Ngubani na UMaria Montessori? iindlela Montessori kwezemfundo

ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu enye kubhiyozelwa kunye nezenzo ezigqwesileyo intanda kaMaria Montessori, indlela yomsebenzi wayo angalahlekelwa ngokufaneleka unanamhla. Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yemfundo uqinisekiswe iziphumo zophando lwezenzululwazi. Eziguqulweyo nezikolo, asebenza phantsi kwale nkqubo, inokufunyanwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. amaziko abafundi ikushiye ubuchule babo ngokwasengqondweni kwaye ngobuchule, ngokunjalo izimilo ezilungileyo.

Montessori imfundo - komntwana-yokukhuliswa indlela ngokusekelwe trust, inkululeko kunye nethuba lokuba baveze izimvo zabo. Umyalezo ophambili inkqubo yemfundo: "Ndincede, ukuze ndenze nto ngokwam."

Okokuqala, njalo futhi yonke

UMaria Montessori wazalwa ngo -Agasti 31, 1870 kwidolophu Italian ka Chiaravalle. Entsatsheni, yena umntwana kuphela oyintanda. kayise kaMariya, Alessandro Montessori, ibe njengendlu yezikhulu Italian. Igama uMama Renildoy. Xa igama lakhe lobuntombi wazala igama Stoppani - usapho yamandulo, amalungu bayo abantu abafundileyo kakhulu. umzalwana sikanina, Antonio Stopani, ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwinzululwazi wawongwa lesikhumbuzo eMilan. Ngelo xesha Renilda Wabufunda ngobulungisa umfazi, kodwa, ngelishwa, oko wayemiselwe ukuba isiphelo agaye yaye kungekho ngaphezulu. Bonke ubomi bakhe ukunceda intombi yakhe, akufumana ithuba, ezama ukubeka kuwo uthando ulwazi nokuzimela.

UMariya Xa ndandineminyaka eli-12 ubudala, intsapho yakowabo yafudukela eRoma, ukuze intombazana ithuba lokuba bafumane imfundo engcono. Ingakumbi ezilungileyo anikwa zenzululwazi nemathematika. Phezu kwayo yonke imiqobo, intombazana ngenjongo usiwe esikolweni yobugcisa ukuba amakhwenkwe, yaye kamva - Faculty Medical of the University of Rome. Emva kokuphumelela, waba ugqirha wokuqala ababhinqileyo Ingcibi enkulu Italy.

Clever, itshantliziyo, kwaye nje amahle

Njengoko umfundi Maria ngokubonakalayo balwela amalungelo abasetyhini. Wakhethwa komthunywa International Congress of Women, eyayibanjelwe e-Berlin. Le ntwazana nako ukufikelela indlebe, eve, ubugagu kakuhle ngokugqibeleleyo. Xa konke oku, wayesoloko wakhangela mhle, yaye akazange abe sikhululeke nabalandeli.

esibuhlungu

Ngo-1896 waqalisa ukusebenza njengoko umncedisi kwiYunivesithi Clinic baseRoma phantsi kwephiko le-Santi de Santes. Apho wadibana Giuseppe wakhe othandekayo Montesano. ubomi Personal AmaTaliyane zange isebenze. Kwakufuneka ukuba senze ukhetho olunzima phakathi izivamvo nenzululwazi. Wakhetha yokugqibela. Xa waqonda ukuba ukhulelwe, ngoko, esoyika ukulahlwa yokusingqongileyo yamaKatolika, wagqiba ukuthumela ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa komntwana kunye umntu oza kubagcina kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kufuphi neRoma. Kukho intsomi yokuba uMariya washiya unyana wakhe ukujongana nabantwana nabanye abantu, kodwa enyanisweni akunjalo.

Uninzi lwabantwana ngelo xesha izifundiswa tutors, kwaye Italian akenzanga nto iyaphikisana izithethe. Umahluko kuphela kukuba usana bahlala nentsapho host. UMariya wachitha nonyana wakhe ngempelaveki kwexesha ngaphezu unina avareji ngelo xesha. Montessori yaqalisa unyana wakhe eluntwini, kuphela xa wayeneminyaka engama-15 ubudala. Mario esaphila owanceda unina waba ezihlangwini zakhe, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe wenza igalelo elikhulu ukuba indlela yokufundisa ye Montessori.

