Radio - unyulo lo mzobo. Indlela ukufunda izihionipho yeekhomponenti kunomathotholo kule nkqubo?

Kweli nqaku uza kufunda ntoni na unomathotholo. Le notation kule nkqubela ngokuvisisana nemilinganiselo zikarhulumente ziya kuqwalaselwa. Ukuqala kunye ziqhelekileyo - resistors kunye capacitors.

Ukuqokelela nasiphi na isakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukujonga njani kwi ubunyani kanomathotholo, kwakunye nendlela ukuphawulwa iziphaluka zombane. Maninzi amacandelo elektroniki - transistors, capacitors, resistors, ode, njalo njalo.

capacitors

Capacitors - yeyona iinkcukacha ukuba kwenzeka nayiphi na kuyilo ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ngokwesiqhelo, le capacitors ezininzi elula imele iipleyiti ezimbini metal. Kwaye emoyeni lisebenza njengecandelo Heating. Khumbula nje ukuba izifundo physics esikolweni, xa badlula lingumxholo capacitors. Njengomzekelo, baba iziqwenga ezimbini ezinkulu emcaba semilo zentsimbi ngeenxa zonke. Basondela enye kwenye, ngoko ukuqhela. Yaye nganye imilinganiselo kwindawo eyenziwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba endaweni yokuba umoya ingasetyenziswa mica, kwakunye naziphi na izinto engeyoyangeli ukuqhuba yangoku yombane. Amagama components radio kwipateni amazwe ezingundoqo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka iindwendwe, labanjiswa kwilizwe lethu.

Qaphela ukuba capacitors eqhelekileyo ayilwamkeli DC. Kwelinye icala, ifildi yokuKhangela kungenela singenelayo, ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki. Ukusebenzisa le ndawo, kuphela ekondensa apho kuyimfuneko ukwahlula icandelo eziguquguqukayo kwi DC. Ngenxa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba isekethe elingana (by theorem Kirchhoff kaThixo):

1. Xa ukusebenza, i ifildi yangoku ingxenye capacitor Umqhubi ithathwa ngeqanda uxhathiso.
2. Ukusebenza, lo capacitor link DC luthathelwa (hayi, hayi umthamo!) Ukumelana.

Uphawu iphambili capacitor na capacitance zombane. unit umthamo - a Farad. Yinto enkulu kakhulu. Ukuziqhelisa, njengoko umthetho, kusetyenziswa capacitors, capacitance ulinganiswa microfarads, nF, microfarads. Schemes capacitor luchazwa njengoko lunezithuba ezimbini ezinxuseneyo, apho ezi bend.

capacitors variable

Kukho kwakhona uhlobo olunjalo izixhobo, apho capacitance batshintshwa (kule meko ngenxa yokuba kukho iipleyiti sliding). Umthamo kuxhomekeke imilinganiselo nembasa (kwi-S ifomula - ngummandla wayo), kwaye umgama phakathi electrode. Le capacitor eziguquguqukayo nge umoya umzekelo Heating, enkosi inxalenye eshukumayo ye ummandla lowo ungenziwa ngokukhawuleza zatshintsha. Ngoko ke, iya kutshintsha kunye nesikhundla. Kodwa ulonyulo nezombane kwi izikimu amazwe yahlukile nje kancinane. A resistor, umzekelo, ekuthiwa umgca igophe eyaphukileyo.

