Iingozi kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya. Le ngozi Chernobyl: oonobangela, liquidators imiphumo

Phuhlisa umxholo we iChernobyl intlekele (njengoko ngozi inkulu amandla enyukliya) kunye neziphumo zawo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukuqonda oko okuthathwa ummandla lonke phambi kokuba ingozi embi. Ngoko ke, eli nqaku kufuneka uqale kwimbali kwisithili eChernobyl, ummandla Kyïv, ngakumbi ncam, nkqu imbali kwidolophu Chernobyl. Le ngozi kwisityalo samandla senyukliya ngokuqinileyo wacofa umzi intlekele eyenziwe ngumntu, kodwa ukukhankanywa wokuqala kuyo asusela ngenkulungwane ye-15 (ngemithombo Lithuanian), kwaye unembali ende.

History of Chernobyl ezingqongileyo

Ngexesha amazwe kumazwe Ukrainian ababawa Polish ngenkulungwane ye-16 kuloo mmandla eChernobyl kwakhiwa inqaba enkulu, zisekhona ukuya namhlanje kuphela okwabangela. Chernobyl ngokwalo (njengoko kude ukusuka kwisixeko eyinkunzi ye-Commonwealth) uninzi lwabantu ababehlala ngamaYuda, apho waba ngomnye Kumaziko Hasidism (enye imijelo zobuYuda) emva kokuhlaliswa kwidolophu ubukhosi urabhi Hasidic Menachem yaseTver. Emva ukujoyina Chernobyl ukuya uBukhosi Russian kule lali baqalisa nokuphuhlisa inkcubeko Ukrainian, eChernobyl yaba liziko iingoma Ukrainian phaya kuMntla Polissya. Ngexesha yamaNazi yesixeko yayeka ukuba iziko lobomi yamaYuda, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo. Emva kwemfazwe ngo eChernobyl waqalisa kwisithuba nophuhliso kolu shishino. Le lokishi fumene ubume isixeko waza wakhulela sabantu bayo.

Ngenxa yoko, iChernobyl wayekho elide phambi kokuba kwakukho ingozi kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya. Le dolophu kudala ezihambelanayo kuphela kwisityalo ngamandla enyukliya, kodwa ibe liziko mveliso, kwakunye indawo nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko Ukrainian kunye yamaYuda.

Ukwakhiwa kunye nophuhliso kummandla eChernobyl

Ngowe-1970, lo wokuqala kummandla Ukraine amandla enyukliya mihla yakhiwa kummandla eChernobyl, ngesi- imbeko inkokeli ihlabathi yesigaba VI ULenin. Kakade ke, Vladimir Ilyich akabanga ngokunxulumene kummandla eChernobyl, Lenin ngokwakhe ngenkankulu ukuba kwezi ndawo. Kodwa ekubeni iChernobyl amandla enyukliya kwakhiwa liyi- kakhulu esingenamntu ukuba akwaziwa ukuba naziphi na iziganeko abadumileyo okanye abantu abaziwayo, kuyinyaniso ukuba amandla enyukliya kwakhiwa-sikhokelo yenkqubo yophuhliso ngamandla enyukliya eSoviet Union, umgaqo echazwe yi Congress of the CPSU, yathiywa emva kokuba ezininzi iziqu eSoviet imo yomntu.

iikhilomitha ezilishumi ukuya kwidolophu ekufutshane - umgama omde ngendlu isityalo. Ngoko ke, ecaleni indawo edume kushishino yenyukliya eChernobyl eyasekwayo kwilali Pripyat, zazifumanayo ngo-1979 ubume edolophini. Lonke abemi idumbile iminyaka embalwa sesixeko inxaxheba kwisikhululo samandla senyukliya okanye bakhonza abasebenzi balo mzi. Mveliso yonke ezidolophini yayijonge kuphela ekuqinisekiseni iimfuno zala macandelo yenyukliya kunye esitishini. Ngexesha le ngozi yabemi Pripyat iye yafikelela kubantu phantse-50 amawaka.

isixeko eChernobyl akazange abe isityalo samandla senyukliya akanguye ulwalamano incinane, ngaphandle kwemizi geographical. Yena waphila ubomi bakhe kangangeenkulungwane. Kodwa ingozi kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya, eqhagamshelwe umzi kuphela kufutshane indawo, wenze embindini ingqalelo yehlabathi.

