Wenza njani necandelo leebhanki lizwe: isakhiwo, imisebenzi, uphuhliso

Le nkqubo yogcino - iseti amaziko zolawulo lwamatyala ukuba asebenza ngaphantsi ngendlela enye. Eyona nto ephambili i Bank of Russia (CBR). Imisebenzi lobume yonke kulawulwa nguMthetho "On Ibhanki Banking Umsebenzi".

iintlobo

Umongo kwindlela yogcino-mali, ngenjongo yokuba indalo yayo kwi ukuqokelela imali eyintsalela kunye nezokukhupha yenzuzo izimali. Le nkqubo yenziwa kumanqanaba eziliqela.

Types of systems:

• engayi;
• monobankovskaya;
• inkqubo eyaba.

Xa amazwe aphuhlileyo, inkqubo yomtshato. Lubonakala yi phambi komlawuli kwi kobuso Central Bank kwaye sithobele amaziko yorhwebo yeentengo zemboleko xa kwinqanaba lesibini. Kodwa ke kukho iimeko. E France, eli umsebenzi owenza i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali. Ilawulwe kuye zonke iibhanki, kubandakanywa i-Central Bank. I-US isebenza nkqubo ayo akwiindawo zabantu, apho imisebenzi engundoqo i-Federal Reserve System. Ngexesha amaxesha Soviet wenza scheme monobankovskaya. Makhe sibone indlela necandelo leebhanki yelizwe namhlanje.

Regulator

I-Central Bank of the Russian Federation wadalwa ngohlobo iqumrhu elisemthethweni, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ummiselo kwaye kulawulwa ziziphathamandla yerhafu. Kunokuba ukukhupha imali, ukurhoxisa kubo, ikhuphe yamaphepha ezintsha. iziko Inzuzo ngqo ukuyilwa loovimba, imali kwi-mali. Imithombo yengeniso:

• izahlulo kwizabelo;
• Inzala yengeniso-mboleko kunye needipozithi;
• inzuzo evela kwimisebenzi kunye amatye anqabileyo, amalungelo corporate, ezinye izibambiso, kunye nabanye.

iinjongo umsebenzi zezi:

• umbutho ka kwindlela yogcino-mali;
• ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwemali kazwelonke (amandla nokuthengwa kwekhosi);
• ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza esinobuchule.

Instruments:

• amazinga imisebenzi ye Central Bank;
• Iimfuno egciniweyo;
• mboleko;
• ulawulo exchange;
• orientation ukukhula wemali.

Phantsi komthetho, ikomkhulu ogunyazisiweyo umlawuli kunye nezinye izinto zayo impahla federal. I-Bank of Russia zilahlwe kuphela kubo. The State kunye Central Bank onoxanduva amatyala omnye komnye.

Eli lungu otshatsheleyo Central Bank - yiBhodi yabaLawuli, nto leyo ebonisa indlela iziko. Siqulathe usihlalo kunye namalungu 12 Central Bank. Bank of the Republic, ezo amasebe alawulayo indawo ayikwazi ukukhupha iziqinisekiso, ukuzinikela ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhodi.

Iibhanki bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: imibutho yorhwebo kunye namaziko ngetyala non-bank. Nantsi indlela yokwakha necandelo leebhanki lizwe kwinqanaba lokuqala.

ezithuba ezabelwe izikolo zorhwebo

Injongo kubukho amaziko ngetyala - ukuba bazuze inzuzo. Ukuze benze imisebenzi kufuneka ufumane ilayisensi evela umlawuli. amaziko afana anokwenziwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo impahla: karhulumente, abucala, zikamasipala, njl ...

Iibhanki banelungelo lokuba enze imisebenzi zilandelayo:

• ukutsala iidipozithi abantu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni;
• aphake imali egameni yayo;
• ukwenza iintlawulo egameni amaqela angaphandle;
• baphumeze inkonzo yokuqokelelwa;
• sizuze;
• ukuvula nokugcina ii-akhawunti;
• akhuphe iziqinisekiso njalo njalo. d.

Iibhanki boleka enye kwenye, nokwenza izibalo ngokusebenzisa ohambelana akhawunti nokwenza iintlawulo musa ichasane nomthetho. amaziko Credit ehlabathini lonke bakulungele ukunika abathengi bethu malunga neentlobo 200 kweenkonzo. Kodwa uMthetho "On Ibhanki Banking Umsebenzi" wakuvala ukusasazwa ezine kubo: zorhwebo, mveliso, i-inshorensi, yedwa. Phantsi zokugqibela imisebenzi ejoliswe ukuphelisa ukhuphiswano.