Olunye uhlobo capacitors mahluko - izikhwezeli. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu schemes apho kukho uxhomekeke kakhulu kwi capacitances olwaye lwamfimfitha. Kwaye ukuba ufakela capacitor kunye ixabiso rhoqo, ngoko ke isakhiwo liphela isebenze ngokuchanekileyo. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuseka into yonke emva kwendibano yokugqibela ukulungisa ulungise indawo eyiyo. Imizobo zibizwa ngendlela efanayo abasisigxina, kodwa amacwecwe enxuseneyo namthanyana utolo.

capacitors njalo

Ezi zinto kufuneka umahluko kuyilo, kwaye izinto ukusuka apho kwenziwa. Ungakhetha iintlobo uthandwayo insulators:

1. Air.
2. LinguMika.
3. Ubumba.

Kodwa siphathelele amalungu ezingezo-polar kuphela. Kukho capacitors electrolytic (polar). Ngoko ke ezi ngongoma kukuba inkcazelo eninzi kakhulu - esukela nezahlulo ezimbalwa microfarads kunye nesiphelo amawaka. Kwakhona kwezi zinto kwisikhongozeli kukho enye indlela - voltage ubuninzi apho ukusetyenziswa kwayo uvumelekile. Ezi parameters zibhaliwe neetshathi kwityala capacitor.

Amagama capacitors yezikim

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwimeko lokucheba okanye capacitors umahluko lubonise amaxabiso amabini - asezantsi kunye kangangoko. Enyanisweni kwi Kwimeko ungasoloko ufumana uluhlu ethile apho utshintsho umthamo ukuba iyunithi igeza umgca ukusuka kakhulu omnye komnye.

Thelekelela ukuba kukho capacitor umthamo bume 9-240 (ledayimenshini kokwendalo kwi picofarads). Oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane ukudibana amacwecwe capacitance ka 9 PF. Yaye ubuninzi - 240 PF. Iyafuna kokuhlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha nokonyulwa kwamalungu kunomathotholo kwisikimu kunye negama zabo ukuze bakwazi ukufunda kakuhle amaxwebhu zobugcisa.

Hlanganisa capacitors

Ngoko nangoko, kukho iindidi ezintathu (yonke; kukho nto kangaka) iikhompawundi izakhi:

1. Kuhambelana - amandla lilonke kwityathanga lonke kakhulu elula ukubala. Kuya kubakho kulo mzekelo, oko udibaniso lwamaxabiso wonke izinto lamatanki, lahlulwe bawadibanise.
2. Kuhambisana - kulo mzekelo, ukubala umthamo iyonke lula. Kufuneka wongeze izakhono onke amalungu umqokozo capacitors.
3. Mixed - kulo mzekelo, isiphaluka yahlulwe eziliqela. Sinokutsho ukuba lula - inxalenye enye kuphela iqulethe izinto enxulumene ngaxeshanye, le yesibini - gqolo kuphela.

Kwaye oku ngamagqabantshintshi nje kuphela capacitors, enyanisweni into eninzi kubo uyakwazi ukuthetha, ukunika umzekelo imifuniselo eyonwabisayo.

Resistors: ulwazi ngokubanzi

Ezi zinto nawo inokufumaneka nasiphi na isakhiwo - nangona i-digital radio, nangona kwisekethe wokulawula we microcontroller. Le tube porcelain apho kwicala elingaphandle eyayibanjwe wokutshiza umboniso zesinyithi ezicekethekileyo (carbon - carbon black ethile). Noko ke, nkqu grafayithi enokusetyenziswa - umphumo uya kuba efanayo. Ukuba resistors kufuneka ukumelana ephantsi kakhulu kwaye umthamo high isetyenziswa umaleko conductive wire nichrome.

Eyona uphawu le resistor - le ukuxhathisa. Isetyenziswa kwiisekethe zombane ukuseta ixabiso olifunayo lwangoku kwiisekethe ezithile. Physics klasi kuthelekiswa ndiyindla ezaliswe ngamanzi ukuba utshintsho ubukhulu yombhobho, kunokwenzeka ukuba kulawulwe isantya jet. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Ebubanzini umaleko conductive lixhomekeke uxhathiso. I thinner lo maleko na, kungona uxhathiso. Kulo mzekelo, imifuziselo imizobo zamacandelo elektroniki asixhomekeki kubungakanani element.

resistors fixed

Ngokubhekiselele kwezi zinto, eyona eziqhelekileyo iindidi zezi:

1. ubushushu-resistant lacquer Metallized - emfutshane MLT.
2. ukumelana manzi - Sun
3. Carbon lacquered compact - Ulm.