Ukusebenza nabantwana

Le klinikhi ukwenzeka kwintlanganiso yokuqala abantwana, ababa kwamathuba. Ngelo xesha, aba bantwana abaphathwa, yaye wafundisa nto, ukuba nje ingqalelo Idiots kwaye azame ukuzikhusela evela eluntwini. Emva kokuba ukwamkelwa ukutya rebyatnya ukuba ukugaqa kumgangatho amkhuthuka eqokelele nemiqhathane yesonka, uze atshicelwe iibhola ivela kuyo. Le meko, apho kwakukho abantwana abagulayo imini nobusuku, akazange igalelo kuphuhliso okanye uqhutyelwe umsebenzi luncedo. NoMaria ixesha elide ubukele kwaye nezigqibo, nto leyo yaba kwindawo yokuqala lokutyelela inkqubo yokufundisa owadalwa Montessori.

Indlela kukunika abantwana njengoko izigulane kunye nokusingqongileyo nokuphuhlisa usempilweni. Imvuthuluka kufuneka banikwe nesithuba apho ziqwalaselwa lonke ulwazi lwehlabathi. Ecacileyo, zibekiwe ngemigangatho enkulu impumelelo yabantu. Wonke kid ukuya yonke indlela eya ihlabathi oluphucukileyo ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka zabasakhasayo. inkqubo yokufundisa of Montessori yakhiwe ngokungqinelana neemfuno (amaxesha sensitive) apha ekukhuleni komntwana.

ngqi sensitive

Uphuhliso Child le ndlela Montessori ngawo ixesha amathuba apho abantwana elula ngokwendalo aqonde izakhono ezithile kunye nolwazi. Lo ngumongo ixesha ethe. msebenzi wayo kukuba yona yenzeka kanye ebomini yaye badlule ngonaphakade, kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngaba umntwana kuye kwafuneka yexesha ukusebenzisa okanye hayi. Ngokomzekelo, ukususela kwiminyaka 0 ukuya emithandathu kukho uphuhliso oluvo kwaye ukuyilwa zentetho. izakhono zentlalo siphuma kwaye ayinakutshintshwa ethuba ukususela kwiminyaka-2 ukuya ku-6. Fundisa umntwana ucoceko nocwangco kufuneka ukuya kwiminyaka emi-3.

Kunye nezinye izihlandlo ezibuthathaka zifumaneka kwimibhalo lukatitshala Italian kunye ngcungela. Abazali kunye nootitshala iyitshintshe isenzeko kunye nexesha la maxesha. Kodwa ke, kufuneka ukuba ukudala imeko-bume ye umntwana izixhobo zokufundisa okanye ekuthiwa- izowuni zophuhliso proximal.

kubantu abadala - ilizwe yamaRefa abantwana

Utitshala Montessori siqala ingcamango yokuba abantwana kuphazamise ukuba sihleli apha ehlabathini abadala. Yonke inkunzi uziva apho ngathi Lilliputian e Gulliver lizwe. Ihlabathi lethu umntwana ngokupheleleyo isiphithiphithi, apho umntu omncinane ingenawo amalungelo kunye indawo lethuba zobuqu. Iingxilimbela, abantu abadala, ongenabulungisa kunye ngumonde. Isohlwayo angalandela impazamo elula efana ivazi eyaphukileyo, nangenxa itakane uhlola nje ihlabathi yaye unelungelo lokwenza iimpazamo.

Utitshala efuna ukudlulisela abazali nootitshala ukuba abantwana - ayikho into yokudlala ezandleni zabo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo ngokomdla wabo neemfuno zabo. Ukuba bayinyuse nemiqhathane, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuqonda usana kufuneka ukuyibona. Kwaye oku kunokwenzeka kuphela umntwana, lowo unikwe inkululeko. Umntwana ahleli kwidesika, akukho ngaphezu kokuba ilahleko ekhawulezayo inzala, uya kubona. Bukela ubuntu njengoko ebonakalisiwe, kungaba kuphela xa usana into akawuvali ngokwenene.

Uqeqesho kunye nenkululeko ngexesha elifanayo

Phantsi ingqiqo nenkululeko imisebenzi utitshala Italian kufuneka babengaliqondi zibhuqe, kwaye nokuzimela ukuthanda umntwana ngumntu omdala. Kwaye oku kuphunyezwa ngokufundisa abantwana ukuba inkonzo baze bafunde ezintsha ngaphandle uncedo lwabadala.

