Indlela ukuba luthathe ioli? Apho i oyile atsalwa? Ixabiso oli

Neoli i ulwelo olunamafutha enokutsha ukuba umbala ukusukela omdaka ekukhanyeni (phantse ngaphaya) ukuya limnyama (phantse abamnyama). Ngokutsho lexinene yahlulwe inobulali, aphakathi kunye kakhulu.

Okwangoku, cinga ihlabathi lanamhlanje ngaphandle ioli kunokwenzeka. Yeyona nto iphambili sibaso zezithuthi ezahlukeneyo, izinto ukulungiselela ukwenziwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo yabathengi, amayeza kunye nezinye izinto. Neoli itsalwa njani?

design

Oyile kunye igesi yendalo accumulated kwi misindo ekuthiwa okugcina amanzi. Bangafika ezahlukeneyo. A umqokeleli olungileyo ithathwa emele umaleko isandstone, nto leyo ifumaneka phakathi kunokudala nodongwe kunye shale. Oku kuthintela ukuvuza oyile negesi evela okugcina amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.

Xa zifumaneka kwi izimbiwa, ukuhlolwa kumthi wabo ukwakheka, umgangatho yaye liphuhlise indlela ukususa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nezothutho ukuze isityalo processing. Ukuba kuqikelelwa ukuveliswa oyile imveliso kunye negesi kule intsimi ngendlela engabiziyo, ukufakelwa iqala izixhobo imveliso.

namafutha iimpawu

Xa amadama zendalo apho ioli atsalwa, kuba ngale ndlela likuyo ekrwada. Ngokuqhelekileyo, engamanzi enokutsha ugalelwe irhasi kunye namanzi. Amaxesha amaninzi phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, phantsi kwempembelelo apho i oyile abangenamakhaya ukuba amaqula unequipped. Oku kunokubangela iingxaki. Ngamanye amaxesha xi mncane ezifuna ukufakelwa nempompo okhethekileyo.

Inkqubo kwimveliso ye-oyile zingahlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu:

• Movement of ulwelo ngokuthi kwakhiwe ukuya wellbore. It ikhutshwa phandle umahluko xi zendalo okanye esidalwe ngumntu.
• Movement of ulwelo ngokusebenzisa kakuhle - ukususela ezantsi ukusa emlonyeni.
• Ukuqokelela oyile negesi yamanzi phezu osithelisayo, lokuhlanjululwa. Kwaye ngoko ke ulwelo ithuthelwe kwisityalo processing.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo yeoli, ezo ixhomekeka kuhlobo zezimbiwa (umhlaba, emgangathweni wolwandle) uhlobo mbuthi bezingenabunzulu. Kwakhona, indlela inokwahluka njengoko ichibi yokulahla yendalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ioli eselwandle - yinkqubo engelula, kuba ifuna ukuba ufakelo isixhobo Subsea.

ixhoba yemvelo

Indlela ukuba luthathe ioli? Ukulungiselela le njongo, umkhosi xi eveliswe zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu. Ukusebenza kakuhle ichibi amandla kuthiwa umthombo. Kulo mzekelo, phantsi koxinzelelo yamanzi ephantsi komhlaba, igesi, neoli ayanyuka abe phezulu, ngaphandle kwesidingo ukukhulisa izixhobo ezongezelelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela ithende lisetyenziswa kuphela matye yokuqala, xa xi gqitha, yaye iyakwazi kushenxiswe phezulu ulwelo. Kwixesha elizayo, imfuno kwizixhobo ezongeziweyo ukuba ngokupheleleyo qongqololo zeoli.

