Computer, Zokuhlela
Programming. Imijikelo ne ukhetho
A indawo ekhethekileyo e Turbo UPascal ukuthatha mijikelo. Baqala ukufunda ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba iinkcukacha uqeqesho lwezakhono igalelo-imveliso eskrinini. Ngapha koko, inkoliso yemisebenzi kukuqinisekisa ukuba kwimijikelo kunye parameter kunye nezinye izakhiwo ukunceda lula yokubhala kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo block ethile.
imihlobo imijikelo
Xa zizonke, kukho iintlobo ezintathu:
- nge parameter,
- nge njengomqathango,
- a postcondition.
Imijikelo ne khetho, kungenjalo kubhekiselelwe kuwo Ukuze ... ukuba ... ukwenza okanye Kuba ... downto .... wenze, ngokuphindaphindiweyo phinda ulandelelwano lweentshukumo. Enyanisweni, ezinye iintlobo zisetyenziselwa injongo efanayo, kuphela ye-loop iyaziwa kwangaphambili inani amanyathelo.
Kwezinye izakhiwo ezimbini (Ngoxa kunye Phinda) inani bophindo ekuqaleni ayaziwa. Ngoko ke, xa befunda umsebenzi kufuneka iqondwe, leyo mjikelo kusetyenziswa.
Basic Iinkcazelo eziyeleleneyo
Imijikelo ngeparameters - uniko phinda. Counter - icandelo engundoqo, nto leyo yenzelwa usebenzisa uyilo kwangaphambili. Imida umsantsa ibonisa indlela eza kwenziwa okanye uniko. Ngendlela, akuyomfuneko ukuba ixabiso lokuqala ilingana 1. Umsebenzisi ibeka imida zabo, zombini msantsa. Umzimba loop - iseti imiyalelo esele bazimisele inani kophindo.
Igama elithi "Imijikelo ngeparameters" kuthetha ukuba imeko lukhangelwe, kwaye ngoko ke uluhlu bophindo kuyilo. Counter ke incremented (okanye decremented), yaye yonke into ephinda. Iqumrhu loop aya kubandakanyeka okoko nje imeko liyinyaniso.
Kuba ... ukuba ... do: i algorithm, lwesivakalisi
Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, imijikelo kunye iparameter ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezicacisa i "O" apho ukusebenza. Ngoko ke, kunokuba sibe uluhlu lwamanani, iintsuku zeveki, imibongo imiqolo kunye m. D.
2 angawodwa kuyilo ifomu: ungeniselo yesibali kunye nokuncipha yayo. Uyilo lokuqala liya kupelwa kule ndlela ilandelayo:
ngokuba iskh.peremennaya: = 1 umda emdeni 2 wenze
uqale
umzimba loop;
iphele;
Apha: Ref. variable Kwaxelwa ngumsebenzisi ekuqaleni kwenkqubo okanye iyunithi; 1 umda kwaye umda we-2 - amaxabiso sokuqala nesokugqibela ngexesha; emzimbeni loop emiselweyo iqela lamanyathelo ukuba yenziwe kule program. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba umzimba loop iqulethe liqela elinye kuphela, ngoko kwizibiyeli umqhubi siqale ... ukuphela zisalelayo. Kule ngobuwena, sibali, oko kukuthi
ngokuba iskh.peremennaya = 1 downto umda umda 2 wenze
uqale
umzimba loop;
iphele;
Apha zempumelelo. variable iza kuncipha ngokwemizuzu 1.
Scheme umjikelo parameter Ukuze ... ukuba ... do kuya kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Oku kucwangcisa i ixabiso elilelona liphezulu kwiqondo lokuphumla, t. E. 2 umda.
- Iskh.peremennoy wabelwe umda ixabiso lika-1.
- uvavanyo olunemiqathango udlula: iskh.peremennaya ≤ 2 umda.
- Xa kokufumana iziphumo True (True) emzimbeni loop uyabulawa.
- Counter i incremented yi linyathelo esilingana 1.
