Isitayela seNorthern Art Nouveau kwizakhiwo zaseSt. Petersburg

Ukuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini eSt Petersburg kwaphawula nesiqalo nokufika isimbo esitsha bokwakha, omnye iimpawu uphawu leyo ukusetyenziswa kuyilo imifanekiso ngaphandle zeentaka, izilwanyana, izityalo kunye izivatho abolekwe lwemveli wasentla. Baye benza recovery ebalulekileyo kwemi oxandileyo yayinzima le St. Petersburg indlu. Isimbo izakhiwo, nto leyo iyaqhubeka isithethe zothando izithethe Swedish kunye Finnish, ebizwa ngokuba "Northern Art Nouveau". ukubonakala kwakhe kuye negalelo someleza ebalulekileyo lobudlelwane Russia kunye Sweden eFinland. Xa ubuchule kula mazwe, lo yayigxile zothando, ngenkuthalo lisebenzisa imifanekiso evela epics kunye iintsomi.

Eli nqaku esazisa ngayo ezinqabileyo eqaqambileyo Northern Art Nouveau eSt Petersburg bokwakha.

zimpawu indlela

Iimpawu eziphambili lwangaphandle zakhiwo kumantla banamhlanje ezikhethiweyo kunye nobuchule okukhulu ukuhlanganiswa ngezinto ophela yendalo neyenziweyo. Apha, iinzuzo ngalinye candelo kufuphi kwabanye.

Le nesokethi eseludongeni isoloko isetyenziswa Nyengane eFinland. Xa indlela modernist esemantla ibonelela inkqubo yayo rough, ubukho iziqwenga kakuhle aqingqiweyo neziqalelo imikrolo. Lo moya beendonga emgangathweni eliphezulu legqunyiwe ngomaleko kugqityiwe kwezitena okanye udaka textured.

Phakathi kwezakhi yomhombiso kwezakhiwo ume ngaphandle uyilo waphefumlelwa imifanekiso intsomi osemantla - izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Eyona nto iphawulekayo lixhaphakile iithayile umbala kunye majolica.

Imilo yezakhiwo, njengokwenziwa kwe kumantla mihla, kakhulu ezinkulu, bokwakha akukho izinto ezincinane zokuhombisa.

Abenza izayamaniso noburhabaxa kwakunye iimilo, iindidi kwimingxuma window, ukuhlanganiswa lwabo piers kunye nethoni jikelele zezindlu olungaphambili, yagqitywa kumantla Art Nouveau e St. Petersburg ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo ilizwi ibuye ibe isakhiwo entsonkothileyo ebandayo, Ufana xesha izakhiwo ezinkulu-isikali kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye nenkangeleko northern onamatye .

Northern izakhiwo modernist of St. Petersburg alufumaneki ezininzi, kodwa ke inxulumene kwezinye amaphepha kakhulu zaqaqamba kwimbali ukwakhiwa yelizwe St. Petersburg ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale indlela, leyo nok abahlali bale ngingqi, kwaba ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zendalo - umthi nelitye, mibala isitayile of intsomi izakhiwo ngasentla kunye kumaXesha Aphakathi, ulwalamano ephilayo kunye nezakhiwo landscape bume ebonakalayo.

Northern Art Nouveau eSt Petersburg: Imbali

Development of isimbo eSt Petersburg yabanjwa phantsi kwempembelelo ebonakalayo ye-Finnish, izakhiwo Swedish kunye neo-yothando.

Igcisa, ehlahla indlela evela kumazwe kumntla eSt Petersburg, waba Sergei Diaghilev, ngubani aququzelela umboniso wamagcisa yaseScandinavia 1897 kwi-School of Technical Drawing of Baron Stieglitz. Kamva mibala yaseScandinavia bakhethwa yi labazobi baqalisa ukwakha eSt Petersburg kwikhaya ibonwe phambi indlela yexesha.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umqhubi ngezimvo isimbo ukusuka kumthombo yokuqala yaba Friedrich (Fedor) Lidval, omnye abameli zoluntu Swedish kwikomkhulu emantla.

