Inqanaba ngoku ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko lubonakala ngokuba yintoni?

Modern inkcubeko yehlabathi uneempawu zawo ezithile ezenza kube ngokucacileyo kunye ekhethekileyo inkcubeko kunye nembali jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuba ukuluphatha ngokupheleleyo, njengokuba iqela kunye kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi kuluntu mihla, nokuba nesimilo, isimilo, ubudlelwane yomthetho okanye inqanaba nophuhliso lobugcisa kunye factor kwezoqoqosho. Kakade ke, olu hlobo inkcazelo ebanzi namasiko inqaku akayi kufaneleka, ngoko siya kugxininisa kuphela eyona miba ibalulekileyo ebomini yenkcubeko. Ngoko ke, yintoni na ekhethekileyo malunga langoku inqanaba lophuhliso kwenkcubeko iqulathe?

Indima inkcubeko yaseYurophu kwisithuba yenkcubeko umhlaba

Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba ibakala yangoku kuphuhliso inkcubeko iphawulwa inkqubo esebenzayo jikelele, ngokuqinileyo ngokwesiseko yesiko yaseYurophu. Oku kuyinyaniso kuba phantse zonke iingingqi zehlabathi, nangona shiyana. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba Westernization kwaye emiselwe ingcinezelo Eurocentrism ekuvavanyeni amathemba olunye uphuhliso lwenkcubeko yoluntu. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka ukuba sinikwe umqondiso esi isithethe njengento ebalulekile lusisisekelo esibalulekileyo kubomi ezigidi zabantu ehlabathini namhlanje.

Imida amasiko European

Isithethe yaseYurophu, njengaye nawuphi na, ukuba zizakubalulwa isimbo kwayo, iimpawu ezithile kunye iseti imilinganiselo. Kakade ke, umda iinkcuba zayo ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza ngendlela eyahlukileyo, kwakunye nemithombo amanani imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso. Apha, siya ngqo le ingqiqo kakhulu cala kwaye phantse lula ukuba inkcubeko mihla aseYurophu abacinga ngayo kunye neempawu zayo kwasekwa i Renaissance kunye namaxesha mihla. Ezinye iimpembelelo - enkulu, classical kunye nabanye - thina nokuyinika ezingundoqo uhlobo olwahlukileyo ngaphambi zolwakhiwo yenkcubeko mihla eYurophu.
Ngoko ke, yintoni eyahlukileyo langoku inqanaba lophuhliso kwenkcubeko? Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni na ezichongiweyo iimpawu zayo kubalulekile njengabamakishi ethile ukwahlula kwezinye iintlobo inkcubeko?

rationalism

element Rationalist ngokucacileyo kakhulu olwahlula uphuhliso inkcubeko kwesi sigaba. Oku kubonakala zayo lwaluzibona ehlabathini, imilinganiselo ezo undoqo kwizibonelelo ingqondo zabantu. Kubalulekile ukuchonga kumda wesangqa ye rationalism yaseYurophu, kuba eyahluke kakhulu kwezinye iinkcubeko, ikakhulu emveli Oriental. osemqoka yayo lokwahlula ke utyekelo wabamisela, ukuba umthetho weemeko ihlabathi, kube ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo kunye ukubheka phezulu kwabantu. Iindlela nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko yanamhlanje eRashiya na, ngasendleleni, kuba kanye indlela efanayo ubunyani, xa ixabiso ihlabathi emiselwe iqondo operability yayo kunye nokusebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, le into yabantu kwinkqubo enjalo central, ngelixa abanye yehlabathi idluliselwa imo resource.

Impembelelo rationalism kwi iimpawu kweqonga yangoku (uphuhliso lwenkcubeko)

Le nkqubo yokuqhelaniswa le nomqondo Koloni uvunyelwe ukudala indawo ubomi obutofotofo, ukukhuthaza kude ngaphambi zethekhinoloji ukuze impumelelo enkulu ngokwalo kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa ke umva, a ukukhubekisa, nto leyo ke destabilization ngokwasengqondweni lokuqonda (umzekelo, amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu ngokwasemphefumlweni bafune ukuzibulala achumayo ezininzi ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho lwembono, eYurophu, eMelika kunye Australia), ehleliyo intellectualism, ke enganobungozi ingxenye ngokomoya uphuhliso nobuntu ubudlelwane umthengi, kwaye intsingiselo - in an expansionism ndlongondlongo kwezenkcubeko nakwezoqoqosho yaye sengqondo okungenaluzsini imvelo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

subjectivism

Inqanaba ngoku ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko linophawu a ukujongwa ngokukhawuleza. Le yokugqibela kulo mzekelo kuqondwa njengesifundo absolutized ngokubaluleka kuyo nayiphi na iinkqubo zangaphandle kunye nezimo.

Xa practice, oku kuthetha ukuba umlinganiselo yonke ngumntu othile, umntu, kungekhona abantu, iklasi, nangokodidi ekuhlaleni, nezinto ezinjengezo. Nalo mbutho lwamaxabiso yenkcubeko yenziwe kunokwenzeka, ubuncinane ukulingana esemthethweni olusesikweni kunye nophuhliso lezopolitiko ubomi ngendlela yentando yesininzi. Kakade ke, ebomini izinto kancinane nzima ngakumbi, kodwa ke esi sithembiso ubuntu ebomini egqitywe langoku eqongeni. Olu nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko nje akhulule kuphela umntu, onika ixabiso layo kwenani kunye namalungelo, kodwa unyanzela uxanduva olukhulu, ukuba ngexesha elifanayo mngeni. Loo mntu, enyanisweni, omnye-on-mnye ehlabathini apho zonke ubudlelwane uyithathe le fomu yesivumelwano kunye nesivumelwano esiza kuba lulutho. Le ndoda kweli hlabathi ulilolo, ngokungabi nazo iingcambu ezendeleyo kusapho nobuzwe, ngokomoya, wesizwe okanye ezinye indawo.

