Kuba nefoni yehlabathi yokuqala mobile

zonxibelelwano Mobile, noqhuba ehlabathini lonke namhlanje, sele babeshiywe ingqalelo yenziwe elitsha. Noko ke, lo mbutho yokuqala izibonelelo nengqiqo lonxibelelwano mobile zavela kule nkulungwane yama-20. On umbuzo, ifowuni yokuqala mobile, yaye nini, kunzima ukuphendula eziqhitsini ngayiphi lizwe. Kodwa ukuba uzama ukwenza oku - ntoni izibakala uphuhliso nokunxibelelana ngefoni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zerediyo kufuneka ifundwe kuqala? Ngokusekelwe koko criteria abo okanye ezinye isixhobo kufuneka yabelwe mobile phones?

History of Funny: Key Facts

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo - owasungula ifowuni yokuqala mobile ehlabathini, kuqala sonke singakwazi wayeqhelene imbali izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezichaphazelekayo.

Concepts kunye AMAGQABAZA ▸ izixhobo zonxibelelwano, ukusuka kwindawo esebenzayo imboniselo, kufutshane mobile phones, waqalisa ukuba kuxoxwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (ezenzululwazi, ubunjineli) kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kodwa cell phone eyiyo njengendlela yonxibelelwano okunikelwa kumsebenzisi kwi ekupheleni 70s ukuphuhlisa elebhu Bell Laboratories, nto leyo ephethwe ngomnye imibutho ezinkulu US - AT & T. Phakathi kwamazwe kuqala ukuba inkqubo iphunyezwe ngempumelelo yonxibelelwano ishishini mobile - eFinland. inkqubo yonxibelelwano yeeselula ayenziwa kwi-USSR.

Kodwa yintoni urhulumente kuqala kunabo bonke ngokoMthetho kwintshayelelo mobile phones?

Iza kuba luncedo ukuba ahlale phezu izinto eSoviet - iyazazi iinyaniso ngazo kuya kusinceda siqonde xa ifowuni yokuqala mobile ehlabathini kulo ilizwe.

Ukudala mobile phone: amava eSoviet

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, ingcamango isixhobo okhethekileyo, semono, wacebisa Isazinzulu eSoviet Georgi Ilyich Babat. Le yunithi kwafuneka ukuba ifowuni operable eziphathwayo kwimo oluzenzekelayo. Bekucingelwa ukuba wayeza ukusebenza ngoluhlu 1-2 GHz. Olona phawu oyintloko isixhobo obekwa GI Babati, ukuqinisekisa ukosuleleka yelizwi ngokusebenzisa nothungelwano olubanzi waveguides ezizodwa.

Ngowe-1946, Shapiro I. Zakharchenko wathenjiswa ukuba alungiselele inkqubo yonxibelelwano kunomathotholo apho isixhobo ngokufumana kunye ekudluliseleni ilizwi kwafuneka ibekwe iimoto. Ngokuhambelana nale ngcamango, kwafuneka ukuba izikhululo esebenzayo ezidolophini, zincediswa yi izixhobo ezizodwa kunomathotholo ngenxa izibonelelo zonxibelelwano mobile. Kulindeleke sebenzisa umnxeba olulodwa into ebonakalisayo umrhumo.

Ngo-Apreli 1957, injineli eSoviet Z Kupriyanovich wadala ngere- kwisixhobo yonxibelelwano - idluliselwe LK-1. Le fowuni ine isenzo owela ngaphakathi kwe-30 km kwaye ube nelitye kakhulu - malunga ne-3 kg. Wayekwazi ukunikeza ikhonkco ngenxa intsebenziswano kunye PBX ethile, leyo kuqhagamshelwa imigca mnxeba sixeko. Kamva, ifowuni iye ziphuculwe. Ngoko ke, Li Kupriyanovich kakhulu kunciphise ubunzima kunye nemilinganiselo ifowuni. Umthamo oluhlaziyiweyo kweyunithi kwaba malunga elingana nexabiso 2 iibhokisi umdiza, zipakishwe phezu kwezinye. Weight idluliselwe malunga 500 injani kunye ibhetri. Silindele ukuba ifowuni eSoviet mobile ziya ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kuqoqosho lwesizwe, ekhaya kwaye iya kuba ndaba ukusetyenziswa ngayo abemi.

idluliselwe li Kupriyanovich ivumela kuphela ukuba benze iminxeba kodwa ukuba ubasuse - yanika isabelo iinombolo zakho, ngokunjalo ngokumandla izibonelelo ukuze adlulisele imiyalezo evela kwi PBX kwisikhululo yomnxeba oluzenzekelayo, kunye nabo - sele neeyunithi umrhumo.