Crash ka-1986

Ngowe-1983 yena, njengoko bathi, angxamisa ezakhiwe yiyunithi ngamandla wesine Chernobyl NPP. Kwiminyaka ethile ngaphambili, oosonzululwazi Soviet wakha mveliso senyukliya Iraq, apho batshatyalaliswa evela abalwi air Air Force. Oku kuhlaselwa yabonisa lusizo okugqibeleleyo kushishino samandla enyukliya Soviet phambi yokuhlaselwa, ngoko izazinzulu zenyukliya eSoviet baqalisa ukucinga ukunika indlela umbane esixekweni kunye nezo lali zazikumhlaba kuthe yokuhlaselwa kwi kwisibonelelo senyukliya. Kuba amalinge kweli cala kwaye iyunithi yesine yakhiwa, efihla inkitha kwiintsilelo kunye iziphako, wenza ngexesha lokwakha yayo.

Ebusuku, April 26, 1986 ingozi kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya yenzeka kwiyunithi ngamandla yesine mveliso. Ngexesha amalinge-reactor, kwakukho udubulo ezimbini ezinamandla ukuba uyicacisile ngakumbi bayahlelwa yaseXhora zamawaka ezininzi abemi besixeko Pripyat kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane, kuquka isixeko Chernobyl. Le dubulo kwabangelwa nobushushu lo reactor, leyo wakrazula off isiciko kukhulula izixa elikhulu radiation emoyeni.

Izinto ezibangela le ngozi eChernobyl

Izinto ezibangela le ngozi eChernobyl sisihloko impikiswano namhlanje, wabeka phambili iingcamango ezininzi kangangoko esemthethweni kwakuhle ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa izinto ezimbini ezicacileyo woko kwenzekayo bungabonakala kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya - izinto kwezopolitiko kunye nobugcisa.

yezizathu zezopolitiko

ESoviet Union, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kwaba ingqalelo enkulu kwimfundo. iiyunivesithi Soviet baphumelela iingcali abaneziqinisekiso kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkalo yenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko. Kodwa ukuya phezulu leri umsebenzi idiploma kwakubaluleke lesibini, eyona nto ibaluleke ngakumbi ukuba impumelelo kuqeqesho kwezopolitiko, kwakunye ukunyaniseka Party, iinjongo zalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, isikhundla yinjineli oyintloko eChernobyl yaba ngumsebenzi esebenzayo iqela kunye CEO, UNikolai Fomin, ngubani oyingcali entsimini umbane thermal, kodwa engasazi ngokupheleleyo yoshishino samandla enyukliya. Yena phantse akazange kuyiphazamisa na imisebenzi baphantsi kwabo kwaye Wakholosa ngokupheleleyo nesekela lakhe Dyatlov, waqeshwa kwesi sithuba kunyaka yengozi eChernobyl. Dyatlov waba izazinzulu zenyukliya onamava, kodwa safika Pripyat ngokukodwa ukuba baqhube kuwakholisile imifuniselo urhulumente reactor ukuba sibi ebusuku. Fomin yena elele ngoxolo ebhedini yakhe.

Nezinqolamthi, kunye Fomin, nomlawuli we eChernobyl nenjongo efanayo enye - azicengezele kunye nobunkokheli bakhe iqela libe phezulu up leri omsebenzi. A ayamileyo Dyatlov, yamncedisa kwigumbi lolawulo ngexesha amalinge, besazi neengozi zazo kunye reactor, esoyika ukungathobeli imiyalelo kwaabo ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, njengoko ehlaselwa kunye nokugxothwa oososayensi zenyukliya ukusuka eshushu Pripyat, apho isixeko esibandayo izazinzulu atomic eSiberia.