UMaria Montessori indlela ngokufutshane:

• Yonke inkunzi ukhetha ngokwawo umsebenzi. Umntwana ufunda ukuphulaphula "Mna" ongaphakathi, ukuze aqonde ukuba unomdla kwi ngawo lo mzuzu.
• Ukunciphisa uncedo abadala. Kufuneka kube khona kuphela kwiimeko apho itakane ngokwakhe ucela yona. Ukwenza ukuzimela umntwana self-ukuzithemba, funda ukuhlola ngokwaneleyo nokugqwesa yena ubuqu.
• Abantwana bakhula kwaye baqeqeshwa kwindawo umbutho ngokukhethekileyo. Le nkcazelo yayisetyenziselwa kufuneka mazifumaneke ngokukhululekileyo umntwana ngamnye. Kukho imithetho ukuze babonwe ngabantu bonke.
• Imfundo yabantwana abakwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo kwiqela elinye. Kuhle ukuba abantwana abadala kwakunye abo abaselula. abafundi Small zithathwa ukuba abadala, kunye guys ezinkulu ukunceda imvuthuluka.
• Izinto yoqeqesho yenzelwe ukuze umntwana akwazi ukufumana alungise iimpazamo zabo.
• Akukho ndlela zibhetele nabafundi okubi. Impumelelo ye umntwana kuthelekiswa kuphela iziphumo zangaphambili.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba usebenzise indlela Montessori ekhaya okanye kumaziko emfundo ukuba, yonke kukho imithetho ezifanayo:

• I wasebenza - uze emva.
• Ukusebenza kunye nezinto lwenzeka kwi ityali ngamnye.
• Iklasi akakwazi ukwenza ingxolo, ukuhamba cwaka. Abantwana kanye wafundisa cwaka athwale izitulo.
• bahlalisane ngokubanzi nentlonelo: inkululeko yakho iphela apho omnye iqala zaloo mntu.

bendlela yokusebenza

Abalandeli inkqubo yemfundo ziye zaphawula esikhulu ukuba kongezeleka ukusuka indlela Montessori. Izimvo kwimigibe zingafunyanwa phi alufane.

Ubuntwana ngaphandle iintsomi. UGqr Montessori wayekholelwa ukuba iintsomi egqwethekileyo imbono leyinene. Emva Gingerbread Umntu yokusabela, kunye nezilwanyana abakwazi ukuthetha ulwimi lwabantu. Le nkqubo kwakhona ijolise ekuqiqeni nengqiqo, iphuhlise ikhweyitha lasekhohlo umntwana ngokwakhe zoba izigqibo, wenze izigqibo kwaye athathe uxanduva ngezenzo. iincwadi Funda ndlela akakwaleli, kodwa ucebisa ukuba ukhetha amabali kunye namabali yokwenene.

Akukho entsonkothileyo. Imfundo kwi indlela Montessori ezingachazwanga ngenxa nezithintelo kunye nezohlwayo. Enkulisa okanye esikolweni, umntwana akakwazi ukumamela utitshala, ukuba adle kuyo iipleyiti abanye abantu, sijikeleze igumbi ngexesha eklasini, ukuze isebenze phantsi eholweni. Utitshala unelungelo ukwenza imilinganiselo yakhe, ngenxa yokuba umntwana kufuneka ngokwakhe ukuqonda oko saa - oko okubi, ukuze ningabi buhlungu abanye abantwana. Utitshala uyakwazi ukubona kuphela eyenzekayo. iisayikholojisti Domestic musa yaleza ukusebenzisa phambi kokuba isikolo indlela Montessori. imfundo Pre-school kwilizwe lethu kufuneka kufakwe umba wokulalela. Abantwana emva kokuphela yomyezo kwinkqubo ezintsha madolo ukuthatha esikolweni imfundo zoqobo. abafundi elizayo bayacetyiswa ukuba 'ukuphinda-wabafundisa "kwi enkulisa eqhelekileyo, kuba umfundi akanako nje ukuhlala eklasini. Yena engazi ukuba ukumamela notitshala.

indawo zocando

Wenza negalelo elikhulu kwimfundo yabantwana Dr. Montessori. Indlela ukuba liqulunqe, ubonelela ukwahlulwa indawo, apho abantwana bazibandakanya, ummandla. Kukho ezintlanu kuphela. zone Kid ukhetha ukuzibandakanya kwaye ibamba njengento elide kangangoko ethanda.

