Iincwadi Russian Old - ntoni na? Imisebenzi uncwadi Old Russian

iincwadi Russian Old - ntoni na? Okusebenzayo eminyaka 11-17 ziquka imisebenzi hayi nje kuphela, kodwa nezembali (ibalisa amabali kunye yemihla) Inkcazelo (ekuthiwa ukuhamba), uhlala (amabali malunga ubomi abangcwele), iintshumayelo, iileta, iisampuli uhlobo oratorical, kwakunye eminye imibhalo umxholo ishishini. Izihloko zoncwadi Old Russian, njengokuba ubona, esisityebi kunene. Yonke imisebenzi izinto kwezibane ubomi ngokweemvakalelo, ubugcisa.

ubuqambi

Esikolweni, abafundi bafunda ukuba uncwadi Old Russian, kukuchaza nezimaphambili ezingundoqo. Mhlawumbi uyazi ukuba inkoliso yemisebenzi yelo xesha, akukho eseleyo amagama yokuqala. Uncwadi of Ancient Rus becala engaziwa kwaye ke ngoko uyafana ngomlomo zobugcisa iintsomi. Le imibhalo ebhalwe ngesandla kwaye zahanjiswa ngokwembalelwano - up, kangangokuba rhoqo kuyasetyenzwa kwakhona ukulungelana ezithandwa ezintsha zoncwadi, imeko yezopolitiko, kwakunye ngokunxulumene izakhono zoncwadi kunye esizithandayo abakhupheli. Ngoko ke, lo imveliso beza kuthi izintlelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nenguqulelo. Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa kubo kunceda abaphandi ukuba ukuphinda imbali isikhumbuzo ukugqibezela yeyiphi izinketho usondeleyo kulo mthombo, itekisi yombhali, kwakunye ukufumana imbali utshintsho yayo.

Ngamanye amaxesha, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu, ni copyright ukhetho, yaye ngokufuthi kwizintlu kamva inokufumaneka kufutshane ezinqabileyo yokuqala iincwadi Old Russian. Ngoko ke, kufuneka bafunda ngokusekelwe zonke iinketho ezikhoyo isebenza. Ukuba ziyafumaneka ezinkulu amathala lwenqila, iimyuziyam noovimba. izicatshulwa ezininzi igcinwa amanani amakhulu izintlu, ezinye - ulinganiselwe. Le ndlela kuphela thaca, umzekelo, isitshixo i "tale of yeha namashwa," "Ukuyalela" Vladimir Monomakh, "Lala."

"Yokuziphatha" kunye repeatability

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe lo msebenzi iincwadi endulo repeatability kwizicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, iimpawu ezithile, iimeko, izichazi, izikweko, ukuthelekisa. Imisebenzi ezendeleyo ekuthiwa-yokuziphatha: uTshawe liziphatha okanye izenzo indlela enye okanye omnye, kuba ulandela ingqiqo ixesha labo ngendlela esiziphatha ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ke iziganeko (umzekelo, idabi) zichazwe kunye nokusetyenziswa iifomu abasisigxina kunye nemifanekiso.

Literature kwekhulu 10

Siyaqhubeka ukuthetha ngento uncwadi Old Russian. Chaza iingongoma eziphambili, ukuba uyoyika ukulibala into. Iincwadi Rus Intshabalalo yaMandulo ngobukhulu, amisiweyo, zemveli. imvelaphi yayo libhekisela ngenkulungwane ye-10, ngaphezulu kanye kuye esiphelweni sayo xa, emva kokwamkelwa ubuKristu njengonqulo karhulumente i eRashiya yaqala ukubonakala izicatshulwa zembali esemthethweni ebhalwe Old Church Slavonic. Ngenxa amalinge Bulgaria (apho umthombo ezi mveliso) Rus Ancient ujoyine uncwadi kuphuhliswa aseByzantium nakumazantsi Slavic. umbuso wobukhosi eyayikhokelwa eKiev ukuphumeza iimfuno zabo kufuneka ukuziyilela ezabo izicatshulwa, faka iintlobo ezintsha. Ngoncedo uncwadi ezicwangcisiweyo imfundo wothand'uhlanga, ekuvunyweni kumanyano lwezopolitiko kunye nembali yabantu kunye neenkosana yamandulo, kwesiqalekiso kwabo, enembambano.

Uncwadi 11 - iinkulungwane okuqala 13.

Izihloko kunye imisebenzi uncwadi eli thuba (kumlo Polovtsy kunye Pechenegs - iintshaba yangaphandle, imiba zonxibelelwano imbali Russian kunye umzabalazo yehlabathi etroneni abathetheli Kiev, imbali karhulumente) olumiselwe uhlobo indlela xesha, nto leyo D. S. Lihachev kuthiwa historicism omkhulu. Ibonisa ukuvela kwilizwe lethu edibene ekuqaleni iincwadi Russian.

