Imizila yemfuza. umthetho wokuqala Mendel kaThixo

Indela imvelaphi Czech, Gregor Mendel, kule minyaka 1856-1866 baqhuba iimvavanyo, apho kamva yaziwa ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yophando wazalwa kwesayensi entsha - imizila yemfuza. Okubalulekileyo kuphuhliso yayo yaba wokuqala umthetho Mendel. I-ertyisi yakhethwa njengoko umyezo prototype. Oku kwaba ngenxa yobukho kwiintlobo ezininzi umahluko ocacileyo phakathi ngezizathu ezithile. Ukongeza, ezi zityalo kulula ukuba akhule kwaye hybridize. Ngenxa ngenyameko imifuniselo zocwangciso banciphise zithwele ngaphandle, ngokunjalo inani elikhulu data oluthembakeleyo zifunyenwe imifuniselo elebhu. Umphumo waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula umthetho wokuqala Mendel, kwaye ke elandelayo.

Kakuhle eli wokulinga

Ngoko ke, ngakumbi malunga nendlela uMthetho Wokuqala Mendel yavulwa. Ekuqaleni phando zaye izityalo ukuxabana angafani nayiphi ngeembadada iimpawu ezikhethiweyo, umzekelo, amalungiselelo ziintyatyambo - apical okanye axillary. Ukukhulela uhlobo ngamnye izizukulwana embalwa, Mendel waphawula ukufaneleka kwabo ukuba ukusetyenziswa iinjongo zovavanyo. Yemifuniselo kukugcina ewela ngokuthi kudluliselwe umungu of kwisityalo esithile ukuya kwesinye. iziphumo ezithembekileyo zovavanyo ziye zifumaneka ukuze kugcinwe kakuhle eziliqela izilumkiso. Ngokukodwa, ezi stamens ezimbalini ukuba ezimvumvuzelwa, kamva kususwe, anxibe iminqwazi ekhethekileyo iintyatyambo ukuze uphephe ukudluliselwa umungu ukusuka kwezinye izityalo.

Iziphumo zovavanyo

Ukususela imbewu yemihlanganiselwa ziqokelelwe kuzo zonke iimeko, utyala ngeentyatyambo axillary. Olu phawu luye lwaba lubalaseleyo. Ubukho kweentyantyambo apical yathatyathwa uphawu sofuzo. Emva kokuba amava isizukulwana lokuqala kwezityalo basala for self-uvuvuzelo. Le ngxilimbela ngenxa baba yinxalenye axillary kunye neentyatyambo apical. Phantsi Kwingcingane Mendel, uhlobo lwesibini wayekho kwi sizukulwana sokuqala. Noko ke, igama elithi le mfanelo ayonelanga. Oko kukuthi, bekubonakalisiwe ngendlela efihlakeleyo. Xa ukuhlola ezinjalo kunye iimpawu ipere, malunga ezintathu kwezine ibhastile aneempawu, owayebonakele kwi sizukulwana sokuqala. Inxalenye yesine wenzala ngexesha izityalo usapho efunyenwe 2 ukuba iipropati zingaqhagamshelwanga ezichongiweyo 1. Yintoni ngaphezulu umfuniselo, kokukhona ngenxa wayesondela umlinganiselo we-3: 1. Umthetho wokuqala Mendel yaphehlelelwa kwezi zifundo.

iziphumo

Xa sifunda iimpawu kwizityalo bawela - zesampulu lwabazali langoku uphawu efanayo ezimbini - ibhastile nto ifunyenwe ngokutsho kwenye zinto njengelifa. Iimpawu isizukulwana yokuqala inzala nje ukuhlanganiswa, nokugcina somntu. Ngenxa yoko, uphando sele iqokelelwe ulwazi oluthembakeleyo ukuze umthetho wokuqala Mendel kaThixo Waziqhiwula yena. ekuqulunqeni wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Imiqondiso bamiliselwa kukho isibini ephilayo yeemeko lwangaphakathi (genes). In kwisizukulwana yesibini, elifunyenwe ewela monohybrid, malunga ikota abantwana iimpawu sofuzo ". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lokuQala Second Law of Mendel akazange ekuqaleni yamkelwe nezesayensi. Kamva umsebenzi kwezinye izazinzulu, la malungiselelo ekungqiniweyo kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, uphando entsha yasekwa chromosome theory kwimfuza.