- , Izinto 3-5 kuhamba kakuhle de kube lelo xesha imeko kuyinyaniso: iskh.peremennaya> 2 umda. Xa oku kwenzeke, yomtya sele iphumile nokulawula sidlule ukuba lo myalelo ulandelayo kuyilo elinikiweyo.
I Kuba ... downto ... ukwenza algorithm uyafana ngasentla, ngaphandle iingongoma ezimbalwa:
- In inyathelo 3 imeko ivavanywa: iskh.peremennaya umda ≥ 2.
- Counter line algorithm 5 into decremented yi-1.
- Kwisiqendu 6 amaqela 3-5 iza kubulawa okoko nje imeko yanelisekile: iskh.peremennaya
Yonke enye into efanayo kumsebenzi zombini ubuchule.
umjikelezo Umzobo wokulandelana kweenkqubo parameter
Imijikelo ne parameter kufuneka nokusebenza ifomu (nakuba ngasentla sele thaca). Nantsi isakhiwo umbutho lula.
iimfuno ezingundoqo parameters somjikelo
Imijikelo kunye parameters zifuna uhlobo oluthile bume.
- Counter kunye kwithuba lokuphumla umda (t. E. Iskh.peremennaya umda 1 umda 2) kufuneka babe uhlobo data olufanayo. Ukuba kukho ngezisebenzelwanoezibuya kuphela phakathi amaxabiso sokuqala nesokugqibela yabantu abangakwaziyo kunye variable, le nkqubo ukuze ukuziphatha ngendlela engeyiyo ngenxa yokuba imida ziya kumila kumbi ekuqaleni udidi parameter data.
- Uhlobo lwe data ukuba ngamalungu amaxabiso parameter kufuneka ibe yinombolo. Akuyi Kucetyiswa ukuba basebenzise uhlobo lokwenene.
- Tshintsha ixabiso ngabafakwa loop iskh.peremennaya ayinqweneleki. Kungenjalo, umsebenzisi akanokukwazi kunzima ukugcina umkhondo iimpazamo engaba yabonakala.
- Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo imijikelo, kwi Ukuze ... ukuba ... ukwenza okanye Kuba ... downto ... musa alunako ukutshintshwa inyathelo kwisethingi ngaphandle kwe-1.
Turbo Pascal: ukuba indlela aphume yomtya
Kudla kukho iingxaki apho kukho loop, okt. E. Imeko njalo. Inkqubo Break kuyanceda ukufumana phandle zomjikelo kunye yangaphambili, postcondition, parameter. E. umsebenzi wabo sinqunyanyisiwe ngaphambi kwexesha.
Imijikelo ne parameter e Pascal (kweenkqubo leyo ibandakanya iimeko inyaniso "obungunaphakade") singamiswa ngokusebenzisa Qhubeka. Apha umsebenzi zihlelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-uniko yangoku okuqala akugqiba ukubulawa yayo, ulawulo ugqithele kwiqela elilandelayo, kodwa ongaphumiyo ndzhendzheleko.
Inkqubo Exit kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukugqiba umsebenzi ibloko ethile kwinkqubo khowudi. Oku kubangelwa ngaphakathi inkqubo (function) kunye ngaxeshanye, ukusebenza kwalo "piece" ngoko nangoko ziyakupheliswa. Ukuba Phuma ifumaneka e-unit main, ngoko uzomlahla.
Inkqubo Halt kunciphisa isimiso ukusebenza kwezi zilandelayo: Inkqubo yomsebenzi ngokupheleleyo iphela.
Imizekelo yemisebenzi kwisigqibo
Umsebenzisi uya kuba luncedo emva kokufunda isihloko "Imijikelo kunye parameter kwimizekelo uPascal 'ukufunda kuqala aze enze ukubhala ikhowudi ngokwakho. imisebenzi elula ukunceda badwelisi benkqubo elizayo ukuze bafunde ithiyori koko bakwenzayo, ze emva koko isicelo nayo ngempumelelo. On "imijikelo kunye ukhetho" yimizekelo yeengxaki sigqibo, ungenza kufumana kulula kwaye kunzima. Nazi imisebenzi-3, eyayisingethe umsebenzi kanye ubuchule acaciswe kunye nezimvo ukuba zonke izigqibo.
injongo 1
Ngenxa uluhlu ntathu-ezimbini integers kumqolo [0..199], ngokungenamkhethe. Fumana inani onke amanani ama-ababini sum of isuntswana phindwa ngo-2.
