Uphi na lo teleskopu likhulu ehlabathini?

Kude ephithizelayo nezibane impucuko, ezinkqantosini uninhabited kunye neencopho intaba zinde ngobukhulu, ogama yaza yabonisa isoloko ngqo kwi nesibhakabhaka esimnyama. Abanye ume amashumi eminyaka, ngoxa abanye baya kubona kuphela iinkwenkwezi zabo kuqala. Namhlanje sifumanisa apho ngezibonakude ezinkulu 10 ehlabathini aze aqhelane ngamnye kubo ngokwahlukeneyo.

10. ezinkulu yababhali Survey Telescope (LSST)

Teleskopu imi encotsheni yeentaba Chilean Grey-Pachon kwintaba ephakame 2682 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ngokutsho uhlobo ibandakanya reflectors ezamehlo. Netoti isipili olusezantsi 8.4 m. Ukukhanya lokuqala (elithi ukusetyenziswa wokuqala ezinjengeetelescope kwi kwinjongo ezabelwe yona) LSST ukubona kunyaka ka-2020. A asebenza ngokupheleleyo umatshini iqala ngo 2022. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba teleskopu ibekwe ngaphandle US, ukwakhiwa kwawo ngezimali abaseMelika. Omnye wabo Bill Gates, ngubani na imali ezizigidi ezili-10 zeerandi. Xa zizonke, le projekthi iya kuxabisa 400 million.

Ekhaya umsebenzi Array - ukuthatha imifanekiso isibhakabhaka ebusuku yonke nobusuku ezimbalwa. Ukuze benze oku, ifowuni enekhamera ka 3.2 gigapixel. LSST has a ukubukela engile enkulu - 3.5 degrees. Inyanga ne Sun, umzekelo, ngendlela apho kukuqonda ukuba emhlabeni uphethe kuphela isiqingatha isidanga. amathuba abanjalo ngenxa ukuba ubudeki onomtsalane ezinjengeetelescope noyilo yalo ekhethekileyo. Inyaniso kukuba apha endaweni yesiqhelo nezipili-emibini ezintathu. Yinto na le teleskopu inkulu ehlabathini, kodwa yena ngokwakhe akanako abe ngomnye kakhulu nemveliso.

Iinjongo zenzululwazi le projekthi; ukuba kukhangelwe imizila esimnyama; mithombo i Milky Way; uzingela udubulo ezintsha supernew; tracking yezinto ezincinane kwinkqubo solar (izijikelezi kunye nethala), ngokukodwa ezo kufutshane uMhlaba.

9. Telescope ezinkulu Southern African (SALT)

Lo matshini kwakhona i kugqame optical. Le ibekwe kwi-South African Republic, phezu kwenduli, kummandla semi-entlango kufuphi ukulungisa Sutherland. Telescope height 1798 m I-sangqa esipilini engundoqo -. 11 / 9.8 m.

Yinto na le teleskopu inkulu ehlabathini, kodwa likhulu ikhweyitha esemazantsi. Ukwakhiwa zeyunithi ngendleko ezizigidi ezingama-36 zeerandi. A yesithathu kubo kandziyise urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika. Imali eseleyo yasasazwa phakathi eJamani, Great Britain, Poland, eUnited States New Zealand.

Okhawulezayo Ufakelo SALT lokuqala ngo-2005, phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuba kugqitywe umsebenzi wokwakha. Ke ukuba iiteleskopu enombala, eyilwe kakhulu ezintsha. Noko ke, kucingelwa lasasazwa abameli entsha ngeeteleskopu ezinkulu. isipili Main 91 ubunjwe izinto ezinamacala amahlanu, nganye eneyazo ububanzi of imitha 1. Ukuze kufikelelwe kwiinjongo ezithile kunye nokwandisa ukubonakala yakho zonke izipili zilungiswe kwi-engile.

SALT yenzelwe spectrometric kunye uhlalutyo zokubonwayo kwimitha ezintweni izinto ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba aphume phambi izibona kumntla ikhweyitha. abasebenzi Telescope bagcine quasars, iminyele ezikude kunye ekufuphi, kwakunye ukugcina umkhondo ngendaleko ziinkwenkwezi.