Resistor ezimbini eziphambili iparameters - amandla kunye ukuxhathisa. Parameter yokugqibela ulinganiswa ohms. Kodwa le yunithi yomlinganiselo incinane kakhulu, ngoko xa kusenziwa baye bahlangane iziqalelo apho uxhathiso ulinganiswa megohms kunye kiloomah. Power ulinganiswa Watts kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, imilinganiso element zixhomekeke amandla. I elikhulu oko, element enkulu. Kwaye ngoku, ukuba kukho nokonyulwa kwamalungu radio. Imizobo lezixhobo amazwe kwaye zasekhaya zonke izinto kusenokubakho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kwiisekethe yasekhaya resistor - yinto uxande encinane ratio ye-1: 3, okanye parameters yayo emiselweyo icala (ukuba element ibekwe ngokuthe nkqo) okanye ngaphezulu (kwimeko ifoto). Okokuqala ukunika yesiLatini unobumba R, a ngoko - inani lothotho inani le resistor kwisekethe.

Le resistor variable (potentiometer)

ukumelana njalo ke kwizigqibo nje emibini. Kodwa variables - ezintathu. Kwiisekethe zombane kunye iielementi izindlu ibonisa ukuxhathisa phakathi abafowunelwa ezimbini ekupheleni. Ke phakathi avareji kunye nayiphi na nokumelana zemozulu ziya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke yintoni Isikhundla esqwini resistor. Kulo mzekelo, xa uqhagamshele ohmmeter ezimbini, kuyenzeka ukubona indlela ixabiso omnye ecaleni ezincinane iya kutshintsha, kwaye eyesibini - enkulu. Kufuneka siqonde ukuba ufunde indlela izixhobo beesekethe elektroniki. Kubekwa macandelo radio Kwakhona akukho ngozi iya kwazi.

Luvukelo iyonke (phakathi iiterminal ekupheleni) kuhlala ingatshintshanga. resistors eliguqukayo zisetyenziswa ukunyenyisa inzuzo (ngoncedo lwabo utshintsha ivolyum yeradio, TV). Ukongeza, resistors eziguquguqukayo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi iimoto. Lo mgangatho abenzi amafutha, ulawula isantya ujikeleziso iinjini zombane, izibane ukukhanya.

Hlanganisa resistors

Kulo mzekelo, lo mfanekiso ngokupheleleyo elingemva oko bona obo bebukuye capacitors:

1. uqhagamshelo Series - ukuvimba zonke izinto kwikhonkco esongiweyo.
2. uxhulumaniso Parallel - imveliso yenkcaso bahlulwe isixa.
3. Mixed - lonke uhlelo ukwahlulwa ibe ngemixokelelwane ezincinane kwaye ibalwa ngokwezigaba.

Kulo jikelele, ungenza uvale resistors baze baqalise ukuchaza iimpawu umdla - semiconductor (jonga nezombane kwi kwiisekethe ImiGangatho for ASB, kuxoxwa ngezantsi).

semiconductors

Le nxalenye inkulu zonke izinto radioactive, njengoko inani semiconductors kuquka kungekuphela nje ode zener, transistors, ode, kodwa varicap, variconds, thyristors, triacs, iitshiphusi, njl Ewe, IC - .. Ingaba crystal enye, nto leyo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo radio - kunye capacitors, kunye resistors, kunye ezidibanayo p-n.

Njengoko usazi, kukho abaqhubi (izinyithi, umzekelo), insulators (umthi, iplastiki, ilaphu). Kusenokubakho ezahlukeneyo amacandelo electronic notation e Scheme (unxantathu - kungenzeka diode okanye zener). Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba i-unxantathu ngaphandle izinto ezongezelelweyo kuboniswe ilizwe ubhalo kubuchwepheshe isilawuli.