I algorithm:
- Yenza uluhlu onamacala amabini.
- Khangela inamba ngalinye ukuthobela le miqathango ilandelayo:
a) Ukuba 9 b) ukukhetha inombolo ayi yesibini ngokwahlula yi mod; c) ukuba babeke phantsi amanani zabo ezabelwe; d) lahlulwe isixa mod 2 kwangaphambili; e) ukuba umphumo ilingana no0, i-counter leyo incremented yi-1. msebenzi 2 Banikwa uluhlu-liyajikeleza lweziqalelo apheleleyo. Fumana inani samanani avumelanayo. I algorithm: Idatha e parenthesis {} amazwana. Umgca 11 ingabonisa kwiskrini wazi iindlela ezimbini: ukuba ushiye umsantsa phakathi kwamanani ezabelwe element ngamnye inani elithile leeseli (kulo mzekelo, abo 5). Xa umgca 12, sibali-bume kwakhona ukwanda ngeendlela ezimbini: nokuba ixabiso elidlulileyo ukongeza-1 okanye sebenzisa umsebenzi standard Inc. umsebenzi 3 Kuyi matrix square. Fumana inani izinto ezintle aphezu idiagonal main. Inchazelo: Uluhlu amanani eziphambili oxwesileyo liqalela ukusuka phezulu ekhohlo ukuya ekunene ezantsi. A phawu olulodwa kuyo kukuba ezi nezalathiso umqolo kunye ikholam ziyafana. Ngoko ke, omnye umjikelo amalungiselelo ngokwaneleyo ukususa imiqolo ngaphandle aveza izinto ezishiyekileyo. I algorithm: Njengomgaqo, umdwelisi nkqubo self-nokuhlonipha uyayazi iilwimi ezininzi. Umzekelo, kusenokuba C ++, Turbo UPascal, Ugcino, Java, njalo njalo. D. Ukuxabana phakathi ababini kubo awasiwisayo imi--80. (C and Turbo Pascal). Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ezifana ukulwa kwaphawuleka phakathi C ++ ne Java. Kwisithuba virtual ka zontathu iilwimi elinesibini lwenkqubo, kukho amathathu isibini kakhulu umxhelo, ogama inkcaso ukubetha iingqondo kakhulu kwi: Algol 60 Fortran, Pascal, C, Java no C ++. Kakade ke, ezi mvakalelo luluvo, kodwa ngexesha elinye okanye elinye omnye isibini wayeyinkokeli. Oku kungenxa yeemfuno zoshishino kunye nemfuneko imveliso software ethile. In imi--70. "Hlabathi lilawulwa" Fortran, kwi-80 - Turbo UPascal, kwi-90 - C ++. Kakade ke, akukho namnye kubo "bafa". Kunoko, ukuba similise ziziveliso ze-software ephucukileyo. Xa ekufundweni kweelwimi lwenkqubo ukuze uqaphele ukuba eminye imixholo ngesivakalisi esifanayo. Ngenxa yoko, imijikelo kunye parameter ku C iyafana kwizakhiwo efanayo NjengoPascal, ngaphandle ezithile. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kubabhekisi phambili be Turbo UPascal (Old World) wazuza inkqubela American Scientists, ngoxa Yehlabathi Elitsha aza kusetyenziswa iziphumo iinzame zophando yaseYurophu. EYurophu, ababhekisi phambili baye bakhuthaza ukuba iqondo elikhulu ubunyulu compactness iilwimi lwenkqubo, kwaye neengqondo baseMelika nabavumayo ngakumbi yokufumana ukusetyenziswa trends amatsha-fangled kwi khowudi yokubhala. Ukruthakruthwano phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini kweenkqubo: C and Turbo Pascal
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