Theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko Bronsted-Lowry

theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko phezu esengozini Sciences ezimbini - physics kanye chemistry. Nayo ichaza iimpawu kunye nohlobo neenqwelwana kunye asidi. Izazinzulu zahlulwe kwiiklasi ezimbini kwezinto ukuba banxibelelane nabanye.

Umsebenzi theory

theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko kunceda ukusombulula umsebenzi ebalulekileyo: ukuqikelela zeziphi iimveliso kwakheka ngenxa yentsebenziswano yabo iya kuqhutywa ngayo lo yabo. Ukuze benze oku, iingcali isicelo iimpawu kunye nemigangatho ye asidi kunye neziseko.

Ngenxa yoko kukho iithiyori ezininzi zazo ngokwahlukileyo evakalayo ukuba acid kunye kwisiseko. Ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuba ukuhlola ezinye iimpawu zazo. Ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke iza kuba yintoni umphumo basabela njani.

Iinkqubo chemical seIRT

theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko athandwa kakhulu, xa kufuneka ufumanise indlela ezisabela ngayo indalo. Lisetyenziswa kwi practice mveliso kunye nenzululwazi. ulwazi theoretical imiphumo impefumlelwano asidi kunye neziseko iinkqubo ingqiqo ukugqiba chemistry ukwakhiwa kuchaphazela iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo theoretical kuzo kwinkalo phantse yonke imichiza.

Kwemvelo kolwazi malunga ukudibana ye asidi kunye neziseko

theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko libhekisela omnye chemistry esisiseko. iingqiqo eziphambili kuqala ziqulunqwe kwinkulungwane zizazinzulu XVII. Kulo mzekelo, umxholo watshintsha emva rhoqo zize zihlaziywe.

IsiNgesi wemithi kwekhulu XVII URobert Boyle wayekholelwa ukuba asidi na emzimbeni, atom lwazo lunamaqoqo ezibukhali noseko - yinto pores zabo. Ngoko ke, yena ujonga, yonke indlela neutralization kuyehla yokuba lunamaqoqo acid ukungena kwi pores zeenqwelwana.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala imfundiso asidi kunye neziseko ecetywayo avumba limnandi French Nicolas Lemery. Ngowe-1675, wakhulula "Chemistry leGolufu", nto leyo iinkcukacha chemical beqabe kunye neempawu zomzimba nezinto ngokusekelwe imilo kunye nesakhiwo. Lemaire bacinga ukuba asidi kufuneka spikes abukhali, ngenxa mizwa ekhathazayo apho kuvela apha esikhumbeni. Izizathu wabiza alkalis, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ubume babo amazwe. Ityuwa cala ngenxa abembumbile.

Sele kwinkulungwane XVIII, enye ingcali yenzululwazi French Lavoisier Antaun ezinxulumene iipropati yobukho asidi kumafa kwabo athom ioksijini. Yokungafani wabonisa lo mbono, emva kokuba yemichiza IsiNgesi Gemfri Devi kunye nogxa wakhe French, uYosefu Louis Gay-Lussac ichonge asidi musa ziqulathe ioksijini. Phakathi kwazo kukho halides okanye hydrocyanic acid. Ngoko ke kwafunyanwa inani elikhulu iikhompawundi ioksijini aqulethe ecingisisiweyo le asidi iipropati.

imibono mihla

Ingcamango theory protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko itshintshe kakhulu kwinkulungwane XIX. asidi steel bemithi bacinga kuphela ezo izinto leyo bayakwazi lokunxibelelana kunye zentsimbi kunye ukukhulula hydrogen. Oku baye bafikelelwa yi-German Isazinzulu nguYusto von Liebig ngo-1839. Kucingwa omnye wabaseki Agricultural Chemistry kunye Organic Chemistry.