A iziko lamatyala ayikwazi ngokwayo ukutshintsha iirhafu-mboleko, imali, ixesha lesivumelwano. On cash and ixabiso umthengi nga kubanjwa nge enkundleni. Izohlwayo zenziwa kuphela ngokusekelwe amaxwebhu olawulo, kwaye kohluthwa - ngokusekelwe apho wangena force of isigwebo senkundla.

nonbanks

Oku amaziko amatyala anokuthi ukuphumeza iintlobo ezithile imisebenzi. Ezi ziquka lombutho:

• mboleko eseleyo;

• ukugcina amanani;

• ukuthengisa impahla mortgaged.

Ukuphendula umbuzo ukuba akhe njani necandelo leebhanki lizwe namhlanje, singatsho ukuba iqulathe kumanqanaba amathathu. Ukongeza kwi-Central Bank kunye namaziko orhwebo nokunikezelwa mali ababandakanyekayo iinkampani ze-inshorensi, iimali zotyalo-mali yepenshini, amanye amaziko zemali. Nantsi indlela yokwakha necandelo leebhanki lizwe.

imigaqo umsebenzi

1. Ukusebenza phakathi kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo, ngokwenene. Inzala yengeniso-mboleko kunye needipozithi yengundoqo kodwa hayi umthombo kuphela inzuzo yebhanki. Kwimeko-bume kwamaxabiso, indawo inzuzo i urhwebo market stock. capital Bank kukhuthaza uqikelelo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ucwangciso olwenziwe ngokusekelwe mali kanye avuswe.
2. Uxanduva yokusebenza. Inkqubo zebhanki umnotho umsebenzi obalulekileyo - ukubuyisela imali phakathi kwamacandelo. Amaziko Credit bakhululekile ukuba ukukhetha iinkonzo zabo kunye neendawo zotyalo-mali. Kodwa zonke iibhanki enokumelana nezi zibophelelo azithathele ngeendlela zabo, ezifakwe isohlwayo.
3. Umbutho kobuhlobo nguMthengi iimeko emarikeni. Ukunika Uboleke, iBhanki ukhokelwa izalathi si zokunikwa amatyala, inzuzo kunye nobungozi.
4. Ulawulo imisebenzi eyenziwa ngaphandle kuphela ngeendlela ngqo. izenzo State and zomthetho zenza isiseko yokusebenza, kodwa abanako ziyalela imigaqo kunye nemisebenzi.

Banking and financial system namhlanje

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaziko credit badla ukuba evulekileyo. Yazisa ubuchwepheshe bale mihla (iinkqubo zentlawulo ebhankini, amakhadi ngetyala, ibhanki uhanjiselo-t. H.), iintlobo ngeentlobo mboleko. Kodwa ngokoMthetho yezoqoqosho inqanaba lophuhliso kwenkqubo eRashiya libe lisalele ngasemva ehlabathini.

Xa isakhiwo iinkampani zotyalo ukufumana isabelo encinane mboleko - 8-10% (Japan - 65%, EU - 42-45%, USA - 40%). akhawunti zebhanki ezi 25% baseRashiya, kunye nekhadi zeplastiki usebenzisa% 10 kuphela. Kumazwe asentshona, phantse yonke abemi engu-18 liye i-akhawunti, kunye credit cards 1-2.

kummandla Umbuzo Ukwanda kuhlala iinkonzo bukhali. Inkqubo ephambili zebhanki Russian buzinze kwiindawo zenqila kuphela. Ukuze ufumane-mboleko okanye imali-mboleko imoto kwi kwiindawo ezisemantla kunye emazantsi eli lizwe ayikwazi iibhanki kuphela karhulumente.

Izizathu inqanaba eliphantsi ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• urhulumente akahlawuli ingqalelo kakhulu kweli candelo;
• kwinqanaba elisezantsi imali yoqoqosho;
• nezibonelelo ezikwimeko elusizi iinkonzo zebhanki;
• inani elikhulu kwiintlawulo zemali ezi zenziwa ngaphandle kwinkqubo leebhanki;
• ukungabikho ukhuselo olwaneleyo kurhulumente.

"Bankopad» 2015

National Banking System of 01.01.2016 iquka 681 kwiziko lamatyala. Ebhalisiweyo imibutho 947, kodwa 266 kubo bechithe mvume. Xa kuthelekiswa 2015, inani iibhanki lancipha nakwiiyunithi ze-102. Abahlalutyi baqikelela ukuba kwiminyaka 2-3 eli nani iya kunyothulwa ku 500.

