Inkqubo yemali kunye nezinto zayo.

Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akukho mgaqo wezomthetho kwihlabathi okhoyo ngaphandle kweenkqubo zemali. Inkqubo yemali kunye neenkalo zayo zimela isixhobo sokusasazwa kwemali koqoqosho lwasekhaya lwelizwe, okwakhiwa ngeeminyaka ezintlanu zembali kunye nokuvunywa komthetho ka rhu lumente kazwelonke. Uhlobo oluphambili lweenkqubo zeemali kumazwe ahlukeneyo luphawu lwalo lwemali yonke.

Okwangoku, inkqubo yezemali kunye neenkalo zayo zenziwe kwiintlobo ezizimeleyo, ezithwala iinkqubo zendlela yokutshintshwa kwensimbi esekelwe kwimali yangempela (isiliva, igolide, i-platinum, njl njl.) Kunye nenkqubo yemboleko kunye nokupapashwa kwamaphepha (ixabiso lemali litshintshiswa lixabiso lesimboli ). Ngaloo ndlela, uqoqosho lwehlabathi luhlukanisa uhlobo lwenkqubo yensimbi kwi-bimetallism kunye ne-monometallism.

I-Bimetallism ibonakala ngokusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo emibini yemali elinganayo - isilivere negolide. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yemali esebenzayo kwii-XVI-XVIII zeenkulungwane, ngelixa kwakukho umrhumo wamahhala wenani elingenamkhawulo lesinkozo esebenzisa zombini iintlobo zetsimbi. Olu hlobo lwemali lukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwimeko yezoqoqosho kwiimarike, kuba ukusetyenziswa kweetsimbi zombini kwaoko kukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwipolisi yentengo yeempahla kunye neenkonzo. Ngoko ke, ngokuphuhliswa kwengxowa-mali, eyayidinga ukusabalaliswa kwemali eyomeleleyo, kwakhokelela ekutshintsheni enye kwi-monometallism. I-Monometallism ibonakala ngokusetyenziswa kwesitye esinye (isilivere okanye igolide) njengelinganayo jikelele. Ngokuphuhliswa kwoluhlobo lwemali, igolide ye-monometallism ithole utshintsho olukhulu, ihlukaniswe ngegolide, igolide kunye negolide kunye nemigangatho yegolide. Umgangatho wegolide wexabiso lwemali wawusetyenziswa ngokukhululekile ngaphakathi kweli lizwe, kodwa wawuvinjelwe umyalezo wezorhwebo wangaphandle. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Ixesha elide, lo mgangatho wachithwa ngenxa yobuncwane obuthile bensimbi ngenxa yenkcitho yempi. Watshintshwa ngegolide kunye negolide kunye nemigangatho yegolide. Ezi ntlobo zithetha ukutshintshiselwa kweebhanki zeebhanki zegolide okanye ama-slogans (imali yokuhlawula imali yangaphandle), enokutshintshaniswa negolide. Kodwa le migangatho yapheliswa emva koxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi, okwabangela ukufakwa kwephepha elilodwa kunye nenkqubo yokuhambisa imali . Le nkqubo isekelwe kwimiba yeebhanki ehlanganisiweyo kweli lizwe. Inkqubo yemali yaseJamani yimizekelo ecacileyo yokuphuhliswa kwemali yokujikelezwa kwemali.

Inkqubo yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkalo zayo zaqulunqwa ngowe-1944 kwintlanganiso yengqungquthela yemali neyezimali kwinkampani ye-UN e-United States eBretton Woods, apho kugqitywe isigqibo sokuzisa i-standard standard yegolide. Imithetho ethile yachazwa kwaye ichanekile:

• Igolide yaqatshelwa njengeendlela zokugqibela zokuhlala phakathi kwamazwe enza umsebenzi wehlabathi, kwaye wakhonza njengomlinganiselo oqikelelweyo wobutyebi boluntu.
• Ngokusebenzisana kwegolide kwi-economic world, iUnited States neBrithani iyunithi yemali yaziswa - idola kunye neepound.
• Ixabiso lemarike legolide libekwe kwisiseko sexabiso elisemthethweni eUnited States.
• Iinqununu zemali zeSizwe zinokutshintshana ngokukhululeka kwiidola kwiibhanki eziphambili zelizwe, kwaye ngegolide. Olu tshintano lwenza ukuba kubekho ukuhlaliswa kwamanye amazwe phakathi kwamazwe.

Ngenxa yokudakalisa kweemeko zangaphandle zemarike yase-US ngenxa yokuchithwa kweendawo zegolide kwilizwe, inkqubo yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezixhobo zayo, esekelwe kwisilinganiselo se-dollar, yayibhoxisiwe. I dollar yatshintshwa ngeengxowa-mali zemali-FRG, SDR, ECU kunye neJapan, kunye nexabiso le dollar yegolide likhanselwe ngokusemthethweni.