Ngokunxuseneyo kunye mineralogist Swedish UJens Jakob Berzelius baqulunqe luvo kufanele ukuba aphathwe nee-asidi oxides engasiyiyo-eqaqambileyo bubuhle, ngoxa oxide nentlawulo eyakhayo kuye iziseko. Oku kwamnceda chaza iimpawu ezingundoqo asidi kunye neziseko. Kungenxa yoko le nto Swede iacid ezisisiseko ithathwa njengokuba iimpawu esebenzayo imichiza. Yena waba ngowokuqala ehlabathini wenza iinzame ukuqikelela isiphumo sokugqibela kwezinto thina sicinga.

Amalungiselelo engundoqo theory protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko ziye zavela emva kokuba umsebenzi omnye yasekhemesti Swedish Svante Arrhenius. Ngowe-1887, washwankathela imfundiso dissociation umbane. Emva kwawo ithuba wokwenene ukuchaza iimpawu asidi kunye neziseko ukuqala iimveliso electrolytes ionization. Makubulelwe ke umnikelo yasekhemesti Russian-German theory Friedrich UWilhelm Ostwald kaThixo laliqulunqwe ngenxa electrolytes buthathaka.

Ngenkulungwane XX, oosonzululwazi American Cady, eFranklin kwaye Kraus nisekelwe theory solvosistem. Yaqala kusetyenziswa izibonelelo kunye Arruniusa Ostwald, kwaye ngokuphathelele zonke ezinye izinyibilikisi ezingaba samodissotsiirovatsya.

Namhlanje Protolytic theory of asidi ezicace kakhulu ngokupheleleyo Dane Johannes uNicolaus Brønsted kunye American Gilbert N. Lewis, naye abazibandakanya physics yenyukliya kunye obizwa.

Imfundiso Liebig

Ngokutsho kwithiyori hydrogen Liebig acid lulwelo uyakwazi idibene nesinyithi ukusuka hydrogen kwakhiwa. Kulo mzekelo, ingcamango "base" Liebig akazange nakanye kungena.

Hydrogen netyuwa akhiwa basabela. Ukusabela nee-asidi kakhulu umboniso reaction iintsimbi. theory Namhlanje lisetyenziswa kuphela ukuqikelela ukudibana kwezinto eziqulathe hydrogen, kunye ngesinyithi sijike.

Imfundiso Arrhenius-Ostwald

Ukuhlalutya oko ithiyori protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko Arrhenius - Ostwald, qaphela ukuba kukho zonke asidi izinto nto isisombululo zolwelo ukwenza ukuse- hydrogen. Ngoko iziseko kuphela ezo izinto nto isisombululo zolwelo ezifunyenwe zesiqinisekiso yesinyithi okanye Ammonium.

Indlela abasabela ngenxa ivelisa amanzi kunye netyiwa. Kukho axhomekeke, xa baye asidi obuluqilima iziseko olomeleleyo. Ngenxa yale theory kungenza ukwahlulwa electrolytes, kwakunye ukumiselwa ixabiso le-pH yaye yaqaliswa, esebenza bume obrak. Kwakhona, lisetyenziswa kwi haydrolisis of neetyuwa kunye neziseko equlathe iityuwa. Noko ke, ngokuya kuncipha. Le nto yokuba kufuneka izibalo ngumsina. Nangona theory Proton lula kakhulu.

Ithiyori Bronsted-Lowry

theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko Bronsted - Lowry ekuqaleni kuqaliswa ngo-1923. Bronsted Lowry yaye zakhiwe yayo ngokuzimeleyo. Iinzululwazi zidibene ingqikelelo asidi kunye neziseko kunye.

Ngokutsho izimvo zazo, ii-asidi - ezi molekyuli okanye ion ezisebenza kubaxhasi Proton indima impendulo. Ngelo xesha kuphela ezo iziseko zibe iimolekyuli okanye ion ukuba athabathele protons. Kule imfundiso asidi kunye neziseko saba definition protolytes. Yintoni ngumongo?

theory Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko Chemistry lancipha ukuya transfer Proton ukusuka acid kwisiseko. Ngaphezu koko, ngeli acid xesha abakhuliswa ngendlela Proton, yona ibe emhlabeni. Kwaye mhlawumbi, kakhulu, kwafuneka ukuba bahlomela le Proton entsha. Isiseko eli xesha liba asidi, ekusekeni yamasuntswana protonated.