• Indawo yokwenza. Kukho izinto zemihla ngemihla, apho abantu abadala kufuneka bejongene yonke imihla. Kid phantsi kweliso utitshala sinkcenkceshele iintyatyambo, ayihlambe, intsimbi langoku intsimbi kunye bethunga. Imfundo kwi indlela Montessori ibonelela self-nkonzo. Wards bona uyimise itafile, ekucoceni emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, ahlambe kanye nokusula izitya.
• Touch Zone. Nantsi umbandela lowo ufundiswayo ukufumanisa iimpawu zezinto: umbala, imilo, ubukhulu, ubunzima.
• indawo Language. Kukho yayisetyenziselwa izinto zokufunda nokufundisa nokubhala.
• zone Mathematics. Ngoko ke itakane ukufunda amanani, inani lezinto yimizekelo zemathematika. Umsebenzi ne "impahla yegolide".
• indawo Space. Nazi iimephu, yokuzunguleza iimbumba, izinto zokufunda yemozulu yonke sazisa abantwana kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo.

Iiklasi abantwana kokuya esikolweni ngokusebenzisa indlela Montessori asebenza kunye nezinto ezithile. Makhe sijonge kuwo.

Uphuhliso technology woluvo:

• Ifreyimu amahaki. Kuyo kukho neefolokhwe, amaqhosha, iiziphu, imitya. Nalo mntwana kuyi efunda kubhinqa.
• kuma Brown. Oku kunceda abantwana ukuchonga kwingqikelelo ezinkulu, ezincinane, nenqatha, obhityileyo.
• Pink Tower. Kusikhumbuza iphiramidi abantwana. Dyondzisa uthelekise izinto omnye komnye ubukhulu.
• boom Red. Umntwana esoloko wayeqhelene ingqiqo ka "elide", "imfutshane".

Siqala intetho:

• Iileta iphepha kwesiphumo velvet okanye isanti zokuhombisa.
• Metal tabs ngokwemo iimilo ezahlukeneyo zejiyometri zisetyenziselwa lokulungisa isandla kule ncwadi.

ikhono Mathematical:

• intonga obomvu, kunye noblowu. Ibandakanya iintonga 10. Ngokwenza kwabo, umntwana ufunda izibalo esisiseko kunye imisebenzi zezibalo.
• Ibhokisi zokuluka.
• umzimba Geometric.

imfundo ekhaya

Iingcebiso kubazali abafuna ukusebenzisa indlela Montessori kwelo khaya:

• Dala ukuba unyana okanye intombi ka-bume ubomi obutofotofo. Umntwana kufuneka abe nako ukwenyuka okanye uguqe emandlalweni yabo, bohlamba ngaphandle koncedo, hung impahla yabo endlu yangasese okanye umlobothi wakho, afanelekileyo ekukhuleni kwayo.
• Nika umntwana amathuba akho ukunceda abantu abadala kunye yasekhaya. Fundisa ahlambe indebe, athenge umhlakulo encinane kunye nomtshayelo, makhe amanzi kweentyatyambo. Itakane kufuneka sazi ukuba Imelwe imisebenzi yasekhaya. Oku kucaciswe gca kwinkqubo yayo Dr. Montessori.
• Le ndlela isekelwe phezu inkululeko amanyathelo. Musa ukuphazamisa umntwana.
• Yahlula nursery band ngokwenkqubo. Nika izinto zokufundisa umntwana wakho ukuba iiklasi. Ba zibiza kakhulu, ngoko abazali kufuneka bacinge nto anokuyenza ngezandla zabo. Namhlanje singafumana ezininzi iingcamango kunye koomasifundisane imveliso ngezixhobo zokuqeqesha.

Le nkqubo linganiki oonyana iipatheni lomsebenzi, kodwa utyhala umntwana amanyathelo kwaye inikeza ezininzi izinto.

isiphelo

Iziko kusetyenziswa indlela yokufundisa kaMaria Montessori, onokufaniswa emhlabeni yabantwana abancinane eyahlukileyo, apho kukho iinkqubo salo yaye akukho ndawo zibhuqe. Kodwa nakuba abantwana bafunda ukuqonda iimvakalelo zabo neemvakalelo, bafumane izakhono zobomi ukusombulula imiba zasekhaya. Akukho nto ithintela uphuhliso ubuchule ezincinane zabantu. Le nkqubo linganiki oonyana iipatheni lomsebenzi, kodwa utyhala umntwana amanyathelo kwaye inikeza ezininzi izinto.