Xa ngeprojekthi yakhe eSt Petersburg kwixesha 1901-1907 gg. Baye kwakhiwa izakhiwo, ebe enye indlela ukunwenwa kwi Austria kunye nesiJamani iinketho kwimpucuko.

Iingcali qaphela zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa indlela bezobugcisa umakhi amanani ezinkulu ezifana kwi Swedish iniyo-romanticism njengoko Boberg kunye Klasson.

Ngumrhumo obalulekileyo zokusekwa kwe-Northern Art Nouveau kwinqanaba okuqala yaziswa imbonakalo izakhiwo, eyenzelwe yi R. Meltzer, ngomhla Stone Island. impembelelo kamva isimbo sesakhiwo iintshukumisa Finnish waba ngomnye engundoqo. Nal yakhiwa ngo-1907, ezifana indlu Putilova kwi-Grand Avenue. Petrograd Side (umsebenzi wezakhiwo I. Pretro), kunye nokwakha i Insurance Company "Russia" esitratweni. Bol. Sea (umsebenzi wezakhiwo G. Gimpel), iimpawu ucaphulo ngqo imisebenzi noogxa Finnish - L. Sonck kunye E. Saarinen. Oku, nangona kunjalo, iingcali zithi, akuthethi yokuzama ubuyena kwizinga eliphezulu bezobugcisa yale misebenzi.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini elishumi yokuqala amabini Northern Art Nouveau eSt Petersburg uye waba ukudla bokwakha ethe yatsala umdla abakhi abaselula. Nalo eli xesha, qhagamshela impumelelo eziphambili N. Vasiliev, umlandeli owayesakuba Romanticism, leyo ingalandwa ngemisebenzi umbono ngamnye style. Ngaphezu mibala zasempumalanga alawule umxholo kumantla phambi kwendlu A. Bubyr (p. Stremyannaya), kwaye uyilo lokugqibela mosque, kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezininzi.

yagxekwa modernist kamva Northern ngamandla, ezigugileyo rhoqo chauvinistic. Njengenye indlela ekuthiwa chuhonskomu wenza neoclassicism modernist, apho ibekwe njengohlobo wesizwe ngokwenene (Imperial). Kwaye ke kwakukho zonke izakhiwo ezitsha kunye ezintsha ngesimbo kumantla modernist. Zokuhombisa ubudala wanika indlela eya rationalism.

zokuhomba ezincinane kunye uhombiso oqingqiweyo, wokusungula umfanekiso omnye liye lathatyathelw yindibanisela olungaphambili yeplastiki imithamo ezinkulu - balcony, bay iifestile, silhouettes uphahla. Ingakumbi umdla, ngokutsho iingcali, izakhiwo zokuhlala ngendlela Northern modernist, eyakhiwa ngo 1910-1915 gg. (Lomhleli A. Bubyr).

abamele

Northern Art Nouveau e St. Petersburg thaca umsebenzi abakhi phambili:

• Vladimir Apyshkova;
• Alekseya Bubyrya;
• UNikolai Vasilyev;
• Alexander Zelenko;
• Fedora Lidvalya;
• George Makaeva;
• Hippolyte Pretro.

Izindlu indlela modernist emantla, eSt Petersburg: Top 5 izakhiwo edume

Kufuneka idlule le ndlela virtual wabeka amateurs bokwakha stylish. Oku kukhokelela izakhiwo edumileyo yakhiwe eSt Petersburg ekumntla Art Nouveau, kwaye uqhelene kunye nembali yazo. Ezi zakhiwo iphepha aqaqambe kwi ezinomtsalane kwikhathalogu.

