Relativistic yamasuntswana mass

Ngowe-1905, uAlbert Einstein wapapasha imfundiso yakhe kwezinto, nto leyo kancinci watshintsha ingcamango inzululwazi behlabathi. Ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo bakhe ifunyenwe ifomula mass relativistic.

mbono ekhethekile ka

yonke umongo siyifumana yokuba kwiinkqubo ehambayo xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye, naziphi na iinkqubo eziliqela ezenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukhethekileyo, lubonakaliswa, umzekelo, ukwanda umzimba ngasantya esiphezulu. Ukuba Velocity sesindululo le nkqubo ngaphantsi kakhulu uqina sokukhanya (υ << c = 3 × 10 ^8), ziphantse ukuba lubonakale olu tshintsho, kuba baya ithambekele zero. Noko ke, ukuba isantya isithuthi kufutshane isantya wokukhanya (umz, lingana omnye-isishumi sayo), ngoko izinto ezifana ubunzima, ubude kunye nexesha inkqubo naluphi na utshintsho. Ngoncedo le fomyula ilandelayo ukubala ezi amaxabiso ikwisakhelo echukumisayo, kubandakanywa - ubunzima yamasuntswana relativistic.

Apho l _0, m ₀ kunye t ₀ - ubude umzimba, ubunzima kunye nenkqubo kwinkqubo zokubhala, kunye υ - isantya into.

Ngokutsho kwithiyori Einstein kaThixo, akukho namnye umzimba ukuba nako ukufikelela izantya eziphezulu ngaphezu isivamvo sokukhanya.

mass lokuphumla

Q yamasuntswana relativistic ukuphumla ubunzima kwenzeka elileli theory kwezinto, xa ubunzima bomzimba okanye amasuntswana baqalisa ukutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya. Ngako oko, bonke ubunzima ngokuba ubunzima bomzimba, leyo ikhoyo nokubakho ngexesha yomlinganiselo kwi lokuphumla (xa kungekho sesindululo), ngamanye uqina yayo ngu zero.

ubunzima bomzimba Relativistic yenye parameters abaphambili inkcazo sentshukumo.

efanayo siseko

Emva kokuba ukubonakala kwethiyori Einstein xa kufuna uhlaziyo esetyenziselwa iinkulungwane eziliqela ubucukubhede Newtonian, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuba kusetyenziswa xa kuqwalaselwa amanqwanqwa reference, ehamba ngesantya simthelekisa isivamvo sokukhanya. Ngoko ke, zonke wathabatha ukutshintsha quadratic eguquguqukayo usebenzisa inguqu Lorentz - umzimba zilungelelanise okanye indawo kunye nexesha ukutshintsha xa inkqubo yenguqu phakathi kweenkqubo reference inertial. Inkcazelo yotshintsho data isekelwe kwinto yokuba kuzo zonke isakhelo inertial yonke imithetho yomsebenzi physics ngokulinganayo nangokulinganayo. Ngaloo ndlela, imithetho yendalo azikho nangayiphi na indlela zixhomekeke ezikhethiweyo kwinkqubo reference.

Ukusuka Lorentz inguqu lomlingani kwaye ahleliweyo ubucukubhede ezisisiseko relativistic, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla kwaye igama kunye α ncwadi.

Umgaqo ukufanisa elula ngokwaneleyo - uthi nawuphi na ingcamango entsha nayiphi na imeko ethile ethile kumnika iziphumo efanayo njengoko ezidlulileyo. Ngokukhethekileyo, ku ukukhanda relativistic sibonakala kukuba ngesantya ukuba eziphantsi kakhulu ngesantya wokukhanya, imithetho ubucukubhede yamandulo zisetyenziswa.

yamasuntswana relativistic

yamasuntswana Relativistic kuthiwa yamasuntswana enambuzelayo ngesantya simthelekisa isivamvo sokukhanya. zazihamba kuchazwa ngokuthi kwezinto okhethekileyo. Kukho iqela amasuntswana bayo kunokwenzeka kuphela xa uqhuba ngesantya zokukhanya - ezi zibizwa amasuntswana ngaphandle ubunzima okanye massless nje, ekubeni bonke ubunzima angu nothi, ngoko ke amasuntswana ezizodwa azinazo naziphi iinketho ezifanayo kwi non-relativistic, ubucukubhede classical .

Oko kukuthi, ubunzima isuntswana relativistic yokuphumla inokuba zero.

Particle ingabizwa relativistic ukuba amandla alo agciniweyo enokufaniswa amandla leyo kubonakaliswa indlela elandelayo.

Le fomyula umisela imeko isantya efunekayo.

Amandla amasuntswana nako ibe ngaphezu amandla alo ezinye - ezi kuthiwa ultrarelativistic.

Ukuchaza intshukumo amasuntswana ezisetyenziswa ukukhanda quantum kwaye umyinge ngokubanzi theory entsimini inkcazelo ebanzi kakhulu.

ukubonakala

amasuntswana (relativistic kwaye ultra-relativistic) ezikhoyo uhlobo zendalo kuphela radiation cosmic, oko kukuthi imitha, umthombo engaphandle uhlobo magnetic komhlaba. Man, ukuba esidalwe ngumntu xa accelerators ezikhethekileyo - usebenzisa kubo iintlobo kweshumi embalwa amasuntswana zifunyenwe, yaye olu luhlu rhoqo kuhlaziywa. Loo sicwangciso, umzekelo, izinto ezinkulu Hadron Collider, leyo eSwitzerland.