Phawula kwakhona imveliso, apho inokufumaneka kwincwadi "iincwadi Old Russian" (Grade 6). Oku "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", nto leyo eye bahlile beza kuthi, njengenxalenye yemicimbi yemihla kamva. Ihlanganiswa yekhasi kunye mbali indela Nestor malunga 1113. Xa intliziyo bebali ingxelo yokuqala, abangancedekanga yasinda. Tutorial "iincwadi Old Russian" (Grade 6) Kwakhona iquka enye imveliso umdla ixesha - "Legend of the Kozhemyako".

11 leminyaka

Sasikho malunga ubomi benkulungwane yokuqala: uTheodosius Pechersky, Boris kunye Gleb. Bona luphawulwa ingqalelo iingxaki namhlanje, ukuphela boncwadi, amandla.

Ubuzwe, ukuvuthwa yokucinga kwezopolitiko, journalistic kunye aphezulu ezakhono ezikhumbuzo ubugagu ephawulwe "Ntshumayelo Umthetho uthi, Makube lubabalo," ebhalwe Hilarion kwisiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-11, "La magama kunye neemfundiso" Kirilla Turovskogo (1130-1182 gg.). "Ukuyalela" Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh, owayehlala kwisithuba ukususela 1053 ngo 1125., kuxhotyiswa nabantu enzulu kunye nenkxalabo bayahlelwa karhulumente.

"Wabekeleni"

Xa kungekho kukhankanywa kwexesha lo msebenzi kungaba ukuthintelwa xa yesihloko nqaku uncwadi Old Russian. Yintoni i "Wabekeleni?" umsebenzi omkhulu Russia yamandulo, okudalwe ngumbhali ayaziwa kwindawo 80s kwenkulungwane ye-12 Le nto. Okubhaliweyo zanikelwa ukuba umxholo othile - iphulo akuphumelelanga emathafeni Polovtsian ngo-1185 Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha. Umbhali unomdla kuphela bayahlelwa yelizwe Russian, ikhumbula kwakhona iziganeko yangoku kunye elidlulileyo, ngoko amaqhawe lokwenyaniso "uLizwi" - hayi, Igor kunye Svyatoslav, nayo imali eninzi ingqalelo umsebenzi, nelizwe Russian, abantu - into leyo esekelwe iincwadi Old Russian. "Igama elithi 'abaninzi lweempawu ezinxulumene izithethe ukulandisa ixesha lakhe. Kodwa ke, njengokuba kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi buchopho, iqulethe iimpawu yokuqala, wabonakaliswa ukuphuculwa ngesingqi, bobubele kolwimi, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule uphawu lwemveli, kwaye zokwazisela, bokubanga yoluntu lyricism.

National-yobuzwe isihloko

Liphakamisa ngexesha ukubola idyokhwe (ukususela 1243 de ngenkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha) iincwadi Old Russian. Yintoni usinga kwimisebenzi eli xesha? Makhe ukuzama ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Isimbo historicism omkhulu unenxaxheba ifuthe elithile ezichazayo: izicatshulwa zahluka lyricism, ebuhlungu bokubanga. Ingcamango yokuba amandla engundoqo amanene strong ufumana kweli xesha kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwezinye amabali kunye yemihla (umzekelo, kwi "I Tale of the Ukutshatyalaliswa Ryazan Batu") ingxelo malunga zoyikekayo ayehlasela utshaba kumlo ngesibindi abanyashi abantu Russian. Oku ubuzwe abonisa. Umfanekiselo Umhlaba abaswelayo, yinkosana efanelekileyo kubonakala kakhulu ngokucacileyo kubhaliweyo 70s umsebenzi ngenkulungwane ye-13 "The Life of Alexander Nevsky".

Umfundi "Tale of the Intshabalalo yelizwe Russian 'umfanekiso ivula ubuhle bendalo, iinkosana yamandla. Lo msebenzi - kuphela esekhona isiqwengana hayi ngokupheleleyo umbhalo. Sinikezelwa iziganeko kwesiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-13 - ngexesha enzima ukubola nedyokhwe.

style Entsha: ekhululekile kunye neemvakalelo

Kwixesha nenani-14-50. ngenkulungwane ye-15 iguqula uncwadi Old Russian. Yintoni style ekhululekile kunye neemvakalelo evelayo ngeli xesha? It ibonakalisa emibonweni iziganeko nemibutho ngeenxa eMoscow emntla-mpuma eRashiya kwaye ukuyilwa karhulumente esembindini Russian. Emva koko iincwadi waqala ukubonisa umdla loo mntu, kwingcingane yoluntu kunye nehlabathi yakhe yokomoya yangaphakathi (nangona oko kuphela ngaphakathi sikhokelo lokuqonda yonqulo). Oku kukhokelele ekwandeni umsebenzi ekuqaleni ayinyani.