It has a iteleskopu efanayo eMelika - yokuzonwabisa-Eberly Telescope. Oku ise kwimimandla eTexas, yaye phantse twatse kuyilo ukufakelwa SALT.

8. Keck I and II

izibona ezimbini Keck udityanisiwe kwi inkqubo, nto leyo idala umfanekiso omnye. Bona elise eHawaii eMauna Kea. Indawo yi m 4145. Ngokutsho uhlobo ngeeteleskopu nazo reflectors ezamehlo.

Keck Observatory ise kwenye kuFeliks (ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa astroclimate) iindawo on Earth. Oku kuthetha ukuba uphazamiseko yeegesi kwi hlolo noko engephi. Ngoko ke, lo Observatory Keck ngomnye ezona kwimbali. Kwaye nangona kweteleskopu sikhulu ehlabathini ayikho apha.

izibuko Main iiteleskopu Keck twatse ngokupheleleyo. Bona, njenge SALT iteleskopu, Ziqulethe uluhlu lweziqalelo mobile. Apha ke kwi-36 ukuya nganye kwezi zixhobo. Imilo ye esipilini zezi iHexagon. Observatory uyakwazi ukubona esibhakabhakeni woqondo infrared. Keck uqhuba uluhlu olubanzi uphando esisiseko. Ukongeza, ukuba namhlanje ingqalelo enye ngezibonakude best esekelwe emhlabeni-ukukhangela iiplanethi extrasolar.

7. Great Canary Telescope (GTC)

Siyaqhubeka ukuphendula umbuzo iphi na ezinjengeetelescope inkulu ehlabathini. Ngeli xesha, umdla uye kuthi eSpeyin, elikwiiCanary Islands, ngakumbi kanye kwisiqithi La Palma, apho kweteleskopu GTC. uyilo kwendawo ka 2267 m ububanzi zaseprayimari isipili - .. 10.4 m Oku kugqame optical. Ukwakhiwa ezinjengeetelescope sagqitywa ngowe-2009. Ivula watyelela Juan Carlos I - King of Spain. Le projekthi kuxabisa malunga ne-130 million euro. 90% yemali eyabelwe ngurhulumente Spain. I-10% iye yabiwa ngokulingana phakathi Mexico kunye University of Florida.

Teleskopu nga bagcine nesibhakabhaka esimnyama kwi woqondo kwaye kuluhlu yee-infrared. Ngenxa izixhobo kunye Osiris CanariCam yena uyakwazi ukuqhuba polarimetric, spectrophotometric kunye koronograficheskie ukufunda izinto yesiqalo.

6. Observatory "Arecibo"

Ngokungafaniyo ekuqaleni, le Observatory yi radioreflektorom. Netoti isipili ephambili (ingqalelo!) 304.8 mitha. Ingaba lo mqondiso nobugcisa Puerto Rico kwintaba ephakame m 497 ngentla komgangatho wolwandle. Kwaye yiloo nto teleskopu inkulu ehlabathini. Igama yinkokeli, uya kufunda ngezantsi.

yerediyo Giant ngaphezu wakha movie kwekhamera. Khumbula imfazwe yokugqibela ephakathi James Bond kunye Utshaba yakhe film "Golden Eye"? Ke waya apho. Teleskopu sele eziqulathwe movie yesayensi Karla Sagana "Qhagamshelana" kunye nezinye iifilimu ezininzi. Le yerediyo iye kwakhona ibandakanywa umdlalo wevidiyo. Ngokukodwa, i-Internet Transmission Map zokudlala Battlefield 4. ingxabano phakathi baya emkhosini ngeenxa isakhiwo, bexelisa ngokupheleleyo Arecibo.

Ukuze ixesha elide kwakucingwa ukuba Arecibo - teleskopu sikhulu ehlabathini. Amafoto yale isigebenga kufuneka ndibone yonke mmi yesibini Umhlaba. Likhangeleka kakhulu engaqhelekanga: iipleyiti ubungakanani omkhulu, wazibeka zendalo sinkholes, Bathiwe wambu aluminiyam kwaye engqongwe kumahlathi ashinyeneyo. Kule plate lunqunyanyisiwe irradiator mobile, ibanjwa kwi iintambo 18. Nabo ke, ukuba zixhonywe iinqaba eziphakamileyo ezintathu zifakwa kunye kungqameko amacwecwe. Ngezi imilinganiso "Arecibo" banokuyifumana uluhlu olubanzi (kwamaza - ukususela-3 cm ukuya m 1) of radiation electromagnetic.

