow, celandine, kunye nabanye.

injongo ephambili

Uqhelene nesibakala ukuba herbarium enjalo, abaninzi baqonde ukuba yintoni injongo ephambili yale inyathelo - ukufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo zonke izityalo bakha kusithela, nabo ezikhoyo namhlanje. Abantu kufuneka bazi ukuba izityalo - abahlobo bethu, kwaye kufuneka zikhuselwe.

uyilo olufanelekileyo herbarium, ukugcinwa yakhe ababuqiqileyo uya kuvumela abantu ukuba bakhathalele ngehlabathi.