"Intsapho One - omnye umntwana" - Politics e China

China - lelinye lamazwe ezinkulu ehlabathini. Le ngokwembali. Iintsapho ezininzi nabantwana abaninzi kweli lizwe. indawo eTshayina, nangona ezinkulu, kodwa ke abantu ngalo ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngenxa yoku, abasemagunyeni baye bagqiba kwelokuba kuchaphazela imeko ngokwedemografi, khupha umthetho "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana".

Iimpawu lo mmiselo

Le nkqubo yaqaliswa kweli lizwe kwi 70s zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Le ezinxulumene yokuba ngeli xesha eTshayina, kwakukho abaninzi iintsapho ezinkulu. Ngenxa yale uqoqosho phantsi nomgangatho wokuphila. Kwakufuneka ndawo ukulungisa iintsapho ezinkulu - ukuba nje abazange babe square metres ngokwaneleyo ebomini. Ngenxa yoko, le ntsapho ifuna unonophelo iinzuzo zabo karhulumente njalo njalo. Ngako oko, kuba iintsapho kunye umntwana ozelwe omnye kuphela nangelungiselelo enhle ngelo xesha ukuya kurhulumente. Yaye abo ngenxa yesizathu esithile abantwana nangoku ezelwe, isohlwayo isusela 4 ukuya kowe-8, ingeniso avareji yonyaka kummandla apho ahlala intsapho. Abazali ngokoqobo ngentlawulelo abantwana.

"Enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" - Ezobupolitika e China - ijoliswe ekunciphiseni ngo-2000 abantu 1.2 billion ukuya. Lawasungula amanyathelo olawulo, ngenkuthalo kukhuthazwa nocwangciso, isisu kwaduma. Kodwa kutheni yeChina kangaka abantu?

imvelaphi Ngokwembali abantwana abaninzi China

China idume labantu bayo elikhulu ukususela kwixesha samurai. ngenkuthalo ukuba abandakanyeke kuphuhliso lomhlaba, ngoxa abafazi babo balandela ubomi bentsapho nokuba nabantwana. Eli siko sele ngenkuthalo kwaqhubeka emveni kokuba Second World War. Ngeli xesha, abasemagunyeni babona ukuba kwabulawa abantu abaninzi ehlabathini kule meko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba anyuse umgangatho kuphuhliso loqoqosho, yanikwa ukufakelwa iintsapho ezinkulu. Ikhuthaze ukuzalwa abantwana kwintsapho 3-4.

Xa waqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwenziwe iinzame ukunciphisa le iirhafu labemi, laqalisa izithintelo ezahlukeneyo zeentsapho. Kodwa nyathelo egqithiseleyo nempembelelo kwi imeko demographic kweli lizwe yaba umgaqo-nkqubo "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" e-China. Kuye yamkelwa ngokusesikweni ngo-1979.

Ingakumbi kuthathelwa ingqalelo abemi e-China

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo sele ngelo xesha ukuba imigibe zayo kuneengxaki. Yonke into edibene awohluke ngenani akhawunti abantu kunye nesanty sokubekwa kwe besini ababhinqileyo. E China, akukho ubhaliso lokuzalwa, yaye ubhaliso lwenziwa kuphela inani lamathole entsatsheni umntu unyaka-1. Le ndlela engahluthisiyo isicelo inani ngqo abemi kweli lizwe, ngoko ke ngaphezu manani.

Umgaqo-nkqubo we "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" nangoko wabalekela iingxaki kumgangatho ngokwesini le. Kweli lizwe, akukho sengqondo esinjalo malunga besini nemazi, njengoko eYurophu. Abasetyhini kukho asezantsi kakhulu kunokuba abantu phezu iwonga kunye namalungelo. Ngoko ke, xa wabonakala usapho lokuqala, abazali bazama ngokufihlakeleyo ukufumana imvume umntwana wesibini. Kwacaca ukuba abasemagunyeni kufuneka isigqibo sokuba ngubani ukunika sokuzalwa okwesibini, yaye lowo akukho mfuneko.

Njengoko abantwana ezinxulumene uqoqosho lweli lizwe?

Ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo ka "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" abasemagunyeni kusekho izinto ezithile ezintle. Ubume yobudala abantu amaTshayina etshintshile, waliguqula iintsapho ndlela-mali ezininzi. Per umntwana urhulumente imali ngaphantsi kakhulu ichitha ngaphezu ezintathu okanye ezintlanu. Ngenxa yoko, yayiyazi na umbuzo yokwenyuka kwamaholo, ngokwenjenjalo egcina yabasebenzi cheap zezempilo eliphezulu labantu. Ukongeza, abasetyhini, ekhulula kwimfanelo ukuba sigcine iso abantwana abaselula ukuba bakwazi ukuya emsebenzini, nto leyo nayo nempembelelo entle ukukhula koqoqosho karhulumente. Ukongeza, abasemagunyeni abazange ukuba bacinge malunga ukondla bafundise abantwana kwesibini emva kwabo njani.