Uphando endle lonxibelelwano mobile ezigcinwe kwamanye amazwe yobusoshiyali. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1959, i-nzulu Bulgarian Khristo Bachvarov liphuhlise isixhobo mobile, efana nakuwo main li yefoni Kupriyanovich, waza awodwa ngayo.

Ngaba sinokuthi yefowuni yokuqala mobile behlabathi kwemoto, ngoko eSoviet Union okanye namanye amazwe yobusoshiyali?

Iinqobo bokunikeza izixhobo ukuba mobile phones

Okokuqala, kufuneka isigqibo malunga noko kuthathwa, enyanisweni, ifowuni ephathwayo. Ngokungqinelana ne nkcazelo eqhelekileyo, ukuba ziqwalaselwe phantsi loo isixhobo:

- compact (umntu sithwalwe nawe);

- isebenza usebenzisa amakhonkco radio;

- kuvumela umsebenzisi omnye abize omnye inombolo eyodwa;

- ngendlela ethile kuhlanganiswa kunye iinethiwekhi zefowuni igxunyekwe;

- ifumaneke kuluntu (amathuba uxhulumaniso ayifuni kwemvume yabo okanye namanye amagunya abanobuchule, kunye nezibonelelo zemali kunye yeziseko eliqingqiweyo ababhalisi).

Xa lento uyijonga, ifowuni epheleleyo mobile nangoku iye yasungulwa eSoviet Union. Kakade ke, indlela kuba iinkcazelo ngasentla aziyi kuqwalaselwa yefowuni jikelele mobile. Kwaye ukuba kufuneka ukususa, ngokukodwa, ukufikeleleka kunye compactness, nabanye ehambelana kakuhle inkqubo eSoviet "zeAltai". Cinga iimpawu zayo zolwimi ngokunabileyo.

amava yiSoviet kuphuhliso mobile: inkqubo "zeAltai"

Ukufunda umbuzo yintoni na ifowuni lokuqala mobile ehlabathini, oko kuluncedo ukufunda izibakala ezisisiseko malunga inkqubo yonxibelelwano zabo. Kwizixhobo elidityaniswe kuyo, kwakukho, umgaqo, yonke imiqondiso selfoni, ukongeza nokufumaneka jikelele. Le nkqubo ndlela:

- yasebenza phezu kumgaqo yonxibelelwano radio ;

- ukuvumela enye kubathengi kubiza amanye amanani;

- liye ngendlela ethile kuhlanganiswa kunye nothungelwano lwesixeko eso.

Kodwa noye: uluhlu wocingo oluvunyiweyo kwinqanaba yesebe. Le nkqubo 'zeAltai "laphehlelelwa 60s e Moscow, kwaye kwi' 70s ezifakwe ezingaphezu kwe-100 imizi USSR kuye. Belizwe zisetyenziswa ngexesha 1980 Imidlalo yeOlimpiki.

Kwakukho eSoviet Union liceba ukudala inkqubo yonxibelelwano mobile apho nako ukudibanisa wonke. Kodwa ngenxa yobunzima qoqosho nopolitiko yee-ekupheleni '80s esebenzela uphuhliso kolu luvo yayekwa.

In post-Soviet Russia ukuya zemigangatho yemfundo eNtshona zokunxibelelana yeselula zaye zaphunyezwa. Ngexesha abanalo ixesha elide yenza unxibelelwano phakathi izixhobo ezinokuthi ngokuba phones yinxalenye mobile. Makhe sifunde indlela eyenziwe ngayo imilinganiselo efanelekileyo kwi West. Oku, kwakhona, kuya kusinceda ukuphendula umbuzo phi kwaye nini okokuqala iselula ihlabathi.

History of US mobile

Njengoko sibonile ngaphambili kweli nqaku, ifowuni prototype ephathwayo yaqala ukuvela kwi West kwinkulungwane yama-20. In imi--30-40 saqalisa ukusebenza olona phuhliso. Ngowe-1933, phakathi iimoto zamapolisa New York uyakwazi zisebenzisa oonomathotholo isiqingatha-kabini. Ngowe-1946 e Missouri , uphuhlise womnatha mobile sele, apho izikhokhelo ngamnye uyakwazi ukunxibelelana nabanye besebenzisa izixhobo nganye irediyo yolamlo yomsebenzisi. Ngowe-1948 kwiphondo Indiana lwezibonelelo lamiselwa, sivumele rhumela nje omnye ubiza omnye sele kwimo oluzenzekelayo.

