Ukulawulwa radiation nemichiza: Iimfuno jikelele kunye neengcebiso isixhobo yokulinganisa

Umsebenzi kwamashishini mveliso lubalulekile kuphuhliso kukarhulumente kunye nabemi. Noko ke,-ukungathobeli iimfuno zokhuseleko kuvela isoyikiso kubomi babantu kunye nempilo yabantu. Oku kuba radiation okanye umonakalo imichiza. kwiimeko ezinjalo kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza - ukuphelisa esi sifo.

Ingozi kwekhabhoni radiation nemichiza

Kunye kuqhuma enyukliya, iingozi xa izityalo amandla enyukliya kunye nezinye utshintshwano yenyukliya wabalaselisa amasuntswana ezininzi eqhumayo. Ezi ke izinto ezo nuclei atom iba kwaye ngokuzimeleyo angashenxela isiqalo athom zezinye izinto. Ngenxa yoko, akhiwe ionizing radiation.

izenzakalo afanayo ezingcolisekileyo ndawo, abantu kunye nempahla. Ngokwemvelo, ionizing imitha na umoya, kwakunye njengomlambo uyivulele nkqi amasuntswana. Oku ibulala iiseli zomzimba ebangela ukugula radiation. Xa imo ukungahoywa uza kufa. Ukuqhuba uphando ngalo mba lisetyenziswa laboratory ulawulo radiation, ukufikelela apho kufuneka iingcali kuphela.

iimpawu

Kwekhabhoni aneempawu ezimbini eziphambili:

• ionizing;
• gaze amandla.

Ukongeza kwi-radiation ionizing abantu kunye nendalo yingozi amasuntswana eziyityhefu bodwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zeekhemikhali, ngokunjalo izinto eziyityhefu kakhulu. izenzakalo ezifanayo kwenzeka kwingozi mveliso.

lahluleka Human kwenzeka nokudla amasuntswana ityhefu emzimbeni, umz, kukudibana ezinomhlaba yonakaliswe okanye izinto ezisetyenziswa ukutya eziyingozi, amanzi, umoya inhalation. Ukuze ukukhusela uluntu iziganeko ezinjalo luyenziwa radiation kunye nolawulo imichiza. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uphephe ingozi, nokukhusela abantu iziphumo ezibi.

iimfuneko jikelele

Ukulawulwa radiation nemichiza kufuneka kwenziwe:

• amashishini kunye namaziko ombutho karhulumente "Rosatom";
• imibutho, ngokuxhomekeka "Rosatom";
• emadlelweni GCP amaziko;
• kwimibutho, ukudala njengendlela yolawulo dosimetric.

Izikhokelo eziqhelekileyo kubekiwe SanPiNs kunye neendwendwe, leyo mayicaciswe gca imithetho ukusebenza kwazo kwemichiza kunye imisebe.

izixhobo survey radiation

Zeziphi izixhobo Ubhaqo radiation kusetyenziswa? Ukulungiselela le njongo radiation izixhobo ezikhawuleza eyenza imilinganiselo kwinqanaba radiation, Ibanga losulelo, ekuboneni amathamo. Ngaphezu koko, ifowuni isetyenziswa zombini kubantu nezokudliwa, amanzi, izithuthi kunye nezinye izinto. esweni Imitha lwenziwa kunye ingozi yosulelo.

Izixhobo zahlulwe isicelo:

• kwimfuna radiation: Izalathisi ze radioactivity kunye roentgenometer;
• ukuba babeke iliso kwinqanaba asuleleke: radiometers;
• ukulawula exposure: dosimeters.

isixhobo ngasinye ukuze kukhuselwe kunye indawo ingozi. Imisebenzi ezifana uphando radiation iliso, ukuvumela ukuba ukugcina olusezantsi oluqhelekileyo wokuphila.

udidi lwemitha

Alpha radiation uchazwa njengomlambo helium nuclei athom luchukumisa umsebenzi apho kwinqanaba elisezantsi. Ezi amasuntswana zigcinwa iimpahla eziqhelekileyo, izixhobo zobuqu. Izinto zibe yingozi kunye ukungena kulo emzimbeni, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba zokukhanya lwangaphakathi.

radiation Beta i msebe elektroni ngokukhawuleza eveliswe ukubola kwamasuntswana eqhumayo. Nangona ionizing igunya komsebenzi encinane, kodwa high umthondo. Akusoloko imveliso likhusela ngokuchaseneyo radiation ezinjalo, yaye ngoko ke kufuneka yokuhlala engcono.

Gamma radiation linentsusa intranuclear. Ukhuthaza ngesantya sokukhanya. Ekukhanyeni amandla aphezulu ukungena, ngoko ke nokuba kuqukuqela izinto zamafu. Ekubeni amasuntswana ionize kwiiseli eziphilayo, ukuba ayingozi ebantwini. Njengokhuselo isicelo zokufihla abafuna angaboni, emagumbini izisele.

Iindlela for efumanise radiation

Ukuze ubone yemisebe buchule bulandelayo:

• Oku kubandakanya yokukala lokufota maleko emulsion blackening yemisebe radioactive;
• chemical ezisekelwe kwiintlobo imichiza isicwangciso ukutshintsha umbala phantsi kweempembelelo radiation;
• scintillation kubandakanya ekufumanekeni ziluhlaza;
• Ionization isekelwe kwinto yokuba imitha waphawula ionization igesi.

Ukulawulwa radiation ivumela ukutyhila izinga losulelo kwakunye nokuthintela kukuvela neziphumo ezibi abantu, izilwanyana kunye nendalo.

Izinto chemical sokuhlola

Ukumisela inqanaba kungcoliseko kunye amasuntswana eziyityhefu umoya othile, ezothutho, impahla, amanzi ngokusebenzisa izixhobo Ubhaqo chemical. Kwakhona iindlela isampulu kunokwenzeka, leyo zigqithiselwe elebhu ukwenzela uhlalutyo.

Isixhobo idityaniswe izinto eziyityhefu, kwaye izinga losulelo umiselwa Isalathisi lombala utshintsho. Ngenxa yolwazi ezibonakaliswa izixhobo ezinjalo, ukuba imiswe lwee- amasuntswana eziyingozi emoyeni. Ezi zixhobo ziquka:

• isixhobo umkhosi chemical sokuhlola;
• isixhobo Ipha chemical;
• semi-chemical Ubhaqo isixhobo;
• kakutsha igesi oluzenzekelayo.

Zonke iintlobo izixhobo abe umgaqo efanayo. Ngamnye kubo ikuvumela ukuba kufunyaniswe ngobungakanani yongcoliseko.

izincomo

Kukho imithetho ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwiimeko eziyingozi:

• xa sibona ingozi ye-alam;
• ke kuloo ndawo yokhuseleko lokulungela;
• ndawo xa abosulelwe kuqeshwa abantu abanoxanduva;
• ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngobungxamo umbutho labantu;
• ukubuya abantu kunokwenzeka kuphela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo.

Ngenxa kusakhelwa uyasilela ukuthintela ingozi. I-atmosfera softwe rhoqo inkonzo imozulu ezinokuthi ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuba alumkise of events esibi kusondela. Ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu kolawulo radiation, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuphepha ubungozi abantu.