Fountain yindlela kakhulu nenoqoqosho. Ukulungisa ukuhamba oyile olubekwe izivalo ezizodwa, amatywina wellhead elawula isixa uwuhlangule kweziyobisi.

iindlela zenqanaba lesibini nelesithathu zisetyenziswa emva utsalo zaseprayimari, wasebenzise yentsimi ngokufanelekileyo.

iindlela Primary, lesibini nelesithathu

Kwinkqubo yendalo kwimveliso oyile kusetyenziswa indlela stepwise:

• Primary. Ulwelo ikhutshwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kweli dama, oluthi luqokelelane komhlaba, ukwanda irhasi njalo njalo. Ngale ndlela recovery oyile factor (ngoCin) nama-5-15%.
• Secondary. Le ndlela iyasetyenziswa xa uxinzelelo yendalo akusekho eyaneleyo ukuze uphakamise oyile equleni. Kule meko inkqubo yesibini leyo ubonelelo amandla avela ngaphandle. Oku lisebenza amanzi lesitofu, igesi yendalo okanye kudluliswe. Kuxhomekeka engxondorheni ichibi kunye iimpawu ioli indlela recovery oyile secondary ifikelela-30%, kwaye ixabiso lilonke - 35-45%.
• Ephakamileyo. Le ndlela kukwandisa ukushukumiseka leoli ukunyusa imveliso yawo. Enye indlela - le TEOR, apho ngenxa ukufudumeza amanzi kweli dama kunciphisa viscosity. Ukuze benze oku, lo umphunga ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngaphantsi iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukutshiswa buso leoli ndawo, ngqo ukwakheka. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayikho kakuhle kakhulu. Ukutshintsha enixabana umphezulu lunezinto ezizodwa (okanye surfactants) ungakwazi ukungena phakathi oyile namanzi. Ephakamileyo indlela recovery oyile ivumela ukuba ukwandisa kangangama omnye 5-15%. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kuphela xa kuthe ioli iyaqhubeka ukuba nenzuzo. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa indlela ephakamileyo kuxhomekeke amaxabiso oli kunye nendleko zokususwa kwayo.

indlela Mechanical: phakamisa igesi

Ukuba amandla ukuze uphakamise le oyile ikhutshwa evela ngaphandle, ngoko le ndlela kuthiwa imigodi imishini. Yahlulahlulwe yaba iindidi ezimbini: i isiguquli kunye nempompo. indlela ngamnye uneempawu zawo.

Le isiguquli ukwabizwa ngokuba ilifti igesi. Le ndlela iquka injecting igesi kulo wellbore, apho ogalelwe ioli. Ngenxa yoko, lexinene umxube kunciphisa. uxinzelelo Bottomhole kwakhona unciphisa, iba umthombo ephantsi. Konke oku kukhokelela ukuhamba yeoli kuyo kumphezulu. Ngamanye amaxesha igesi enoxinzelelo unikwa ukusuka layers aselumelwaneni. Oku kuthiwa "uxinzelelo yendalo igesi-lift."

Emasimini endala isicelo kunye nenkqubo air-lift isetyenziswa kuwo umoya. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ifuna igesi yokutsha, kwaye conduit siyakwazi ukumelana ephantsi umonakalo umhlwa.

Gas lift zamafutha asetyenziswe e Western eSiberia, Western Kazakhstan kunye Turkmenistan.

indlela Mechanical: ukusetyenziswa iimpompo

Xa inkqubo lokumpompa kubunzulu ethile lishiyiwe iimpompo. Ezi zixhobo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezahlukeneyo. Intonga ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu iimpompo.

Qwalasela i oyile atsalwa ngayo ngale ndlela. Umgaqo ukusebenza kwalo isixhobo ngolu hlobo. Le umbhobho umngxuma phantsi apho zicwangciswe ivelufa sokufunxa kunye nesilinda. In Ekugqibeleni impompo iseti kunye isivingco loxinzelelo. movement oyile olwenziwe ngenxa intshukumo Buyisela le impompo. By yanjalo lokuvula-ukuvala sokufunxa kunye nokukhutshwa lwezivalo.

Performance intonga iimpompo nama-500 cubic metres. m / ngosuku kubunzulu iqula 200-400 m kunye kunye nobunzulu 3200 m - 20 cu. m / ngosuku.

kunye needipozithi rodless ingasetyenziselwa kwimveliso ye-oyile. Kulo mzekelo, ngalo wellbore ukuya izixhobo inikezelwa amandla ombane. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa intambo okhethekileyo. Kusenokwenzeka kwakhona isicelo olunye uhlobo lwe-eneji-umsinga (njengesipholisi, irhasi zixinaniswe).