indlu Bubyr esitratweni. Nomkhwenyana, 11

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini, i-St Petersburg wezakhiwo Alekseem Bubyrem yathengwa esitratweni. ilizwe umyeni izakhiwo. Kunye umakhi UNikolai Vasilyev inkosi iqala ukwakhiwa kwendlu yokuhlala, nto leyo liceba ukulungisa phantsi kunye nosapho lwakhe, kunye nabanye indlu kunye namagumbi ukuze ingakrazuki. Esi sakhiwo ngokukhawuleza wazuza popularity and waba ngomnye ezinomtsalane ezintsha. Abadlulayo-by nokumothusa kwaye Baziyolise amanani bolunye uhlanga, ngokobutyebi wavatha kobuhle. Apho uluntu kuphela ingabonakali phezu kweendonga zayo; kweenkuku, intlanzi, izityalo kwamnandi, izidalwa elingaqhelekanga iintsomi namabali. Indawo ekhethekileyo uhombiso yendlu yanikwa umfanekiso kwelanga, ngokungathi ekujongwe kukhanyisa kwicala eziphambili zendlu zibheke entla, apha musa ukufumana nakwimitha efudumeleyo kwelanga.

sathatha Ukwakhiwa iminyaka emibini. Ngo-1907 waqalisa khona ukuze kulungiswe kubalimi ezintsha. Ngomhla wokugqibela, kumgangatho yesithandathu, umakhi tywa kunye nentsapho yakhe.

Iimpawu isimbo kwi isakhiwo Stremyannaya

Esi sakhiwo, ezinemithi phezu Stremyannaya street, ngumzekelo iphawulekayo nabayili kumantla modernist Vasiliev, abakhi engundoqo yomsebenzi zokuhombisa kwi olungaphambili engundoqo, edibanisa iimpawu ezininzi, a ezinika Russian kuyekiswa kunye amangcwaba lweMeditera.

Ukugcwaliswa bay eyothusayo abaphulaphuli kwaye ikukhumbuza nemibutho kunye uphahla ukuba icawa yase Novgorod, nemivalo ilitye, wakha phezu amacala omnyango nezalathiso. Indlu embhoxo drawbridges ezikhokelela ezingxandeni aphakathi kunye nemiqondiso elanga ngaxeshanye uhlawula irhafu kokubini izakhiwo yaseYurophu Russian, kungabonwa ezintangweni zentsimbi, ityatyekwe.

Bayahlelwa wendlu

Bubyr waye umnini-ndlu de-1919, emva kokuba revolution, kwakufuneka aye Ukraine, apho kungekudala ubomi bakhe ngendlela elusizi iyanqanyulwa.

Ke indlu waqhubeka emi endaweni yakhe, njengabanye ezikhumbuzo ezininzi, ubone lukhulu. Isakhiwo yasinda kwentshinyela revolution, imfazwe ngokutsha. Ukuba ithuba ukumbona phakathi kwabahlali zabo kunye nabemi edume; ke indlu yangaphambili womzobi yahlulwa lwezindlu zoluntu, apha wahlala yayingeyiyo Eduard Khil. Kamva indlu yavulwa cafe "ELF", nto leyo wayethanda ukuqokelela abameli ezifunyenwe ukuthandwa yayingubhazabhaza Leningrad phantsi komhlaba: uViktor Tsoi kunye Boris Grebenshchikov. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eyadini yendlu zenziwa sokudubula film "Mzalwana".

"Indlu zikaTolstoy" (indlu Count inzuzo Tolstoy M. P.) esitratweni. Rubinstein, 15-17

Le ndlu ezinemigangatho-6 enkulu ngaphandle kwesizathu ebizwa ngokuba 'sisixeko phakathi isixeko. " Ingakumbi layout ezifumaneka iintendelezo ezintathu eziqhagamshelene iindinyana bayila indawo yokuhlala yokwenene, yaye kubonakala ukuba abantu abahlala kuloo ndawo, eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ukususela Kwabaseleyo apho esixekweni: kwezi iiyadi eyoyikekayo eninzi isithuba; kodwa ke zahluke kwezinye emoyeni zabo ezizodwa . Lomhleli - Fedor Lidval, ukwakhiwa umxhasi yesakhiwo grand - (. 1877-1878 gg) Major-Jikelele Count uMikhail Tolstoy, ilungu imfazwe Russian-Turkish.