Ngaba sinokuthi ukuba eUnited States, ngoko ke wasungula ifowuni yehlabathi yokuqala mobile? Xa siqwalasela iikhrayitheriya ngasentla bokunikeza isixhobo idluliselwe ehambisana uhlobo - kunjalo, ukuze ndithethe, kodwa ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso kamva American. Isibakala sokuba imigaqo esebenzayo yayo American neeselula 40 baba kude kakhulu kwezo ukuba ziimpawu mihla eselula.

Systems, efana naleyo ezifakwe kwi Missouri and Indiana ziye kwi-40, kunzima kakhulu kwi ezitsho nemijelo. Akuyi kuvunyelwa ukuba ukudibanisa weselula, kukho inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo lwababhalisi ngaxeshanye. Isisombululo sale ngxaki yaphakanyiswa ingcali D. Bell of lo msesane, apho kucetywa ukuba bahlule kummandla zityalwe radio kwi iseli okanye iiseli ukuba ndakubumba izitishi isiseko esikhethekileyo ukusebenza kwi ezitsho ezahlukeneyo. Lo mgaqo ngokubanzi ndaqonda nakubanini mobile mihla. D. Ukuphunyezwa Khalisa, xa kusenziwa, ingqiqo yaphunyezwa ngo-1969.

Imbali lonxibelelwano mobile eYurophu Japan

E Western Yurophu, lo kwezixhobo zerediyo inkqubo yefoni yokuqala usebenzisa wahlolwa-1951. Kule minyaka ingama-60 zomsebenzi kweli icala aza kuqhutywa eJapan. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ababhekisi Japanese baye bafumanisa ukuba amaza kangangoko ukuba ngokusasazwa kwezakhiwo mobile - 400 no-900 MHz. Namhlanje ezi amaza - kuquka engundoqo, ezisetyenziswa ngabaqhubi mobile.

Lelinye lamazwe okhokelayo ekuphunyezweni ezenzekayo kwinkalo yokusebenza ye uthungelwano yinxalenye cellular waba eFinland. Ngowe-1971, i-eFinland baqalisa ngokwandisa bengxelo indawo inethwekhi yeselula yorhwebo ukuba ifikelele ubukhulu lonke eli lizwe ngo-1978. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba wabonakala ifowuni yokuqala mobile ehlabathini, olusebenza ngemigaqo mihla, eFinland? Kukho ezinye iingxoxo wakhetha yale ithisisi: ingakumbi, eyasekwa ukuba iyazilandela imibutho ngomnxeba Finnish ezifanelekileyo isikali strany.No izibonelelo ngokungqinelana kwindawo yemveli lwembono, ubonakele isixhobo enjalo kodwa eUnited States. A indima enkulu kulo, kwakhona, xa siqwalasela uguqulelo ezithandwayo edlalwa evela Motorola.

ingqiqo yeselula evela Motorola

Xa 70s kwakusasa wajika ukhuphiswano kakhulu phakathi abanikezeli nkonzo kunye nezixhobo kuthembisa namacandelo eemarike eUnited States - entsimini yonxibelelwano yeselula. Ezi contenders eziphambili zezi corporation intsimbi AT & T kunye Nokia. Kulo mzekelo, inkampani yokuqala ijolise ukutyalwa iinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano ngomatshini - endleleni, njengoko iinkampani ngomnxeba eFinland, wesibini - malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo compact kuyo naliphi iqela elinomdla nako ukuthwala.

Wayethandwa imfundiso yesibini, yaye, ngokusekelwe Motorola Corporation ekuqaleni deployment, enyanisweni, gcwalisa ukuqonda mihla inethweki yeselula usebenzisa devaysov.Pervy ngeselula compact ehlabathini phantsi izibonelelo Motorola, kwakhona, ngokungqinelana nendlela lemveli inxaxheba njengeyunithi ku- ngo 1973. Emva kweminyaka 10 kwi-US besiqhutywa uthungelwano yorhwebo ngokupheleleyo ukuba uyakwazi ukudibanisa baseMelika zesiqhelo.

Cinga ukuba emele ifowuni yokuqala mobile behlabathi kwemoto, ngokutsho imbono ethandwayo, ezo njineli American evela Motorola.

cell phone lokuqala: Iimpawu

Kumalunga devayse Nokia DynaTAC. Enobunzima 1.15 kg. imilinganiso zayo 12.5 x 22.5 x 3,75 cm. lenza amalungiselelo lamaqhosha eenombolo ukudayela, kwakunye amaqhosha amabini ekhethekileyo ukuthumela umnxeba, ubize avalwe. Icebo waba ibhetri, yi leyo isebenze umnxeba ulindile indlela, indlela iiyure 8, kwaye incoko - malunga 1 hr. Ukutshaja ibhetri ye-cell phone yokuqala kwafuneka ukuba ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-10.