Ngenxa yoko, esinye sezizathu ezingundoqo sokuba kwenzeke ingozi kwi eChernobyl yaba, kwelinye icala, yokungakhathali yolawulo yezityalo abakhulu, yaye kwelinye - abasebenzi nazigqibo abavumi ukuthobela ulawulo sengqondo esiyingozi ngokucacileyo.

isizathu technical

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ngobusuku yengozi experiment amandla kwaqhutywa ngokwemiyalelo eMoscow ngokwayo. injongo lobugcisa bala experiment yayikukuthwala ngaphandle ngokucima olupheleleyo turbines umphunga namandla ukuya umbane ukusuka ezivelisa kwi ukusebenza eliphantsi amandla reactor. Ngenxa yoko, ithiyori kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukunqanda ukuvuza radiation kwi iziqhushumbisi zesityalo samandla enyukliya, iqhubheka unikezelo lombane ixesha elithile.

Kuba nokuhlola kuyimfuneko ukuba ukunciphisa amandla reactor 700 megawatts. Kodwa inkqubo yandisa amandla reactor lehla phantse ngokupheleleyo. Ngokutsho imiyalelo iinjineli zenyukliya kwakufuneka ukuba ayeke ngokupheleleyo reactor, yaye kuphela emva koko ukuqala kwakhona. Kodwa Dyatlov ufuna iziphumo ngokukhawuleza, ngoko wayalela iinjineli bakhe ukubonisa zonke iintonga ulawulo ukusuka kwi-reactor, ukuqinisekisa kolawulo namandla, nto leyo ebangela ukunyuka yayo elibukhali. Noko ke, iziphene ulwakhiwo reactor kwabangela ukuba abenzi boluvo ziintonga ulawulo azisuswanga ukufunda iqondo lobushushu ukusuka ezantsi reactor, apho emva kokususa iintonga lobushushu laqala ukwenyuka kabukhali.

Babengaliqondi eli, ugxininise ukufunda, baye baqhubeka ukuba kunjani enesakhono megawatts 200 (ngokuchasene 700 kuyimfuneko) uze uyeke samanzi. Phantsi yempembelelo yamanzi-lobushushu eliphezulu ngokukhawuleza ngumphunga, kwaye reactor baqalisa ukuba shushu ngokugqithisileyo kakhulu, kodwa iinjineli baye bafunda ngayo kakhulu emva kwexesha, xa umsebenzi akubona mathupha indlela zomphunga Uphakamisa kweentonga yolawulo.

Eqonda ingozi meko, Dyatlov wagqiba ekubeni uqhubeke ukuthotywa likaxakeka ngamandla reactor. Nngokobuchwepheshe, le kuthetha zombini ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo zonke kweentonga yolawulo. Ngethiyori, oku kumele ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni lobushushu nciphisa reactor okukhawulezayo, kodwa iinjineli musa luthathele ingqalelo ukuba iziphelo kweentonga kunye bromine le mifanekiso, apho ekuqaleni ngokufutshane kuphakamisa iqondo lobushushu reactor. Yaye ekubeni iintonga bazifinyeza ngaxeshanye, ubushushu reactor wavuka phantse kweso ezilishumi amaxesha, kwaze oko kwakhokelela reactor engenako ukumelana xi liqhuma.

Ngoko ke, izinto zobugcisa ingozi eChernobyl zinxulunyaniswa iintsilelo reactor ekwakhiweni kwayo, kwakunye amaphutha kukwaphula imithetho.

Baphume abantu kunye nokuhlola impembelelo

Ekubeni ingozi eChernobyl yenzeke ebusuku, uvavanyo yeziphumo yayo kuphela kusasa ngomhla wama-27 Epreli. Phambi kokuba abacimi ezimbalwa ziye zathunyelwa ekupheliseni komlilo ngenxa kuqhuma. Emva uhlalutyo komhlaba kunye yokulinganisa umgangatho radiation emoyeni, leyo-x-reyi ngaphezulu kwe-120 (ngesantya ukuya ku-20), kwaba imfuneko ecacileyo ukubaleka.