ERashiya, amaxesha amaninzi uhlobo lwe nempompo centrifugal zombane ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ngezininzi yeoli itsalwa ngokusebenzisa eso sixhobo. Xa usebenzisa iimpompo zombane phezu kufuneka abekwe kwisikhululo ulawulo kunye sombane.

Production emhlabeni

Kuye ingqalelo nokuvelisa oyile kwemithombo yendalo. Kufuneka bawuqhele isantya sophuhliso. Ekuqaleni, kude kube phakathi nenani-70., Imveliso Ioli iye kabini phantse yonke leminyaka. isantya wophuhliso kwaye ke ndinciphe esebenzayo. Umthamo yeoli eye ampontshwa ukusuka ekuqaleni yemveliso (ukusuka 1850.) Ukuze-1973 baba 41 bhiliyoni iitoni, phantse isiqingatha apho bawa phezu 1965-1973 ngayo.

ezinkulu nabavelisi oli ehlabathini namhlanje amazwe afana Saudi Arabia, eRashiya, Iran, eUnited States, China, Mexico, Canada, Venezuela, Kazakhstan. Kuyinto la nahambele imarike engundoqo "ngegolide black". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imveliso oyile eUnited States ayikho phezu ezikhundleni eziphezulu, kodwa ilizwe uyithengileyo imali enkulu kwamanye amazwe.

Ezinkulu oyile negesi kumachibi, apho oyile negesi e Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, South lweCaspian, Western eSiberia, Algeria Iswekile kunye nezinye.

namafutha

Oyile Ijelo elingahlaziyekiyo. Ukubana yesibambiso ezaziwayo ka-1200 billion amabhakethi kunye eyay - malunga 52-260 billion nemigqomo. Iyonke oyile reserves, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa kwayo le mihla, ngokwanele iminyaka 100. Ngaphandle koku, kwizicwangciso weRashiya ukwanda kwi "igolide black" imveliso.

Amazwe apho oyile ekuveliseni umthamo omkhulu, oku kulandelayo:

• Venezuela.
• Saudi Arabia.
• Iran.
• Iraq.
• Kuwait.
• UAE.
• Russia.
• Libya.
• Kazakhstan.
• ENigeria.
• Canada.
• US.
• Qatar.
• China.
• EBrazil.

Oil eRussia

Russia yenye eziphambili amazwe kwimveliso ye-oyile. Kuye nje ngokubanzi kuphela ezisetyenziswa kweli lizwe, inxalenye enkulu athunyelwa kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Apho eolini Russian atsalwa phantsi? Le Iidipozithi inkulu zifumaneka namhlanje Khanty-Mansi Ukuzilawula District, Ukuzilawula Yamalo-Nenets kunye Tatarstan. Le mimandla ibe ngaphezu kwama-60% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo we kulwelo zaveliswa. Kwakhona, ummandla Irkutsk kunye Republic of Yakutia - indawo apho i oyile kufunxwa eRashiya, ibonisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo ukwanda imithamo. Elidityaniswe kunye nophuhliso kwiindawo ezintsha ngaphandle eSiberia - Pacific Ocean.

kwamaxabiso e-oli

Ixabiso ioli wabumba umlinganiselo yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Noko ke, kule meko iye awohluke yayo. Imfuno ihlala phantse ayitshintshanga kwaye babungena phezu Dynamics amaxabiso. Kakade ke, ubukhula ngonyaka ngamnye. Kodwa ke into ephambili amaxabiso kukuba ukunikela. Ukucutheka encinane iziphumo zalo spike kweendleko.

Ngenxa yokwanda kwenani leemoto kunye nezixhobo efanayo lonyuso imfuno oyile. Kodwa endle kuxhaphaka iyoma up. Konke oku, ngokutsho iingcali, ekugqibeleni kuya kukhokelela kwintlekele oyile, xa imfuno kude lidlula ubonelelo. Kwaye ngoko ke amaxabiso ephawulekayo enyukile.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ixabiso ioli yenye nkqubo izixhobo ibalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Namhlanje ke ngeenxa 107 zeerandi umphanda nganye.