Nesibopho ukungcola: iintlobo, iimpawu, imizekelo

Parasitism - enye iintlobo zindala kwavumela eziphilayo. Ukususela kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'amaphelo "ye ulwimi eliguqulelwe ngokuthi" sisidleleli. " Eneneni, eli parasitism ukuba ababini ephilayo zemfuza ayaba Bahlala kangangethuba ixesha elide, nomnye eziphilayo kusetyenziswa ezinye yokuhlala nje kuphela, kodwa umthombo wokutya. Kwi i umdla ezinjalo, ukusuka kwindawo zebhayoloji lwembono, le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa parasitism uyawabophelela, eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Apho wenza igama elithi "parasitism"?

E Greece yamandulo kwakukho mthetho: Xa ngumpolitiki kuba ndimdala kakhulu ukuba azalisekise imisebenzi yawo ngqo, yena uya abaxhomekeke karhulumente. Kuba aba bantu wakha amagumbi ezizodwa, ebizwa parasitariyami. Kodwa abahlali kweehostele ebizwa izinambuzane. Ngoko ekuqaleni amaphelo - lelo unako ikhona kuphela kwabanye.

eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha

izinambuzane ngoku ebizwa izidalwa bayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezinye abantu abangabakhe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Le Isidleli ezingadala ngokupheleleyo ukukwazi yobomi ezimeleyo (oku ke izinambuzane ekuthiwa-uyawabophelela), okanye enye ugqithele kwindlela ekumfimfitheni yobomi kuphela kwi zigaba ezithile zo yophuhliso lwayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iinzuzo amaphelo esuka kumququzeleli-ubukho kunye nomkhosi, kunye yokugqibela ebangela umonakalo. Xa lo monakalo inokwahluka ngaphakathi kwemida kunokuba ngokubanzi, ukusuka umonakalo izicwili amasebe awohlukeneyo okanye ukuncipha phambi yokuziphatha utshintsho-mkhosi. Yiyo loo nto xa losulelo kufuneka ukunyanga ukungcola ngenye umonakalo noqhekeko ukuba umzimba ukwazi kusetyenziswa. Ngokomzekelo, iziyobisi ezininzi okanye amayeza ukuba balahle ziimpethu.

Iimpawu eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha

Ngokungafaniyo uburhamncwa, parasitism kubandakanya kukhubazeko nokulungiswa sisidleleli kwiimpawu-mkhosi. Izilwanyana kuhlala kumphezulu host umzimba kunye nemingxuma ngamalungu akhe yangaphakathi okanye iiseli.

Lidla osemqoka uphawu lo ukuncitshiswa eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha ziye amalungu athile, leyo ngendlela yobukho ayikho imfuneko. Umzekelo, badla loo maphalo akukho inkqubo yokucola ukutya, kuyiqonda amalungu okanye amalungu omzimba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo maphalo ngethuba zazivelela ayizange' abuyele 'ezilahlekileyo iinkqubo omzimba: kuphela ngakumbi lula komzimba kunokwenzeka. Njengoko umzekelo lula enjalo kunokukhokelela iintsholongwane, ekucingelwa ezincinane kwiseli similise molecule ye DNA okanye RNA, "wapakisha" kwiqokobhe protein. Virus abangekaphuhli kangangokuba abanye abaphandi ayikhe ithi qatha ukuba babe izinto eziphilayo.

Kwemvelo of parasitism

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kwavela parasitism ngexesha yehlabathi ophilileyo, xa biogeocoenoses emhlabeni wabonakala kuqala. Ngenxa ekomelezeni ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo wadibana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nolwalamano oluphakathi abamele kwavumela abantu abangabakhe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, omnye uhlobo ngcembe ndaqalisa ukuqhelana lomzimba lomnye. Obungcali waba elimxinwa ukuba symbiote zangaphambili ayikwazanga khona ngaphandle host lube sisidleleli. Uninzi nezinambuzane ukuba malilungiselelwe iindlela ibakhusela umkhosi eziphilayo. Umzekelo, iseli ziibhakteriya udonga izokhula, isakhiwo ekhethekileyo ukunqanda combing njalo ukuphuhlisa amangolwane yesiqephu. D.