Asakhulayo kunye elektroni β-ukubola nazo ngamanye amaxesha ukufikelela ngesantya eyaneleyo ukuze babele ukuba udidi relativistic. Relativistic electron mass ingafunyanwa nayo kwezi fomyula.

Ingcamango mass

Weight ubucukubhede Newtonian iye iipropati ezininzi imile:

• Nokutsala omxhuzulane kwemizimba kuvela ngenxa ubunzima babo, oko kukuthi, kuxhomekeke ngqo kulo.
• ubunzima umzimba komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ezikhethiweyo kwinkqubo reference yaye akatshintshi xa lutshintsho.
• inertia yomzimba kulinganiswa ubunzima bayo.
• Ukuba umzimba ligcinwa inkqubo apho kungekho iinkqubo musani kwenzeke nto leyo ivaliwe, ubunzima sayo iya kuba phantse akukho tshintsho (ngaphandle ukugqithiswa kwe- apho eziqinileyo icotha kakhulu).
• Composite ubunzima umzimba iqulathe ubunzima iinxalenye zayo ngamnye.

Umgaqo kwezinto

• umgaqo kaGalileo ka.

Lo mgaqo laliqulunqwe ngenxa ukukhanda non-relativistic, kwaye sibonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kungakhathaliseki nokuba le nkqubo ukuphumla, okanye benza nayiphi na intshukumo, zonke iinkqubo kuzo uqhubeke ngendlela efanayo.

• umgaqo Einstein ngayo kwezinto.

Lo mgaqo lusekelwe kwiinqobo ezimbini:

1. UkwangowaseGalili kwezinto siseko isetyenziswa kule meko. Oko kukuthi, nabani na ngokupheleleyo yonke imithetho yendalo zisebenza ngendlela efanayo.
2. Isantya ukukhanya esoloko ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke izakhelo reference kuyafana, kungakhathaliseki isantya intshukumo umthombo wokukhanya kunye nomkhusane (receiver ukukhanya). Ukungqina oku, ii-experimenti ezininzi, eyaqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo uqikelelo lokuqala.

Ubunzima kulo ubucukubhede relativistic kunye Newtonian

• Mu kuya kwa nshita ubucukubhede Newtonian, imfundiso mass relativistic yena akakwazi kuba umlinganiselo isixa. Kwaye okunene ubunzima relativistic umiselwa ngendlela abaninzi, eshiya Kungenzeka ukuba achaze, umzekelo, ubukho ngamasuntswana ngaphandle mass. Xa ukukhanda relativistic, ugxininise amandla kunokuba mass - oko yeyona iphambili naliphi na iqumrhu okanye yamasuntswana samabanga aphantsi, amandla ayo okanye amandla. Amaphupho abo kungenzeka ukufumana le fomyula ilandelayo.

• Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima Ezinye kwisuntswana yinto ebaluleke kakhulu - ixabiso layo lincinane kakhulu kwaye inani ezingazinzanga, ngoko ifanele imilinganiselo ngokuchanileyo ubuninzi nesantya. Energy yamasuntswana abanye ingafunyanwa yi indlela elandelayo.

• Ngokufanayo imibono Newton kwi ubunzima inkqubo ekwanti njalo, ngamanye amazwi, akuthethi akaguquguquki. Kwakhona ayenzi ukutshintsha kwaye utshintsho ukusuka CO omnye komnye.
• Ayikho ayikho umlinganiselo inertia webhunga ihamba.
• Ubunzima relativistic yequmrhu ochukumisayo ayixhomekekanga impembelelo imikhosi omxhuzulane kuwo.
• Ukuba ubunzima umzimba ilingana zero, kuya kufuneka ukuba ngesantya ukukhanya. I-reverse akunjalo - isantya ukukhanya kufikelela kungekuphela amasuntswana massless.
• I-eneji iyonke amasuntswana relativistic kunokwenzeka esebenzisa ibinzana ilandelayo:

Uhlobo yemithombo

Kude kube kamva nje, inzululwazi kwakucingwa ukuba ubunzima nayiphi yamasuntswana ibangelwa ngemvelo magnetic, kodwa ukuzokuthi ga ngoku oko kwazeka ukuba ngale ndlela Kungenzeka ukuba achaze kuphela inxalenye encinane kuyo - na igalelo ephambili ovela uhlobo intsebenziswano olunamandla, evela gluons. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela esingenakucaciswa yi ubunzima amasuntswana elinesibini, uhlobo leyo okwangoku cacisa.

ukufa, ukunyuka kobunzima Relativistic

Isiphumo zonke theorems kunye nemithetho echazwe apha ngasentla kufuneka kucaciswe ngokwaneleyo, nangona, kwaye inkqubo emangalisayo. Ukuba umzimba mnye ihamba xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye nayo nayiphi na ngesantya, parameters zayo kwaye imizimba ngaphakathi, ukuba umzimba original i utshintsho kwinkqubo. Kakade ke, ngesantya esisezantsi oko phantse kube obonakalayo, kodwa isiphumo iya kubakho.

Umntu Ukucengceleza umzekelo elula - enye indlela ixesha elihambayo kwi-60 km / h kuloliwe. Ke le fomyula ilandelayo ibalwa ukungavumelani kwe ukutshintshwa kwe parameters.

Le fomyula Kwakhona kuchazwe ngasentla. Kufakwe yonke idatha kuyo (xa c ≈ 1 x 10 ⁹ km / h) kukho ezi ziphumo zilandelayo:

Ngokucacileyo, le utshintsho incinane kakhulu yaye akatshintshi ukusebenza iiyure ukuze ukuba ibonakale.