Le yerediyo ezifakwa ukusebenza kwasekuqaleni nje 60s. Wabonakala izifundo ezininzi, elinye lawo wawongwa Prize Nobel. Ngasekupheleni 90 ka-Observatory wayengomnye izixhobo ezingundoqo yeprojekthi ukufuna ubomi komhlaba.

5. A uluhlu enkulu kwi Atacama Desert (ALMA)

Lifikile ixesha lokuba ingqalelo kweyona nto ibiza kakhulu ngezibonakude ekhoyo esekelwe emhlabeni. It is a interferometer irediyo, nto leyo ibekwe Atacama Desert (Chile) kwintaba ephakame 5058 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Le interferometer iqulathe ngeeteleskopu 66 kwirediyo ube ububanzi of-12 leemitha, okanye 7. Le projekthi yeendleko 1.4 billion zeerandi. imali yakhe America, eJapan, eKhanada, Taiwan, iYurophu kunye Chile.

ALMA yenzelwe ukufunda millimitha kunye submillimeter amaza. Kuba izixhobo yale hlobo yeyona kuFeliks intaba kwimozulu eyomileyo. Izibona Bathotyelwa endaweni ngcembe. I-eriyali yereyidiyo yokuqala yaphehlelelwa ngowama-2008, kwaye yokugqibela omnye - ngo-2013. Eyona njongo ephambili lwezenzululwazi olufanelekileyo interferometer - ukufunda nasekusungulweni yonke, ngokukodwa, ukuzalwa ngendaleko leenkwenkwezi.

4. Magelanov samaza omkhulu (GMT)

Esinga kwelasezantsi-ntshona, entlango enye ALMA, kwintaba ephakame 2516 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, zakhiwa telescope kunye ububanzi of 25.4 m GMT. Xa uhlobo oko kunxulumene reflectors ezamehlo. Le yiprojekthi elidityanelweyo of America kunye Australia.

Isipili eziphambili ziya kuquka eyodwa ezintandathu ezingqonge amacandelo egosogoso. Ukongeza kugqame, teleskopu kufakwa ngokukhanya olulungisiweyo iklasi entsha, nto leyo evumela ukuba kufikelelwe kwinqanaba ubuncinane uhlaba komoya. Ngenxa yoko, imifanekiso amaxesha-10 kanye ngaphezu kunye kweteleskopu isithuba "Hubble".

Iinjongo zenzululwazi GMT: ukukhangela iiplanethi extrasolar; ukufunda obalaseleyo, galactic kunye zazivelela zomhlaba; isifundo mingxuma abamnyama ngaphezulu. ekwakhiweni imisebenzi iteleskopu kufuneka igcwaliswe 2020.

Mathathu Imitha Telescope (TMT). Le projekthi kwi parameters zayo kunye neenjongo ezifanayo ngezibonakude kunye Keck GMT. Kuya kuba phezu zeHawaii iMauna Kea, kwintaba ephakame 4050 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ubukhulu be isipili eziyintloko ezinjengeetelescope kweemitha ezingama-30. Xa kugqame woqondo isicelo TMT isipili yahlulwe yaba nobuninzi ungamalungu ezinamacala amahlanu. kuthelekiswa Keck unit ubungakanani kuphela kathathu ngaphezulu. Ukwakhiwa ezinjengeetelescope nangoku sele esingaqalwanga ngenxa yeengxaki kunye nolawulo lasekuhlaleni. Isibakala sokuba intaba iMauna Kea bungcwele Hawaiians Native. Indleko Iprojekthi $ 1.3 yezigidi zezigidi. Le mali iya kuba nenxaxheba kakhulu Indiya kunye neTshayina.