Lidval wayemthanda ngemisebenzi yakhe asebenzise izinto ephefumlelwe Renaissance. Kuyilo yendlu zikaTolstoy uyakwazi ukufumana balcony ebanzi kwi ephezulu imigangatho, driveways, Renaissance nezingqameko. Umhombiso ukuzibamba ezahlukeneyo ngabom: ivazi entle ezandleni cupid emi yayigcinwa, ayivathise amasango.

Indlu wakhawulwa njenge yokusithela kubantu bazo zonke iiklasi zentlalo: apho kubonelelwa ngendawo yokuhlala xa zokuhlala ubunewunewu, umangalisayo indleko yalo phezulu iinketho uNothozamile mali. Plan Unombono bekwilift, impahla kunye namanzi.

kungathathwa Le ndlu irekhodi ukuba inani labantu abahlala kulo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zabantu abadumileyo, phakathi ababhali umbhali Aleksandra Kuprina, uMikhail Shemyakin, webhaleyi Irina Kolpakova, umbhali nentatheli Arkady Averchenko, imbongi revolution Vasily Knyazev kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ezinye iiyadi indlu Tolstoy maxa wambi ezahlukeneyo mini kungabonwa ukuza kutyelela okanye abuyele ekhaya, uAnna Akhmatova, I. Brodsky, Dovlatov S., A. Rosenbaum, Valery Gergiev, Raikin, A. Freundlich, O. Basilashvili, M. Boyarsky kunye L. Luppian. Iiyadi kunye ingaphandle sakhiwo rhoqo ibe zimo ukuba bhanya ye movie: apha bhanyabhanya "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes kunye Gqirha Watson", "Winter Cherry", "Ukuzalwa Revolution" yaye "Gangster Petersburg".

"Sugarloaf" (nandawo UMZEKELO Follenveydera) kwi-Big Avenue, 13

Kamennoostrovsky avenue idume ubutyebi ezikhumbuzo yokwakha Northern Art Nouveau. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi exteriors le sendawo, umnini ondlu ngummi Swiss, nomntu othungayo kunye umniki i-Imperial weNkundla E. Follenveyder, Le ndlu yakhiwa ngo-1905 ngokungqinelana umyili yeprojekthi Meltzer. Le zemizi i yomzekelo we Northern Art Nouveau, kodwa yahlukile kwezinye iziqalelo Gothic Imvuselelo. Oku wachaza into yokuba isakhiwo eso yokulinga, wabeka isiseko iye nje wabonakala kwi bokwakha ezidolophini, ulwalathiso Northern Art Nouveau.

Isimbo wendlu

Isigqibo okuloba sokwakha lisukela emva izithethe romanticism yaseScandinavia kunye Finnish. Lubonakala yi elula monumentality nemiqulu, iinqaba ezinkulu, ezihonjiswe ententeni enhle. Kucelwa nithathele ingqalelo le iindonga udaka emhlophe nokuchasanisa kunye iithayile uphahla obomvu ngombala Nyengane plinth. imbonakalo yakhe yangaphandle isakhiwo ifana inqaba yamandulo okanye isakhiwo yaseScandinavia Art Nouveau emveli, kwande kwinkulungwane XX.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kamsinya nje kwakhiwa isakhiwo, abantu bayo nangoko baqamba "Sugar sonka" - mhlawumbi ngenxa westucco esinombala okhanyayo kunye nkundla evuthelweyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba emva revolution, xa lendlu kwakukho kweso sibhedlele. Namhlanje, lo lendlu ubamba koonozakuzaku Danish.

Malunga nendlu yokuhlala I. M. Lidvalya kwi Kamennoostrovsky pr., 1/3

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1898, umhlaba Kamennoostrovsky Avenue yathengwa umama wezakhiwo F. Lidval. Masakhane umsebenzi wokuqala elizimeleyo womzobi. indlela entsha ye umbhali, kungekhona ngaphambili kwaziwa kwi sesakhiwo St. Petersburg, yaba lilungiselelo iyadi enkulu ngaphambili, ububanzi-akhangele ngaphandle. Le iqhekeza, Nedlac kuba St. Petersburg izakhiwo indlu, bangene indlu banikwa isixa esikhulu ukukhanya.