Konke oku kuhle, aze ixesha ogqibeleleyo kwilizwe xa abantwana abancinane, kwaye ubudala kancinane. Kodwa ke umgaqo-nkqubo "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" (China) angaphezu ixesha eliboniswe namacala yabo. Saqala ukuba neengxaki nto ngoko nangoko ayinakubalwa.

Uchatha Chinese abadala

Xa ixesha inani elincinane labantu abadala Chinese, akukho namnye wacinga ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni, yaye abasemagunyeni lanelisekile kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana". Iingxaki waqala wasondela ukuya kunyaka ka-2010-th: labemi kuphindwe, abantu abaphakathi kweminyaka uye waba umyalelo sezingeni elikhulu. Emva kwabo kwakufuneka ngoku ukuze anyamekele, kodwa kwakungekho mntu ukuba enze oko. Inani labemi ukusebenza iyasebenza, kunye nabantu abatsha akwanelanga.

Ilizwe kwakhona sasingakulungelanga nkqubo pension apho urhulumente uthatha uxanduva umxholo abadala. Ngoko ke, IsiTshayina amaninzi kwanyanzeleka ukuba nkqu 70 iminyaka ukuba sisebenze nzima ukuze baziphilise.

Bekukho ingxaki abadala ulilolo. Kwakukho umthwalo owongezelelweyo kwiinkonzo zentlalo dosmatrivaniyu aba bantu. Kwaba ngathi endlwini enye maxa wambi omnye kuphela umntu angabi sakwazi ukumelana noxinezeleko emzimbeni.

ingxaki ukuzingca abantwana ngokunxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo we amagunya

Umgaqo-nkqubo ngozi yesibini "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" iye yaba yingxaki yokufundisa abantwana. Kwelinye icala, kungenzeka ilungelo ukukhulisa umntwana, ukumnika yonke into oyifunayo, kokukhona nje konke oku ezisixhenxe. Kodwa abaninzi baye baqaphela ukuba abantwana baye babe uyazingca kakhulu. Nam waba ngumzekelo, xa unina wayekhulelwe umntwana wesibini kwaye yokuqala intombazana eselula wabeka imeko yakhe okanye unina wenza isisu, intombazana ezibulala. Oku kubangelwe umnqweno wokuzingca ukufumana abazali bonke bakuthathele ingqalelo kwaye musa ukwabelana ngayo nabani na ongomnye.

Ingxaki kwezisu

Ngenxa sengqondo yabafazi Chinese, kwakunye miqobo inani labantwana entsatsheni, ayimangalisi into yokuba abazali bangathanda ukuba inkwenkwe. Kodwa sex is not predskazhesh, abaninzi kangaka waqalisa khangela ithuba ukuchonga ngubani baya kuba ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuphelisa amantombazana ezingafunekiyo.

Kwakukho iinkonzo mthethweni ukuphunyezwa ultrasound ukumisela ngesondo ezingekazalwa, nangona akuvumelekanga ngumthetho. "Enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" - Ezobupolitika e China - kwakhokelela izisu uyakhetha, ebe eziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabafazi Chinese.

Ingxaki ekufumaneni amaqabane Chinese oselula

Ngenxa yoko, emva kokuba ubhubhane yokuzalwa kwenkwenkwe kakhulu inciphise inani lamantombazana kweli lizwe. Ekuqaleni, oku akazange abone nayiphi na ingxaki. Kungcono ukuba inkwenkwe entsatsheni, neziye zithi ke ngoko zibe umondli. Politics, nkqu kwezinye izangqa iye itshintshe igama layo: ". Enye intsapho - omnye umntwana imfundo ephakamileyo" Abazali sinelunda ayinike unyana wakhe imfundo esemgangathweni, njengoko baye benako ukuba amfundise.

Kodwa ke iminyaka ihamba, amantombazana kweli lizwe kancinci kancinci, oluninzi abafana, kwaye kukho enye ingxaki - ukukhangela ukuba iqabane okanye isibini. E China, kulo mhlaba uye wanda ubufanasini. Izizathu zoku becala bangadluli okugqithe besilisa. Amanye manani zibonisa ukuba abantu abatsha benza ubudlelwane besini esifanayo, ekulungele ukungena emtshatweni yemveli, ukuba kukho ithuba elinjalo. Okwangoku, inani labemi inkunzi uyawongamela imazi kangangoko abantu abazizigidi ezingama-20.