3. 50 imitha Array ungqukuva (FAST)

Nantsi ke, teleskopu inkulu ehlabathini. September 25, 2016 e-China laphehlelelwa Observatory (FAST), eyenzelwe ukuhlolwa kunye nophando ngemiqondiso ngayo ubomi ezikrelekrele. Netoti isixhobo njengoko neemitha ezingama-500, ngoko ke wafumana iwonga "ezinjengeetelescope inkulu ehlabathini." China waqala ukwakha i Observatory ngo-2011. Le projekthi yabiza lizwe US $ 180 million. abasemagunyeni walapha waze wathembisa ukuba kwenye indawo abantu malunga 10 amawaka abahlala kummandla-km 5 ngeenxa kweteleskopu, ukudala iimeko ezilungele iliso.

Ngaloo ndlela, "Arecibo" ayisekho teleskopu inkulu ehlabathini. China wathabatha isihloko e Puerto Rico.

2. Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

Ukuba iprojekthi le interferometer radio yagqitywa ngempumelelo, isikhungo SKA iya kuba amaxesha-50 mkhulu umthamo ngezibonakude ezinkulu ekhoyo. Kunye zazibekwe yabo iya kukugubungela indawo malunga 1 square kilometre. Ngokutsho isakhiwo ufana iteleskopu yeprojekthi ALMA, kodwa ubukhulu kuba mkhulu kakhulu isityalo Chilean. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho meko ezimbini: ukwakhiwa ngeeteleskopu 30 zazibekwe kwi m 200 kunye nokwakhiwa 150 yerediyo imitha-90. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, izazinzulu Wamitha ke loo Observatory kuya kuba njalo na km 3,000.

SKA uya kuba ngqo kwi mazwe mabini - uMzantsi Afrika ne-Australia. Le projekthi iya kuxabisa malunga $ 2 billion. Le mali yahlulwe phakathi amazwe ali-10. Ngo-2020, iprojekthi luphele.

1. An samaza enkulu kakhulu yaseYurophu (E-ELT)

Ngowe-2025, full-power Array enombala iya kukhululwa, nto leyo eya kudlula ubukhulu TMT nge-10 leemitha kwaye ziya kuba eChile kwi encotsheni yentaba Cerro Armazones, kwintaba ephakame 3060 m. Kuya kuba teleskopu inkulu woqondo ehlabathini.

engundoqo phantse imitha-40 isipili yayo iya kuquka iinxalenye phantse 800 uhambisa, nesiqingatha semitha ubukhulu nganye. Ngezi zobukhulu kunye ngokukhanya olulungisiweyo mihla, E-ELT uza kukwazi ukufumana izijikelezi-langa Umhlaba-ezifana, kwaye ukufunda ukwakhiwa umoya zabo.

Teleskopu ezibonisa inkulu ehlabathini kuya kufunda inkqubo wesiseko langa kunye neminye imiba esisiseko. iindleko zeprojekthi imalunga 1 billion euro.

Teleskopu space inkulu ehlabathini

izibona Space azifuneki ezinemilinganiselo ezifana nomhlaba, njengoko ngenxa yokungabikho yempembelelo emoyeni, bakwazi ukubonisa iziphumo ezisemagqabini. Ngoko ke, kule meko, kungcono ukuba zithi "enamandla kakhulu," hayi teleskopu "inkulu" ehlabathini. "Hubble" - telescope isithuba, abanegama ehlabathini lonke. Ubukhulu bayo kweemitha phantse emibini enesiqingatha. Kulo mzekelo, ukusonjululwa ifowuni amaxesha kweshumi ngaphezu ukuba wayesele on Earth.

Endaweni "Hubble" ngo-2018 kuza enamandla ngakumbi iteleskopu, "Dzheyms Vebb". Ubukhulu bayo ka-6.5 m, kwaye isipili uya yenziwe ungamalungu amaninzi. Ezibekwe, kwingcamango wabaseki, "Dzheyms Vebb" iya kuba kwi आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi ingongoma L2, ngumthunzi rhoqo Womhlaba.

isiphelo

Namhlanje ke sidibana kunye neshumi le iiteleskopu zibalaseleyo ehlabathini. Ngoku uyazi ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa kwaye abaxhakaxhaka isigebenga lungayilwa, kwakunye nendlela imali elininzi ekwakhiweni kwezi yerediyo.