первый в мире мобильный телефон? Yintoni na ifowuni yehlabathi yokuqala mobile? isixhobo photo - ngezantsi.

Kamva, le nkampani Motorola likhuphe inani iinguqulelo zaphuculwa kwefowuni. Ukuba sithethe womnatha yorhwebo Motorola - ifowuni yokuqala ehambayo ihlabathi labakho ukuba iziseko efanelekileyo ngo-1983.

Sithetha isixhobo Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. Le yunithi esasimalunga 800 grams kunye imilinganiso yalo inokuthelekiseka kwinguqulelo yokuqala ifowuni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kwinkumbulo yakhe akwazi ukugcina amanani call 30.

Ngubani owavela ifowuni wokuqala mobile?

Ngoko ke, sizama ukuphendula imibuzo yethu engundoqo - ceba ifowuni yehlabathi yokuqala mobile. Imbali Uphuhliso zonxibelelwano usebenzisa umsakazo ukuba icebo yokuqala into evisisana ngokupheleleyo iinqobo mobile phones, ezifanelekileyo namhlanje, yaqanjwa Motorola eUnited States bonisa wonke ngo-1973.

Nangona kunjalo, lo ububi uya kuthi ukuba corporation uze uphuhliso ngokwesiseko esitsha. Pop - ngengqiqo ukuba kwezixhobo zerediyo kwaye sibonelela unxulumano phakathi izikhokhelo linani unique - ngexesha ezisetyenziswa eSoviet Union, iYurophu kunye Japan. Xa sincokola ngayo xa imali ifowuni yokuqala mobile ehlabathini - inkampani, liphuhlise oko olwaqaliswa efanayo ishishini ngo-1983, emva kwe, ingakumbi, iiprojekthi ezinjalo sele ziphunyezwe eFinland.

Ngenxa yoko, i-corporation Motorola ngokufanelekileyo kuthathwa kuqala, nto leyo eye wanikela iselula ngengqiqo mihla - ingakumbi, isebenza kumgaqo lwezikhululo isiseko athunyelwa iiseli, kwakunye ukuba format compact. Ngoko ke, xa sithetha apho lwasungulwa yefowuni yehlabathi yokuqala ezihambayo, ilizwe apho - ibe portable device, compact ukuba yinxalenye izibonelelo lonxibelelwano cellular, bekuya kuba esivakalayo ukufumanisa oko sichaze data le United States.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le nkqubo eSoviet "zeAltai" yasebenza kakuhle kwaye ngaphandle Ukufakelwa kobuchwepheshe American-style. Ngenxa yoko, iinjineli evela eSoviet Union ngokwesiseko ukuzabalaza ukukwazi ukuba kubekwe iziseko ehambayo wesizwe, enyanisweni, isikali, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imigaqo lonikezelo kwezikhululo base kwi yobusi.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngaphandle iingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko 80s i-USSR ukuba angenise networks zabo mobile osebenza ngokususela iingqiqo ezizezinye American, yaye abazange ukusebenza kubi. Noko ke, isibakala - Namhlanje imigangatho zonxibelelwano yeselula eRashiya asetyenziswa, kuphuhliswa kwi-West, kwaye imali ihlabathi yokuqala mobile phone.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba i "zeAltai" ngempela wasebenza de-2011. Ngoko ke, impumelelo zobunjineli Soviet ixesha elide wahlala esebenzayo yaye kusenokubonisa ukuba babe kunye uphuculo kuyimfuneko, ukuba akhuphisane concepts amazwe yokwakha iziseko mobile.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko ke, owasungula ifowuni yehlabathi yokuqala mobile? Impendulo elifutshane lo mbuzo kunzima. Ukuba ifowuni ephathwayo ukuba bayile isixhobo compact ubulungu irediyo, ehlanganisiweyo kunye nothungelwano zasezidolophini, ukusebenza kumgaqo iseli kwaye ziyafumaneka kumntu wonke, mhlawumbi kwixesha lokuqala, le nto iye yaziswa yinkampani US Nokia.

сотовых сетях — то таковые, вероятно, в масштабе всего государства были внедрены в Финляндии, однако с применением устройств, ориентированных на размещение в автомобилях. Ukuba sithethe womnatha lokuqala yorhwebo yeselula - ke ezo kusenokwenzeka kwilizwe ziye zaziswa eFinland, kodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezijolise kokufakwa iimoto. Nzuzo eselula evaliweyo zenzeka ngempumelelo yaye, enyanisweni, ngomlinganiselo kazwelonke USSR.