Nangona le ntlekele, izinga kwicandelo 'zokucoca' ayikho bawa. I zingxola kakhulu kunyaka ophelileyo iye yaba uphengululo-mvume kwi "Transport" kwi-non ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yase. Umthamo iintlawulo YOSUKU uthelekelelwa irekhodi 39 billion engange.

Inani kweebhanki eRashiya idlula neemfuno zoqoqosho karhulumente. Malunga nama-96% ezi zenzo yelizwe zibethelelwe amaziko emfundo 200 phezulu. Isabelo imibutho ezincinane isekhona 481 iwela 3.5% yee-asethi. Logama nje imeko yezoqoqosho akuthethi ngcono, xa iibhanki omncinci abanengxaki amatyala kunye lofezekiso lwemigangatho. Khetha ukujongana ezimbini kuphela: ukuthengisa izinto okanye zibuyele ekuhleleni.

Kunzima ukufumana abatyali

Iibhanki abanqwenela ukuba bahlale emarikeni, a lot. Njengoko ngokunjalo abathengi. Ingxaki kukuba ixabiso umbono omabini amaqela lohlukile. Emva kokungena inani izohlwayo abatyali Koloni rhoqo ukuhla. ngoku bafuna ukuba amahlakani kuMbindi and East Far kwiimarike.

Umsebenzi kwindlela zogcino kungaba ngeendleko lwamaziko 300. Umbutho we yesine simo makhulu labathinjwa, bakhonza kuphela inani kwamashishini. Ngengqiqo yokoqobo yokuba bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi zebhanki.

Iziphumo zika-2015

Zonke kunyaka ophelileyo, iibhanki baye bazama ukugcina inzuzo. Kodwa asingabo bonke baye baphumelela. Nditsho ezibambe emarikeni aye abonisa ilahleko irekhodi. Logama nje qha ucinga ukuba ukuthwala iidipozithi kwi Savings Bank of the (engange pre-ukwanana zeerandi), amaziko amatyala abafumana iingxaki amatyala.

Ngokuphathelele ngokuwa engange, isikhundla mboleko lehle nge-0.7% kuba mna ngekota ka-2015, ezigciniweyo - nge-7.6%, inzuzo yaba netotali engange 6 billion. Yokusindisa ukuphila ngapha nangapha i Central Bank, owazise isiqabu yolawulo. Ngenxa yoko, isahlulo yomlawuli kuthetha ngayo amatyala iibhanki 'ekupheleni kuka-Epreli wafikelela irekhodi eliphezulu - 10.4%. Iziko useka imalana mboleko ngokutsha kwindawo scheme ekhethekileyo.

Lo mqathango yesibini yenkxaso - zophuculo eyongezelelweyo kweebhanki ngu engange 830 billion. OFZ scheme. Le nkqubo ifumene kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka, ngoko ukusebenza kwayo ngokwenene na kuvavanywa kuphela ekupheleni th-2016. Kodwa iibhanki ukumnika ukuba ukugcina ngokulinganayo kwemali eyinkunzi ukwanela kwaye niwuzalise oovimba yenqanaba lokuqala. Uhlawulela inkxaso yaba ukuzinikela ukuba kwandisa ixabiso FOP kunye nokulawula izahlulo iminyaka emithathu. izenzo CB wanceda ukwandisa isabelo-mboleko 0.7%, iidiphozithi - nge-10.9% kwaye kuninceda engange 265 billion.

The main iingxaki ngo-2015

Eyona ngxaki - ekunciphiseni ukubolekisa kwabathengi nge-12% xa kuthelekiswa nokukhula kunyaka wayo ophelileyo ka-8.9%. Ngenxa yoko, nyebelele iqela egcina imali ezikhethekileyo kuphela mboleko engakhuselwanga. Isibonda 6 amaziko amakhulu kubalelwa i-10% of ngetyala ngemiyinge-20% lemali-mboleko ezimbi. asethi ingxaki yabo Isalathisi (15%) izihlandlo-2 mkhulu kuno u-avareji kwinkqubo (9%). Ukubuyisela kwizikhundla yeebhanki kuya kufuneka ubuyisele kubonelelo ngeenkonzo jikelele.

mqobo Upheliso Kwakhona kwawa inkampani "Transaero", sele efunde engange 250 billion amatyala. iingxaki zalo alale phezu kwamagxa nababolekisi zabo ilahleko xa ungonakala ophethe umoya uya kwenza izigidi engange. Izakungagqibeki kwicandelo loshishino zilindeleke ngo-2016. Onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho wabandezeleka kweemfuno asezantsi. Uthemba ukufumana ukubuyiselwa kwalo ngo-2016, phantse namnye.