Kuqweqwe lomhlaba - iqokobhe eliphezulu nzima boMhlaba

I eliphezulu nzima Iqokobhe Umhlaba kuthiwa kuqweqwe inxalenye lithosfere, nto leyo Liguqulwe lithatyathwa lesiGrike, ngokoqobo lithetha okanye "ibhola nzima" "enamatye". Oku kuquka Kukwayinxalenye ingubo eliphezulu. Konke oku ibekwe ngqo ngaphezulu asthenosphere ( "ibhola ongumlwelwe") - phezu umaleko viscous ngakumbi okanye iplastiki, ngokungathi lithosfere ngxabano.

Isakhiwo yangaphakathi Earth

Umhlaba wethu imilo i ellipsoid, okanye ngaphezulu ncam, le geoid, nto leyo umzimba-ntathu zejometri i imilo esivalekileyo. Le ngcamango obalulekileyo geodesic leyo ngokoqobo eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "Umhlaba-like". Kubonakala ngathi umhlaba wethu ukhangela. Ngaphakathi yahlulahlulwe oko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: - I-Earth ubunjwe lamanqanaba ezahlulwe sisithuba imida, okuye ezabo igama labo ezithile (ukuba zicacileyo them - Moho discontinuity, okanye Moho esahlula kuqweqwe ingubo). Undoqo, nto leyo embindini umhlaba, iqokobhe (okanye yokwaleka) kunye amaxolo - eliphezulu iqokobhe eziprintiweyo Umhlaba - ezi zoleko eziphambili, ezimbini apho - undoqo nengubo enkulu, ke, yohlulwe sub-umaleko ezimbini - yangaphakathi langaphandle, okanye phezulu nasezantsi. Ngoko ke, undoqo kwisigaba ogama radius ilingana 3.5 amawaka eekhilomitha, sakhiwa engundoqo nzima yangaphakathi (radius 1.3) kunye ulwelo lwangaphandle. A yokwaleka okanye iqokobhe silicate yahlulwe ezisezantsi neziphezulu izibophelelo, leyo kunye akhawunti ye-67% konyanzeliso iplanethi yethu.

Umaleko thinnest le planethi

Ngaphezulu obuphathekayo uMhlaba enomzimba noko isikhumba engaphandle (umhlaba - 40-80 km phantsi kwamanzi - 10-15). Okubangela% 1 kuphela ubunzima Yomhlaba. Eqweqweni iquka iintlobo ezimbini - yokomisa imele kolwandle lizwekazi - yolwandle. Kukho iindawo sethutyana ibekwe kakhulu eselunxwemeni ezilwandle - isiqithi-arc. Indawo, inxenye echumayo ye kuqweqwe iwela ezintabeni, ingakumbi malayas (75 km), iziko yolwandle - oko yile ndawo thinnest (5-7 km). Ububanzi lithosfere efanayo kumhlaba kunye ezinzulwini zolwandle ilingana ngokulandelelana 25-200 kunye 5-100 leekhilomitha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwi lithosfere ezingaqukwanga umaleko yonke nomphezulu wementile, kodwa inxalenye encinane kuphela emashumini ezimbalwa khilomitha, kanti umaleko ngokwayo ifikelela kwi-500 ukuya-900 km.

Ukwakheka komzimba kunye eekhemikhali Earth

Iqokobhe eziprintiweyo Umhlaba ibandakanya iintlobo ezintathu rocks - lentlenga (detrital,
acid, biogenic), igneous okanye ukubona (onomanzi-95% ye-lithosfere: kumhlaba eliphethwe lenyengane, emazantsi - basalts) nemetamorphic (kwasekwa komhlaba ziyatyeba). Phantsi lothuli column amanzi uqweqwe iqulathe lamanqanaba ezimbini. 99,5% of ubume imichiza, nto leyo eye iqokobhe umhlaba ephezulu nzima iwela hydrogen neoksijini, i-aluminiyam, lesilicon, intsimbi, nemagnesium, calcium kesodiyam - kuphela ezisibhozo periodic table lweziqalelo. Lonke ulwazi malunga isixhobo koMhlaba yangaphakathi izisombululo yenzululwazi theoretical component. Kuba ukufunda ngqo ifumaneka kuphela iqokobhe eliphezulu eziprintiweyo Umhlaba, kuba phambi umaleko elandelayo umntu namhlanje abakwazi ukufikelela ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngoko ke, yonke imibuzo emalunga isakhiwo iplanethi yethu, impikiswano. Noko ke, phezu komhlaba, asingabo bonke eqinisekisiwe kwaye efunda. Kuhleli ludale nkqu ngemvelaphi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Ngoko ke, yonke imiyalelo efanelekileyo ukufunda lithosfere. Sijolise izibonelelo zendalo ezikhoyo, yaye inxalenye ephezulu kukho emhlabeni, ngoko ebaluleke kakhulu ebomini bomntu.

Iimpawu ze lithosfere

Ngenxa yoko, imida lithosfere bungabonakala esibonakalayo, ekuthiwa emva kokuba geophysicist Serbian Moho, kwaye ixhomekeke somahluko sesiqhelo wenyikima. Kwaye phakathi kule mida zenzeka ngqwabalala, ukusongela iinkqubo intlekele yendalo - utshintsho, kubandakanywa ziitectonic plates, landslides kunye Udaka, ukhukhuliseko. Imihlaba Sami Wesuka ngaxeshanye eziphilayo emhlabeni kwaye imveliso yempembelelo yokusingqongileyo - amanzi, umoya kunye eziphilayo nezityalo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo (ubume bamatye, lwejiyografi kunye zemozulu) ngeli jelo libaluleke zendalo uba Ebubanzini ukususela-15 cm ukuya-3 m. Ixabiso kwezinye iintlobo umhlaba omkhulu kakhulu. Umzekelo, umhlaba Ukrainian emnyama amaJamani ngexesha adlula umsebenzi ngaphandle eJamani. Ethetha eqweqweni, ngeke sithethe malunga amacwecwe lithospheric, i iindawo ezinkulu eqinileyo, ukutyibilika phezu zoleko mnweba ulwelo ihamba xa kuthelekiswa namanye. indlela yabo yokwenza "behlasela" asongele iinguqulelo ziitectonic plates ezinokubangela iintlekele emhlabeni.