Ngelo xesha abantu ukwaziswa ngokusesikweni malunga sokuba kuphunywe okwethutyana izixeko ezikufuphi kummandla Kyïv. Ke akukho namnye wayengazi ubukhulu oko kwenzekayo. Indawo isixeko ukubaleka luchongiwe, leyo nayo yonke ibhasi fleet ezidolophini. Abantu bakhutshwe ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke abemi banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye zonke iimpahla zabo ngezipha ngokunyaniseka emakhayeni abo, ibe ke abaninzi kubo esalelweyo kumazwe angaphandle ngenxa umngcipheko imisebe.

Ekubeni kwenzeka ngequbuliso ingozi eChernobyl, ngenye imini, abantu baye balahlekelwa phantse yonke into: umsebenzi, uphahla phezu kwentloko yabo, ndayizuza iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu, yaye abaninzi phakathi kwiminyaka embalwa, wafa ekuguleni radiation, balahlekelwa ngabantu babo ababathandayo. Kodwa iziphumo ntlekele baba ezinkulu kakhulu Pripyat, eChernobyl nommandla lonke. Imitha waya entshonalanga, ukukhulisa imvelaphi radiation e Belarus kunye Central Europe. Ukunyusa umgangatho kwemitha wada wakhalaza Sweden. Kodwa asingabo bonke ngumhlali Pripyat kunye zokuhlala ushiye indawo sifo. Abanye abahlali, yibani ngamandla incamathele ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe, baye bahlala kumakhaya abo. Aba bantu kwafuneka ukuba lithomalele samandla enyukliya.

ukususwa ingozi

Nangona ngobungxamo, shiya reactor ekhutshwa radiation esibulalayo, kwaba nzima kubekho sinjalo, kwaye ngaphezu koko, ngokupheleleyo ukuyeka iChernobyl amandla enyukliya izityalo ngoko nangoko emva kwakungenakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ingozi. Ngoko ke, iqela liquidators kwasekwa lokuphelisa lweziqhamo.

Le liquidators le ngozi eChernobyl zirekhodwe ngokuzithandela. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho bobabini Ubulungiseleli Iimeko zikaxakeka kunye emkhosini, kuquka emkhosini, nokunyamekela malunga zamajoni. media Soviet kusasazwa malunga nokhuseleko kunye namandla enyukliya langoku, wamxelela ukuba ikamva lakhe. Ngelo xesha, abantu ningazi ngamandla enyukliya, hayi bazi ubungozi le meko, kuba xa liquidators yengozi eChernobyl baba ngokuqhutywa yintliziyo, efuna ngokunyanisekileyo ukunceda bakowabo.

Kuphela ke babona ngayo kakubi phantsi impilo yakhe. Omnye wemiba ephambili yayikukugcwalisa liquidators reactor. Ngenxa yoko, ngeenxa lwakwakhiwa sarcophagus reactor liquidators imikhosi, nto leyo ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwe radiation kwaye ngethemba lokuba xa kummandla eChernobyl kuphinda uya kuba yini kuwo.

Liquidators wafumana ithamo radiation wabulala abantu abaninzi kangangeminyaka eliqela. Abanye baba ukhubazekile, abadinga unyango rhoqo eninzi. Liquidators Okokuqala nje umsebenzi wabo wathunyelwa-moya eMoscow kwi-Institute of isifo radiation, kuphela ngelo xesha eSoviet Union. Ezinye liquidators, ezibanjiswe kweli ziko, Nahlawulelwa. Abanye bafumana izibonelelo zikarhulumente ngokohlobo pension kunye neenzuzo, begcinelwe an Ukraine ezizimeleyo kwiSebe namhlanje.