Kwaye indlela entsha - ekhululekile kunye novakalelo, apho kufanele kuphawulwe Ukuntsonkotha ngamazwi kunye 'ukwaluka amazwi "(oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa ukubhala zokuhomba). Ezi iindlela ezintsha ziye yenzelwe ukubonisa umnqweno umfanekiso iimvakalelo ngamnye.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini-15 - kwiinkulungwane okuqala 16. kukho amabali zazikhona ebalini zabo umlinganiswa novelistic kwamabali zomlomo ( "I Tale of the Merchant Basarge", "The Story of Dracula" kunye nabanye). Ngokuphawulekayo landa inani imisebenzi iguqulelwe lomlinganiswa fiction, eqhelekileyo kakhulu ngelo xesha na uhlobo legend (umzekelo, "The Tale of Iinkosana Vladimir").

"I Tale of uPetros Fevronia"

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, imisebenzi uncwadi Old Russian kwaye kucela ezinye iimpawu yamandulo. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 Ermolai Erasmus, i Intatheli endala Russian kunye nombhali, ukudala odumileyo "Tale of uPetros Fevronia", leyo yenye yezicatshulwa ezininzi ebonakalayo iincwadi Russian. Oku kusekelwe banentsomi malunga nendlela ngenxa ingqondo yamahlwempu ikhobokazana waba okweqanda. Ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso lamaqhinga ezisemagqabini, isandi kunye neenjongo zentlalo.

Iimpawu iincwadi ngenkulungwane ye-16

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 nohlobo esemthethweni iitekisi zinokukhuliswa, ngokwenene uncwadi uba komthendeleko nobukhazikhazi. Eqhelekileyo imisebenzi enjalo, injongo - ummiselo ubomi yezopolitiko, yenkcubeko, ezomthetho, yaye ngemihla. A Umzekelo iphawulekayo - "Mkhulu Saints Ubomi", luqokelelo lweetekisi, equka nemiqulu-12, apho eyenzelwe ukufunda ekhaya nyanga nganye. Ngelo xesha kwakha "Domostroy", lobeka imithetho yokuziphatha entsatsheni, linikezela ngeengcebiso zoku-, kwakunye phezu ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Imisebenzi yembali yethuba ngokuya okusaqhubekayo yasungulwa ukuze wenze ibali esibalisayo eyonwabisayo.

ngekhulu 17

Imisebenzi uncwadi Old Russian kwenkulungwane ye-17 zaguqulwa kakhulu. It uqalisa ukwakha ebizwa ngokuba vutshila ixesha elitsha. Yeyona inkqubo nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi, nokwandisa imisebenzi umxholo. It utshintsha indima ubuntu kwimbali enkosi iziganeko umlimi War (16 emva kwexesha -. Ekuqaleni 17 c), kwakunye Bexesha Iingxaki. IZenzo Borisa Godunova, Ivana Groznogo, Vasiliya Shuyskogo kunye namanye amanani zembali wachaza ngoku hayi kuphela ukuthanda kukaThixo, kodwa iimpawu yobuntu ngamnye kubo. Kukho uhlobo ezikhethekileyo - uvuthondaba Democratic leyo uyingcikivile iCawa kunye ucwangco loluntu, iinkqubo zezomthetho (umzekelo, "A Tale of Shemyakin wenkundla"), practice lokubhala ( "Kalyazin iSicelo").

"Ubomi,", ibali nendlu uHabhakuki

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngokuphila babehlala kwisithuba ukususela 1620 ukuya kwiminyaka 1682. Avvakum - "Life." Oku kuchazwe encwadini "iincwadi Old Russian" (Grade 9). Uphawu Kwisicatshulwa sisityebi, ulwimi aphilileyo, ngemihla kwincoko, kwikhabhathi ende.

Ngeli xesha, wadala kunye ibali bemihla Frol Skobeyev, Sawa Grudtsyn nabanye, ebonakalisa isimilo ezikhethekileyo iincwadi Old Russian. Kukho ingqokelela iguqulelwe amabali amafutshane kunye neenoveli zonke zokulwa. Phuhlisa yokuba (ababhali eyaziwa - uSylvester Medvedev, uSimon Polotskits, Carion Istomin).

kwinkulungwane ye-17 bagqiba imbali uncwadi yamandulo, kwaye kuza kwinqanaba elilandelayo - uncwadi mihla siphila kuyo.