Inzala e Hong Kong. kukamama kwemfuneko

Politics, likuvumela ukuba akukho mntwana ngaphezu kwesinye entsatsheni, imisela ulahlulo kokuzalwa komntwana. Ngoko ke, inkoliso yamabhinqa Chinese, abaye bagqiba ngomhla umntwana wesibini, kwafuneka ukuba aye kuzala kwenye indawo - e-Hong Kong. Kukho nemithetho zingqongqo, akwabakho mntu uzinxibayo naziphi izilinganiso. Kodwa ke ingxaki yavela kweli lizwe elincinane. Ngapha koko, inani lwamabhinqa Chinese liphezulu, yaye amandla ilungiselelwe kwisibhedlele lokubelekisa labemi ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ka-Hong Kong. Ngenxa yoko, asingabo bonke abafazi basekuhlaleni bakwazi ukunika iintsana zabo kukho imeko-bume - ezibhedlele akuzange iindawo ngokwaneleyo. Abasemagunyeni omabini la mazwe baqalisa ukuya kulwa "unina kwezokhenketho."

Ikamva lizwe kunye nale nkqubo

umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo mnye kuphela umntwana China kuye kwakhokelela ukuvela imfihlelo entsha ngeholide kawonke - uSuku amawele. Kuba le ntsapho kwakujongwa isiganeko esikhulu ukuzalwa kwamawele, njengoko wabanika igunya lokuba ukukhulisa abantwana babo ababini. ngaba amandla okanye wazama njani ukukhusela, kodwa akuyi kuhamba okunxamnye nemvelo. Xa abazali bafunda ukuba baya kuba amawele, ulonwabo lwabo babengazi badle - kuwukhulula na isohlwayo umntwana wesibini yaye intsapho iye yenyuka nge njengoko ezimbini ummangaliso ezincinane. Ilizwe bahlela imithendeleko amawele kule nkalo.

Kodwa lo mthetho awusebenzi ngamanani amancinci bambalwa yesizwe, apho musa ngaphezu kwe-100 amawaka abantu kwenani labemi lonke China. Kwakhona aba bantu baba nethamsanqa - banalo ilungelo lokuba azale abantwana abaninzi abafuna ngayo.

Ngokuhlalutya zonke iingxaki kunye imigibe esamkelwa kwiNdibano ekupheleni 70s zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini umthetho umntwana omnye ngosapho, abasemagunyeni China aye kufika kwisigqibo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthambisa amagama ayo kwaye ukuba uluntu lukwazi ukuba kuzala, hayi umntwana omnye kuphela. Ngenxa "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" - Politics e China - irhoxisiwe. Oko kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 2015.

Ubunkokeli lizwe iye yavuma umthetho omtsha ukuze kuvumeleke iintsapho ukuba babe nabantwana ababini. Ngokutsho uqikelelo zabo, oku kuya ukusombulula ingxaki kwezisu, akayi kuba nokusukelana amakhwenkwe entsatsheni, yaye abaninzi bavuma ukuba akhule ngakumbi kunye namantombazana. Ngapha koko, akukho ukuhla ezibukhali ezifana kubemi entsha, nokutshintsha abazali amabini ubudala kuza abantwana ababini. Ukongeza, bonke abafazi Chinese babe nabantwana, abanye baya kuhlala kunye nomntwana omnye. Ngoko ke, le meko yezibalo ayitshintshi ngokubalulekileyo zokwamkelwa umthetho omtsha.

"Enye intsapho - umntwana omnye": le nkqubo ukurhoxiswa

Kakade ke, kukho namarhe malunga unya kwabasemagunyeni Chinese ngokunxulumene okuzala. umphefumlo I lula kancinci ukuya abemi beli lizwe, xa ekugqibeleni uyekwa ukususela nge-1 Januwari 2016 umgaqo-nkqubo yokuzalwa komntwana omnye entsatsheni. Kodwa njengoko oku bizela? Okuye kwabethelelwa inkxalabo malunga icandelo yokuziphatha yabemi. Eyona nto kukuba umthetho usebenza malunga neminyaka engama-35, iye yaba ezinxamnye ngamandla iimfuno noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Kungenxa yoko le nkqubo ye "enye intsapho - omnye umntwana" irhoxisiwe. Yintoni enika eli lizwe, yaye abazali abatsha?

Ezinye bakulumkele oku yokurhoxiswa, njengoko bayavuma ingcamango ukukhula umntwana. Kungekuko ukumoyika inguqu elibukhali imeko demographic angafanele ngayo. Inyaniso kukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje (ukusukela 2013th) sele kuqhutywa inkqubo Inzala yemali - kuvunyelwa ukuba babe nabantwana ababini kwiintsapho apho bakhula ubuncinane omnye wabalingane ukuya kwintsapho. Ngenxa yoko, i-Chinese ngcembe ezilungiselelwe umgaqo ukurhoxiswa.

Iintsapho young ukurhoxiswa - umpefumlo umoya. Ngapha koko, kwinqanaba yowiso ayengavunyelwa ukuba bayinyuse "abalawuli omncinane" - abantwana zokuzingca, kunye namalungu amabini yinxalenye yoluntu, ngubani na ukuhlala kweli qela.