Iziphumo le ngozi ukuya kummandla eChernobyl: nokudalwa bendawo yokuthinta

Imiphumo ingozi eChernobyl baba ezibangele. Yonke kwisithili Chernobyl of kummandla Kyïv yathatyathwa ungafanelekanga ukuba yokuhlala, ukuze loo lwapheliswa mazigqithiselwe kolawulo kwisithili Ivankov of kummandla Kyïv. Ummandla Chernobyl kwathiwa ummandla lokuphelisa. Kwi ezindleleni ezikhokelela ukuya kwindawo Kwamiswa iibhakana, kwaye ummandla ngokwayo ekugqibeleni enqatyiswe ukuze awukhusele abaphangi.

Malunga indawo okungayi kukho amarhe ezininzi zeentsomi, Wavakalisa izinto ezininzi ezizezinye iingozi kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya. Chernobyl zone ngaphezu kwakanye batyelela iziko ingqalelo ababhali, iintatheli kunye bemeko- imidlalo yekhompyutha. Kwakhona lutsale abafoti njengendawo yengozi isityalo. Iifoto kwezi ndawo, wenza style postapokapalipticheskom kwatsala ingqalelo diki.

Le mbono kummandla eChernobyl iqulethe iimfihlelo ezifihlakeleyo ngurhulumente, kukho namhlanje, nangona into yokuba ulawulo lokungena kummandla ayikho nzima kangaka, yaye eChernobyl kukho Iihambo abakhenkethi esemthethweni.

Abakhenkethi abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo etsala isixeko Pripyat, idolophu-museum, nto leyo emkhenkceni leSoviet le yee- emva kwexesha. Ukususela ngoko, itshintsha nto. Woods kufuphi Chernobyl, baba acwengileyo, yaba yindawo owuthandayo abazingeli. A kweediliya (ingozi NPP oko kwabuchaphazela ngomlinganiselo ongaphantsi) eChernobyl iye malunga ezilishumi abantu babuyela kumakhaya abo.

Umlawuli Kwakhona umdla yengozi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya. Le film "Butterflies", ezifotwe i Ukraine ngo-2013, iye yaba wobugcisa ngokwenene cinema, oluvumela ekumele gxwa ehlabathini iimvakalelo zabantu, ubanjwe nanjengesivuthevuthe yeziganeko ngelo xesha.

Iziphumo ngozi kuba ihlabathi lonke. World indlela kawonke

ngobungxamo kwindawo Ukunyanzelwa iye yakhokelela ekulahlekelweni ongenakulungiseka lwenkcubeko authentic yommandla eChernobyl, ogama abemi akasalisa kuphela kummandla Kiev, kodwa kulo lonke elo lizwe. ESoviet Union kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwakhona isimo sabo ukuba amandla enyukliya nokusetyenziswa kwayo kabanzi. Kwakhona, abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba iziphumo ingozi eChernobyl ziye kwawasingela phantsi amagunya karhulumente emehlweni oluntu.

Ihlabathi, ingakumbi nkulu, uluntu, yayinepolitiki yi Cold War, uye wavakalisa uqhankqalazo enkulu yeSimo yiSoviet Union ngokunxulumene nokwanda ubuthi yayo. media Koloni zizele amanqaku malunga lonya yenkokheli yiSoviet karhulumente, ukuba iziphumo iingozi xa izityalo amandla enyukliya - isiphumo eksperimenti ngasese, ukuba enyanisweni bekungenjalo kude inyaniso. Ingakumbi kabukhali nxamnye eSoviet Union wavakalisa eJapan, izazinzulu eSoviet ekuthiwa bakhona, ngubani na kuthenjwa amandla enyukliya. Mhlawumbi intatheli obhale eli nqaku ehlaziyiweyo iimbono zakhe emva kwengozi Fukushima.

iingozi ezinkulu kwizityalo amandla enyukliya ehlabathini

Nangona ntlekele eChernobyl kwaye igqalwa yingozi enkulu izityalo amandla enyukliya ehlabathini, kwakukho nezinye isiganeko serious ngaphantsi.