Zilwanyana: iintlobo eziphambili

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha:

- izinambuzane zokuzikhethela. Basimisela yinxalenye yobomi babo njengabantu abakhululekileyo, kodwa indlela ekumfimfitheni ebomini nje ezinye izigaba zophuhliso, njengokuba umthetho, ukuzala. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iindidi iintsholongwane emathunjini.

- nesibopho ukungcola. Zonke izigaba zomjikelo wobomi amaphelo enxulumene umkhosi. Kwimeko-bume yangaphandle ayisekho loo sisidleleli. Nesibopho ukungcola - zonke iintsholongwane, Rickettsia kunye chlamydia.

- izinambuzane Random. Le iqela elincinane ngokwentelekiso eziphilayo ukuba atshintshele parasitism ngengozi. Imizekelo fungi, ababonayo babe unobangela lophuhliso mycoses ongama yabantu.

Nika uhlobo olunye lwezidalwa olwaye lwamfimfitha - ekuthiwa-sverhparazitov. eziphilayo ezifana wemikhosi usebenzisa nezinye izinambuzane. Superparasitism - zesiganeko eliqhelekileyo kwindalo, ibaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo: eziphilayo ezinjalo elawula ubukhulu yabemi eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha.

"Iindaba ezimbi kwi diphu kwiproteni"

Virus ikutyela uyawabophelela - eziphilayo ukuba abakwazi zizalana ngaphandle iseli. Izazi bakholelwa ukuba iintsholongwane baka eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi ukuba baye bafudukela ngendlela ekumfimfitheni yobomi kwaye baphulukana yofuzo nezakhiwo zeselula. Virus abanalo nkqu ukukwazi self-ukutya; kuba amandla basebenzisa iinkqubo pathways kwi iseli eyosulelwe.

Ngokwengcaciso, i-Nobel Prize P. Medawar, intsholongwane - yi "iindaba ezimbi kwi diphu kwiproteni." Ukuba ngenene kunjalo: isakhiwo wentsholongwane egazini lula ukuya kumda. Virus DNA okanye RNA molecule, a ekhuselweyo iqokobhe protein ethwele igama "capsid". Xa esiseleni, zofuzo intsholongwane aqalile reprogram umsebenzi iinkqubo kwemichiza, ebangela ukuba lokuyivelisa kuyimfuneko ukuze ntsholongwane ukuphindaphindeka iiprothini.

Amagciwane izinambuzane eliphelele

Virus kungenziwa ngokuba uhlobo "ukumkani" lweentshulube kweli hlabathi akukho esinye iintlobo, okuba zaziswe amagciwane. Virus nga Luhlala nje kuphela kwiiseli izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kodwa magciwane elinye-elilodwa. Okumangalisayo kukuba, loo maphalo uyawabophelela kuphela, ukuba ingabi abanako kuphela ezimeleyo ubukho simahla, kodwa kwakhona ukubonisa iimpawu ophilileyo mbandela kuphela xa ukuwa kwi host eziphilayo.

Ngempumelelo nangona umonakalo intsholongwane kungabangela umzimba, nokuphilisa-gazi ezosulela iiseli. Ngelishwa, iintsholongwane, uyawabophelela irhorho intracellular kwelona nqanaba liphezulu ande ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. kwemvelo yabo ngaphambi kwishishini loxubo-mayeza. Ngoko ke, loo maphalo uyawabophelela intracellular ukuba, ukuba isakhiwo elula abangekaphuhli, uze wonditshitshisela ke ukumkani wendalo - kwabantu ...

Namhlanje, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba a omzimba ekumfimfitheni yenye iinjini eziphambili izinto zazivelela. Musa ukucinga ukuba ezi zidalwa benzakalise kuphela: uyawabophelela ukungcola, ezo olubonakala ngayo kweli nqaku umdla kakhulu isifundo zezidalwa, ngaphandle apho uphuhliso kwezinto eziphilayo akunakwenzeka.