Phakathi iinkcukacha obekwayo modernity, umbhali usebenzise cartouche isiqabu, leyo waleka portal engundoqo, liyinyathela nomhla ugqityiwe umsebenzi kule nxalenye kwendlu - "1902". Right ukususela kumhla eboniswe amasebe Pine kunye cone, leyo kungabonwa kufuphi intaka ehlathini zalixhola norovyaschie ehleli ecaleni nomvundla kwakhe. Abalindi Mvundla wabona ukuba wabalekela ngaphandle iintshinyela ehlathini amanye yakhe enkulu-eared. Ukuya ekhohlo umhla, ungabona umfanekiso intloko lynx kunye vula umlomo, kufutshane ngcu nengcwangube isebe ngamaphiko.

Yangaphandle kuchaphazela yobuninzi namacikilishe umfanekiso, omkhulu-intlanzi, amaqunube zasendle, neenkowane, amahle njalo njalo. Etsala ubukho yaza yabonisa kubo iifestile bay ezininzi kunye balcony, Ekungeneni window, akathweswa sithsaba, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo enezityalo nezilwanyana. Ezi iimpawu zendlela na isizathu sokuba le ndlu likhankanywe kwiincwadi ngembali izakhiwo. Ekuqaleni "fronts Best" eSt Petersburg (1907), umsebenzi wezakhiwo sele imbasa.

Phakathi ezinkulu-igama balimi ekuthiwa usapho Lidval, igcisa K. Petrov-Vodkin, nomdlali kaYuri Yuriev.

"Indlu zizihuluhulu" (indlu yokuhlala Putilovoy T. N.) kwi-Grand Avenue PS, 44

Imbonakalo yegama lakhe sesikweni yesakhiwo kufuneka eqingqiweyo izikhova Ukuhomba kobuhle. Le ndlu yakhiwa kwisithuba ukususela 1906 ukuya 1907. Umbhali saso wezakhiwo Hippolyte Pretro - enye ngabameli St. Petersburg Northern Moderne. Esi sakhiwo yayakhelwe mthengisi Putilova, ngelo xesha umnini omnye manufactory yeevenkile kwi Vasilyevsky Island.

Indlu kuphawuleka disorder obugcisa, iifestile iimilo ezahlukeneyo: shirokime, emxinwa, elifutshane, elide. Okulandelayo, umbukeli ebona ubukho inyathelo linyathelo bay windows, intabalala nesingxobo imifanekiso etyebileyo othatyathwe flora emantla, izilwanyana kunye lwemveli. House zizihuluhulu i nal odumileyo esixekweni. Xa kungekho izinto zokuhombisa indlu lunokwamkeleka ibloko eqhelekileyo monolithic, ngaphakathi apho kukho intendelezo-kakuhle. Kodwa ke phambi kwe casings, balcony kunye nemifanekiso ezimangalisayo ayifanelwe kwemi alibaleke ngokwenene. Yeyona "Indlu zizihuluhulu" uthathwa ukuba ikhadi ishishini Northern style modernist. Ngowe-1912, umsebenzi wezakhiwo phezu kukhuphiswano lwefacade best Pretro wakhomba imbasa yesilivere. Ngelo xesha oko kwakuthetha ingqalelo libalaseleyo yombhali.

Ngomhla ukuvuselelwa izithethe

Ukuba uyakholiswa zonke gourmets kunye abalandeli ukutya okunencasa kunye nempilo akunjalo kudala kwiSithili Petrograd wavula restaurant "isimbo modernist Northern". Igama leziko embhoxo xesha, kuphawulwa ukukhula ibonwe yesazisi Russian kazwelonke, kunye nokugqama nanto zobugcisa, inkcubeko kunye nezicwangciso zoshishino elitsha.

Igama libonisa ingqondo abanini imfuneko ukuvuselela nokomeleza izithethe zesizwe. Le restaurant omelene isakhiwo, leyo likwaneklinkhi i "PetroCongress". izibonelelo Fine umphandle nomphakathi izinto ngokuvisisana ngokuphuma lwe menu wayo, nto leyo ilawulwa izitya kwase pre-revolution.