Ngoko ke, kuyo nayiphi na intsebenziswano zoqhagamshelwano izinto ababandakanyekayo ngambini kuzo iziseko kunye asidi. Bronsted uzibiza zikhwela iimazi. Ezi amalungiselelo ezisisiseko ekuvumela ukuba kukuqulunqa kwithiyori Protolytic ye asidi kunye neziseko. abasabela Protolytic kwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini kwi enye, ngenxa yokuba nayiphi na into, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, kwaye ube acid kunye kwisiseko.

Kamva waba imfundiso Bronsted asidi-base catalysis, kunye Lowry basebenza umsebenzi enombala ze-oganikhi khompawundi.

theory solvosistem

theory Solvosistem wabonakala ngexesha kuphuhliso iingcamango ethunyelwe Arrhenius ne Ostwald. Amaninzi asisetyenziswa ukusabela kunye izinyibilikisi protic. Bacela AmaMelika bakhe abathathu - Cady, eFranklin kwaye Kraus.

Ngokutsho lo mbono, ngokusekelwe kwaku- iyonke isuke zesinyibilikisi. Oku uyakwazi, ukuba ukwahlukana zibe ion ngamnye ukungabikho inyityilikiswayo. Kulo mzekelo, i zesiqinisekiso kunye anion. Enanikade ion lokuqala lithium kwaye yesibini - ion Liat. Njengoko lisetyenziswe indlela protic ekwaziyo ezinganyibiliki kakhulu odlulisela Proton nakweyiphi molekyuli cala kulwelo ukuya kwenye. Ngaloo ndlela azakhele inani elilinganayo anions kunye ukuse-.

Le mveliso yale yokusabela iba sijike netyuwa.

Le thiyori isetyenziswa ukuqikelela abasabela phakathi asidi kunye neziseko zonke izinyibilikisi. Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ukulawula ezi nkqubo usebenzisa kuphela. Theory ikuchaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu kwezinto ukungaqukathi ioksijini kunye hydrogen.

theory Lewis

theory Lewis ukwakhiwa ngo-1923. Oku kusekelwe iyafumaneka ngexesha kwinzululwazi, ukungeniswa elektroniki. Ukusebenzisa kwabo nga nkulu nokumisela isiseko kunye acid.

Xa chemistry kukho ibinzana elithi "Lewis acid". Le ion okanye molecule apho has a orbitals electron simahla, nto leyo ukwamkela izibini electron. Umzekelo okuphawuleka protons - ion hydrogen kunye ion zesinyithi ezithile, kunye neetyuwa ezithile kweziyobisi.

Ukuba acid Lewis ayikho hydrogen, oko kuthiwa aprotic.

theory uMikhail Usanovich

theory kakhulu jikelele asidi kunye neziseko ngo-1939 baqulunqe yasekhemesti yiSoviet Mihail Usanovich.

Oku kusekelwe kwingcamango ukuba intsebenziswano phakathi nayiphi na acid kunye luya kukhokelela yokusabela salification. Ngenxa yoko, i-asidi luchazwa kwisuntswana ngokwayo lwanamathela ukusuka ukuse-, kuquka protons, kwaye kananjalo ukuthatha phezu endaweni anions kunye electron ikakhulu.

Kwangaxeshanye, isiseko i yamasuntswana apho uyakwazi ukuba uhlomele ngokwayo ukuya Proton okanye enye zesiqinisekiso. Kodwa unako kwakhona ukunika ovela okanye anion. Umahluko esisiseko evela imfundiso Lewis kukuba ngokususela kwingcaciso ka "base" yaye "acid 'ayikho isakhiwo iqokobhe electron, kwaye umqondiso isigxina kwisuntswana.

Xa imfundiso uMikhail Usanovich kukho iziphene. Chief phakathi kwabo - inani elikhulu nentetho equkayo, kunye namagama ngokungacacanga nezimaphambili ezingundoqo. Ukongeza, le mbono akavumeli ukunika uqikelelo lwamanani imiphumo impefumlelwano asidi kunye neziseko.