Le ngozi Three Mile Island

Kwiminyaka esixhenxe phambi kokuba ngozi yenzeke iChernobyl amandla enyukliya, 28 Matshi 1979 ingozi yenyukliya kwenzeka eUnited States, isityalo amandla Three Mile Island, nto leyo use Pennsylvania. Ngelo xesha, le ngozi yayigqalwa nje enkulu ehlabathini. ukuvuza radiation kuye kwenzeka ngenxa nhlanganiso yeyunithi kumbhobho ubushushu.

Nangona ubukhulu yengozi mveliso, urhulumente akazange mbo amanyathelo okukhutshwa ngobungxamo ngenkani, kuba akukho kugqalwa ingozi yingozi. Noko ke, abantwana kunye noomama abakhulelweyo ngoku bayacetyiswa ukuba ushiye kwidolophu ekufuphi Garisberg okwethutyana. Eneneni ezitalatweni ezikufuphi kumadoda NPP wamshiya ngokwabo ngenxa yokoyika reyi eqhumayo.

isityalo amandla enyukliya Three Mile Island zange ayeke umsebenzi wakhe iyaqhubeka ukusebenza namhlanje, njengoko US isityalo amandla enyukliya ngobukhulu.

Le ngozi e Fukushima

indawo yesibini kwi kwisikali iziphumo (emva kwengozi) ithatha yengozi Fukushima amandla enyukliya, ibekwe isahlulo ekumntla-Japan. Le ngozi yenzeke Matshi 11, 2011. Ngenxa ngenxa yenyikima olomeleleyo amanqaku 9 kwisikali iRichter luphakame imitha-11 itsunami eliphezulu ngumtshangatshangiso ukuba kwagcwala iiyunithi amandla Fukushima-1. Oku kwabangela ukuba ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo reactor olupholisa kwaye kwakhokelela neziqhushumbisi hydrogen ezininzi wommandla esebenzayo.

Le ngozi e Fukushima amandla enyukliya ebangele ukukhululwa elikhulu-isikali imitha, nto leyo amaxesha 20 ngaphezu kwalo namanye eChernobyl. Malunga-30,000 abantu baba imisebe. Kakade ke, ngenxa kuphela impendulo ngexesha koogunyaziwe Japanese, kunye nokulungela olungxamisekileyo likwazile ukuphepha imiphumo libi kuqulathe owenzeka ngo-1986 ngozi kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya. Sekunjalo, iingcali kwangaphambili, kufuneka ube neminyaka engama-20 ubuncinane, ngelixa iziphumo yengozi ziya bangabi ngokupheleleyo. Le ntlekele wathinta Japan nje kuphela kodwa kunxweme olusentshona eUnited States, apho iintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba uqhushumbo, kakhulu, waba ukwanda radiation yangasemva.

E Japan, njengoko kwi-US, zange kwenziwe ngobungxamo, njengoko inkqubo yokhuseleko amandla atom mihla ukuba zaziwe ngokukhawuleza umthombo amadlozi, ukuthintela inguqu beedolophu lonke entlango nabemi. Kunjalo, Japan kwafuneka ukuba up kunye namaqondo aphezulu radiation kwi ukutya, amanzi kunye nomoya kummandla Fukushima Prefecture, endhawini nangoko reactor yonakele. imigaqo yococeko amanqanaba kwemitha iimveliso ezininzi ziye zatshintsha ngenxa yokuba ngqo kubo Yayingekho.

Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, amandla enyukliya i ithemba kunye kangako, kodwa ke ukusebenza izityalo amandla enyukliya kufuna isilumkiso okwandileyo, njengoko oonobangela iingozi xa izityalo amandla enyukliya kuba kakhulu engalindelekanga. Kodwa nazo zonke iimfuno akukho siqinisekiso sokuba kukungakhathali umntu okanye uThixo akakholi- yendalo akuyi kuya kubangela ingozi. Kunye neziphumo iingozi xa izityalo amandla enyukliya kufuneka kupheliswe ishumi ngaphezu kwesinye. Ngoko ke, namhlanje iingqondo kakhulu ehlabathini ucinga ekudaleni eyenye enamandla izityalo zamandla enyukliya.