Ezi izinto mhlawumbi conductive okanye hayi, kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngaba kwezinye imo udibaniso. Kodwa kukho semiconductors, iimpawu ngazo azifani, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile. Le izinto, ezifana lesilicon, germanium. Hi ndlela leyi, iglasi nako ngokuyinxenye zibangelwa semiconductors - ayithethi ukuqhuba umbane, kodwa ngokufudumeza umfanekiso is back ngokupheleleyo imeko eqhelekileyo.

Ama kunye zener

A diode semiconductor kuphela electrode ezimbini: a cathode (negative) kwaye i anode (positive). Kodwa yintoni kukho imisebenzi kweli kwirediyo? Amagama ungabona kwitshati ngasentla. Ngoko olidibanisayo unikezelo amandla anode of a plus kunye thabatha ukuya cathode. Kulo mzekelo, i yangoku yombane kumpompoza ukusuka electrode omnye komnye. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba element kule meko ukuxhathisa iphantsi kakhulu. Ngoku ungenza ukwenza umfuniselo, uze uqhagamshele ibhetri phezu koko, xa kweelana umsinga linyuke izihlandlo eziliqela, yaye ke akukho usaqhubeka. Ke ukuba diode phambili alternating current, eyenza i rhoqo (nakuba sikho ukuhla kancinane). Ngokusebenzisa i wesekethe ibhulorho obandakanya isiqingatha-amathuba amabini (HIV).

di- Zener, ezifana ode, nibagqithile electrode ezimbini - i anode kunye cathode. Ukubandakanywa ngqo lwesi sakhi isebenza ngendlela efanayo njengoko kuxoxwe ngasentla diode. Kodwa ukuba uvumela ngoku kwelinye icala, ungabona umfanekiso umdla kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, lo diode zener akuthethi kugqitha ngokwayo yangoku. Kodwa xa ombane ifikelela ixabiso elithile, kukho ucazululo, kwaye element uqhuba yangoku. Le sinjalo ombane. impahla entle kakhulu, ngenxa leyo ujika ukuphumeza ombane isitali iisekethe, ngokupheleleyo lahla intlokoma, nokuba zincinane. Kubekwa nezombane kwi izikimu - ngokohlobo unxantathu, yaye summit yayo - isici na aa Incopho ukuphakama.

transistors

Ukuba ama zener kwaye maxa wambi bade eyafumanekayo uyilo, i transistors zingafunyanwa kulo naliphi (ngaphandle ekufumanekeni yomfumani). Xa transistor i electrode ezintathu:

1. Base (emfutshane yileta "B" iboniswa).
2. Sokuqokelela (C).
3. Le emitter (E).

Transistors unako ukusebenza ngeendlela eziliqela, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi ukuba asetyenziswe yokukhulisa kwaye isitshixo (njengoko iswitshi). Uyakwazi ukwenza uthelekiso kunye uphondo - wakhwaza esisekweni, ilizwi ziyanyuswa liphuma ichibi Yaphaphazela yeza. Ke emitter ubambe isandla sakhe - kuba kunjalo. Eyona uphawu transistors - inzuzo (umlinganiselo umqokeleli yangoku ubuvuvu). Yiyo le parameter kunye nezinye sisiseko le unomathotholo. Iimpawu kwi kwisiphaluka transistor - umgca nkqo kunye imigca emibini ezifanelekileyo kuyo kwi-engile. ezinye yeyona ixhaphakileyo transistors iintlobo kungathiwa:

1. Polar.
2. Bipolar.
3. Field.

Kukwakho ibandla transistor kuqulethe nobuninzi zokomeleza izinto. Ezi zezona zixhaphakileyo, kukho kunomathotholo. Wandise kwisikimu kwaxoxwa kweli nqaku.