Okukodwa Russian

Ngokumalunga nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko yanamhlanje eRashiya, oko yayisathe umahluko omkhulu imodeli yaseYurophu, nangona ihamba chu kwicala lakhe. Ngokomzekelo, kwisithuba wenkcubeko Russian Federation okwangoku yamkelwa ngokupheleleyo iingcinga ukunyamezelana kunye nokulingana onezigxina ezininzi uluntu simahla ekucudiseni komntu nantoni na kwaba nempembelelo lwentlalo. Kwelinye icala, kukho izinto ezininzi kubomi benkcubeko elalisakuba yiSoviet Union mancinane basengozini sentengiso lenguqu ukuya ifomati ubudlelwane emarikeni. Nje oko kungenzeka ukuveza ubunzulu engumoya uhlanga ngumqondo nenkalo kwezoqoqosho.

scientism

uphuhliso ukujongwa, leyo zichatshazelwa R. Descartes e ithisisi odumileyo yakhe, "Ndicinga ukuba, ke ngoko khona" ubhalo, iye yaba Sivula ebalulekileyo inkcubeko yaseYurophu. Mu kuya kwa nshita kumaxesha isiphelo lobuthixo okanye amakhoboka yamandulo, yeqonga mihla ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko luphawulwa, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, a anthropocentrism ezinkulu, apho iqumrhu ingekho enye inkxaso kunye kwingongoma nganye ulwazi, kodwa yena. Ngenxa yoko, ukususela phantsi kweenyawo womntu wankqonkqoza wonke umhlaba. umsebenzi zembuyekezo kwinkqubo kukodwa kuthatha i ukuthanda ongacimiyo amandla kunye nolawulo, ngokusekelwe phezu kwesiseko indlela zenzululwazi. Kunye, zonke ezi meko: subjectivism, rationalism kunye scientism ezayo omnye - ke impendulo yombuzo "ziziphi iimpawu langoku ibakala kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko."

Mathesis

Phantsi Mathesis wayeqonda imodeli enjalo zokucinga kunye kwingqiqo, nto leyo lujolise ikakhulu kwi izixhobo sezibalo. Yiyo le mfanelo ogquba iinkolelo entsha yaseYurophu. Kubalulekile ukuba ukhanyise ezizodwa, kuba nangona uchaza ngokwaneleyo kakuhle eli scientism yaseYurophu, kodwa aziphelelanga kuzo. Aqaqambe ngayo intetho lwenzululwazi, Mathesis ebonakalaliswe zonke iinkalo zobomi womntu yaseYurophu, nkqu nabo apho ekubaleni ebonakala zemathematika bekungalunganga. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi lo shishino ubuhle na, nto leyo luqinisekisiwe kwaye ingqiqo umgangatho ubuhle kunye ezintle baphulukana ngokupheleleyo aura le irrationality nenkalo yokomoya ukuba uyamthobela imveliso kunye nenjongosenzi lobudlelwane zorhwebo kunye nemarike. Beauty yayeka ukuba kubalulekile, olunzulu umgangatho umntu waza wajika kufutshane into eyiyo kwakhiwa ngokusebenzisa ngokwezibalo uqinisekise unciphe, umthambo, iikhemikhali kunye utyando. Ngenxa yoko, kuye ukuba lusebenze kakuhle kakhulu, ngokuxhomekeke parameters ezithile kunye nemigangatho.

expansionism

Inqanaba ngoku ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko linophawu ethile expansionism. Lo mba uye wakuvumela ukuba ngoku le nguquko leyo ethi ibe sisiseko Yindibanisela inkcubeko yehlabathi. Livela, oko kuqala, iqhekeza kwezopolitiko kubomi, kodwa hayi kuphela. Umzekelo okuphawuleka iicawa ukuguqula gqolo Western zamaKristu, ukunwenwa imifuziselo Western yoqoqosho kunye neenqobo zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi. Ngelo xesha linye ukwandiswa inkcubeko yaseYurophu ayiphelelanga kwamanye, uluntu non-Europe, kodwa ihlabathi hlobo. Enemibala emininzi exhonywe sengqondo Western ubonisa ubuhlobo kunye nendalo, esibonakala ukuthenga nomnqweno esisuka ukubheka neemfuno ezazimalunga neziqu zabo, nto leyo ngokufuthi ekhokelela neziphumo ezibi -. Ukutshatyalaliswa ntlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo, kwamanani ekuphononongeni izimbiwa, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, njl Ngelishwa, le sengqondo kancane boyise ezininzi kumazwe aseYurophu umphathi lo wesiqhelo yayo nawenkcubeko ekuphuhliseni ulwazi ngokusingqongileyo, uphawu ngokupheleleyo zenkcubeko Russian p nd. Ngobuninzi ubutyobo kufuphi naziphi na iindawo Russian park hlathi isixeko obuliqilima, kwakunye kwemvume, isikali ngokungekho kwamahlathi kunye nenkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni ngokuphathelele oku ebalasele ukungakhathali phantse iyonke.